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研究生:郭惠玲
研究生(外文):Kuo,Huei-Ling
論文名稱:父子互動歷程中之幼兒生氣情緒表達
論文名稱(外文):How a young child expressed his anger during the interaction with his father.
指導教授:盧 明
指導教授(外文):Lu,Ming
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立臺北教育大學
系所名稱:幼兒教育學系碩士班
學門:教育學門
學類:學前教育學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2007
畢業學年度:95
語文別:中文
論文頁數:166
中文關鍵詞:父子互動幼兒生氣情緒表達
外文關鍵詞:father-son interactionyoung childangeremotional expression
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:13
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  • 下載下載:348
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摘 要

本研究旨在探究一位幼兒與父親互動歷程中,引發幼兒生氣情緒表達之刺激、生氣頻率與生氣反應;父親因應的方式;以及影響幼兒生氣情緒表達之相關因素。為了瞭解父子互動歷程中幼兒的生氣情緒表達,透過參與觀察、訪談與文件資料進行資料之蒐集、整理與分析。研究發現,幼兒生氣情緒表達是一個連續的歷程,分別為引發生氣情緒之刺激、生氣情緒激起狀態(生氣頻率)、生氣反應和父親因應方式。綜合研究發現,顯示如下:
一、引發幼兒生氣情緒之刺激,與當時的情境有關,情境可以分為三種,依次數高低順序分別為「休閒遊玩」、「做功課」以及「用餐」之情境。「做功課」與「休閒遊玩」情境中,可以分為「個人控制」、「拒絕」、「違反規則」和「語言刺激」等四個事件。在「用餐」情境中除了上述之四個事件還包括「物質」以及「身體」兩個事件。74件幼兒生氣情緒表達事件在不分情境下,發生次數的高低,分別依序為「個人控制」、「拒絕」、「違反規則」、「語言刺激」、「物質」、「身體」。在事件當中,幼兒認為父親使其進行中的事務被干擾或破壞、傷害自尊、違背期望或所有物遭受侵佔、身體上的疼痛,致使其產生生氣情緒。
二、幼兒受到不同情境因素的影響,在「做功課」、「休閒遊玩」和「用餐」情境,相同事件會顯現不同的生氣頻率。
三、幼兒生氣情緒反應方式有六種:「主動抵抗」、「表達不高興」、「渲洩情緒」、「避開」、「尋求成人的協助」、「攻擊」反應。六種反應中以「主動抵抗」、「表達不高興」為主要之初始生氣情緒反應。在「個人控制」、「違反規則」、「語言刺激」、「身體」事件中,對於父親的約制、要求、侵犯、期望受挫或自尊受損時,會以「主動抵抗」反應。至於「拒絕」、「物質」事件,因為期望受挫、自尊受損與物品受到侵占,則以「表達不高興」反應。
四、父親因應幼兒生氣情緒表達,會視情境而改變方式。大致可歸類於:「說明解釋原因」、「情緒支持」、「轉移情緒」、「語言刺激」、「低估反應」、「不理會」。當父親以「說明解釋」、「情緒支持」和「情緒轉移」因應時,即使幼兒生氣情緒表達過程壟長,卻有和緩情緒的作用,並能夠將所欲達成之目標完成。相對的,父親如「語言刺激」、「低估反應」、「不理會」因應幼兒的生氣情緒,幼兒的生氣情緒反應往往會加劇、增強或延長。
五、影響幼兒生氣情緒表達之相關因素為「幼兒特質」、「父親特質」與「情境」。
(一)「幼兒特質」方面,受到避性高、不易轉移注意力的先天氣質,以及在認知固著、體力匱乏的生理限制所影響。
(二)「父親特質」方面則受到工作時間、教養方式所影響。
(三)「情境」方面則受到雙方是否具有共同將事務達成的目標、先前的情緒經驗、外力介入、互動的時間與頻率等因素影響。

本研究發現幼兒有階段性的情緒發展表現。從幼稚園進入小學階段,幼兒在面對新的環境、事物所需要的適應時間較長,當生活型態轉變,生活方式因為課業壓力、遊玩時間減少時就容易衍生抗拒之行為,與之互動的父親予以規範、要求,致使幼兒在家庭中面對熟悉、親密的家人經常顯現生氣情緒。當父親以「語言刺激」、「低估反應」、「不理會」方式因應時,幼兒的生氣情緒反應往往會加劇或增強。


關鍵詞:父子互動、幼兒、生氣、情緒表達
ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to explore how a young child expressed his anger during the interaction with his father. Explore stimulus for the child’s anger, the child’s anger frequency and reactions, father’s responses on the child’s anger, and related factors which influenced the child’s anger. Participant observation, interviewed, documents were employed to collect data, and analyzed. Research found that the child expressed anger in a continuous process which included the stimulus which caused his anger, his emotional status when anger occurred, anger reactions to father’s responses and the ways of father’s. The study results showed as following:
1. The stimulus which caused the young child’s anger was related with the context from high to low, play-time, homework-time, and meal-time. There were four events in these three contexts: personal control, rejection, violation of rules, and verbal aggression. Other than that material and physical events were included in the meal-time. In the 74 events besides the context, the frequency of events (from high to low) was: personal control, reject, violation of rules, verbal aggression, material, and physical. The child thought father interfered his works, harmed his self-esteem, against his expectation, invaded his belongs, his physical pain, all above made him angry.
2. The child’s anger influenced by the different contexts, homework-time, play-time and meal-time showed different frequency of anger.
3. There were six types of the child’s anger reaction: active resistance, expressing dislike, venting, avoidance, adult’s assistance, and aggression. Active resistance and expressing dislike were the most primary anger reactions in the beginning of the events. In the events of personal control, violation of rules, verbal aggression, physical, the child would show active resistance responding to father’s discipline, requests, and invades, against expectation, self-esteem harm. Because of against the child’s expectation, self-esteem, belongings which been invaded, the child would show dislike.
4. The father’s respondences to the child’s anger would depend on different contexts. The father’s respondences could be grouped into six categories: explain reason, emotional support, transition emotions, verbal aggression, minimizing responses, ignorance. When father responded with explain reason, emotional support, and transition emotions, he comforted the child’s emotion and achieved their goal as well. Contrary, once father responded with verbal aggression, minimizing responses, ignorance, the child’s anger would be stronger and prolonged.
5. The related factors which affected the child’s anger were young child’s character, father’s character, and context.
(1)On the side of child’s character, influenced by temperamtant of rhythmicity, not easily transit attention, cognition persistence, and physical condition.
(2)On the side of father’s character, influenced by working time and discipline style.
(3)On the side of context, influenced by whether both father and the child achieved the same goal, formerly emotional experiences, interruption, timing and frequency of interaction.

Moreover, the researcher found the child’s emotion development presented stages. From preschool to elementary school, the child needed more time to adjust the new environment. When the life style has been changed by the learning pressure and play time reduced, it was easily made young child’s resistant behavior. When father disciplined, requested, the child often showed his anger to his close family members. When father responded with verbal aggression, minimizing responses, and ignorance, young child’s anger would be stronger.

Key words: father-son interaction, young child, anger, emotional expression
目 錄
第一章 緒論---------------------------------------------------------1
第一節 研究動機-----------------------------------------------------1
第二節 研究問題-----------------------------------------------------4
第三節 名詞釋義-----------------------------------------------------4
第二章 文獻探討-----------------------------------------------------5
第一節 父子互動及相關研究-------------------------------------------5
第二節 生氣情緒表達的理論與相關之研究------------------------------17
第三節 父子互動與幼兒生氣情緒表達之關係----------------------------31
第三章 研究方法----------------------------------------------------36
第一節 研究焦點的浮現----------------------------------------------36
第二節 實施方式 -------------------------------------------------37
第三節 研究對象----------------------------------------------------40
第四節 研究者的角色------------------------------------------------44
第五節 資料的整理與分析--------------------------------------------45
第四章 研究發現----------------------------------------------------52
第一節 父親之教養信念與實踐----------------------------------------52
第二節 謙謙生氣情緒表達之特徵--------------------------------------58
第三節 謙謙之生氣情緒表達------------------------------------------71
第四節 影響謙謙情緒表達之相關因素---------------------------------128
第五章 研究結論與討論---------------------------------------------143
第六章 研究建議與限制---------------------------------------------154
第一節 研究建議---------------------------------------------------154
第二節 研究限制---------------------------------------------------157
參考文獻----------------------------------------------------------158
中文部分--------------------------------------------------------- 158
英文部分----------------------------------------------------------161



附錄
附錄一 訪談幼稚園教師之內容
附錄二 訪談小學教師之內容
附錄三 幼兒氣質評量表—父母題本
附錄四 幼兒氣質評量表—教師題本


表次
表2-1-1 理論性的「父職參與」架構-----------------------------------06
表3-3-1 謙謙作息表-------------------------------------------------40
表3-3-2 謙謙作息表-------------------------------------------------42
表3-3-3 謙謙氣質評量表---------------------------------------------43
表3-5-1 資料分類表-------------------------------------------------47
表3-5-2 轉譯符號表-------------------------------------------------47
表4-2-1 引發謙謙生氣情緒表達之情境---------------------------------58
表4-3-1 「同一情境、不同事件」之生氣情緒表達-----------------------72
表4-3-2 「同一事件、不同情境」之生氣情緒表達----------------------106
表4-3-3 「個人控制」事件與生氣頻率之關係--------------------------110
表4-3-4 「拒絕」事件與生氣頻率之關係------------------------------115
表4-3-5 「違反規則」事件與生氣頻率之關係---------------------------119
表4-3-6 「語言刺激」事件與生氣頻率之關係--------------------------123
表4-3-7 生氣事件與生氣頻率之關係----------------------------------125
表4-3-8 生氣事件與初始生氣反應之關係------------------------------125
表4-4-1 生氣情境與生氣事件時間之關係------------------------------141

圖次
圖2-2-1 Novaco情緒激起的認知模式---------------------------------24
圖2-2-2 Shaver等人情緒過程模式-----------------------------------25
圖3-3-1 謙謙的生活空間圖------------------------------------------42
圖3-5-1 謙謙與父親互動之生氣情緒表達歷程--------------------------51
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