臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

海陸風環流為海陸間溫度差異所造成的熱力直接環流，因此海陸風的型態、強度會因日照時間、地表性質、緯度、季節和環境風場的不同而受影響(Atkinson,1981)。海風形成後會隨著時間向內陸穿透而在海風前緣(海風鋒面)區域，低層來自海上的空氣在海風鋒面的強力上升後到了高層因輻散產生迴流。
台灣位於副熱帶地區，四面環海，且境內地形相當複雜，在此種複雜的海陸地形上，由於海、陸以及平、山地的熱力特性不同所引發的局部環流對於大氣邊界層發展、中尺度天氣系統的演化及污染物的輸送等有很大影響。1994年6月15日至23日在桃園附近進行的「西北臺灣局部環流實驗」，探討關於桃園海陸風局部環流的研究。 觀測結果發現，當天氣溫高且相當潮濕此時觀測到的海陸風環流相當明顯，海風約在0900 LST開始持續至1700 LST，在海邊環流厚度約300公尺，入夜後陸風開始發展。分析逐時混合比資料發現，凌晨水氣減少，至日出後水氣開始增加，於下午2時左右水氣量達最大值，初步判斷可能是海風帶入的水氣以及當地眾多池塘蒸發水氣至大氣中所影響，而白天由於對流邊界層混合所造成的水氣減少其影響程度較小，但觀測資料不足以完整解釋，未來必須仰賴模式模擬來釐清。
本研究使用許武榮教授與商文義教授所合作發展的三維非靜力模式，模擬並討探桃園海、谷風的特徵及其邊界層結構。控制個案尚未考慮水氣的影響，但已對地表加熱且考慮地表摩擦力。模擬初期，地表加熱還不顯著，熱力效應較不明顯，故可看到大範圍氣流流經複雜高地形的動力過程，此時由於夫如數 (Froude number) 很小，氣流過山時受地形阻當效應的影響會產生大範圍的繞流。隨後因地表加熱，會先在山坡上形成上坡風，而後才海風發展。積分五小時後，對流邊界層持續發展，厚度超過600 公尺。此時，海風和谷風漸漸合併，風速約5 ，而平地海風發展厚度仍較低，約300-500 公尺，而迴流因受環境風場繞流影響，發展厚度約1 km，風速約6 ，故強度、厚度並非單純的迴流所致。而機械效應產生的繞流和熱力作用產生的海、谷風，兩者交互作用使不同時間的局部環流有不同的變化。
模擬結果在型態、特性上和觀測結果頗為相似，海風風速、厚度已及對流邊界層發展高度等皆有不錯的掌握，除了海風發展的時間及強度方面須於日後對於模式的設定做進一步的調整，相信未來若有足夠的計算機資源，對於潮濕海陸風和高解析度模擬，將能有更好的掌握。

The land/sea breeze is a local circulation that arises from the differential heating along the land-sea interface. It can play an important role in weather conditions along coastal areas. Taiwan is surrounded by ocean and two thirds of the land mass is covered by mountains. The land/sea breeze can often be a dominant phenomenon. In addition, mountains can both act as a barrier and enhance heating in the inland region in the daytime.
The 1994 study of local circulation in the Northwestern Taiwan Experiment ran from June 16 to 23, information about sea-breeze circulation was documented. In the last two days of the experiment, land-sea breeze became dominant after the passage of a Meiyu front. This thesis examines these local circulations using a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic numerical model.
The results indicate that the central mountain range can block the flow effectively under normal conditions when Froude number is very small. We also successfully simulated the onset of the upslope valley wind in the early morning hours and sea breeze along the coastline of Taiwan near noon.

目 錄
口試委員會審定書……………………………………………………i
致謝……………………………………………………………………ii
中文摘要.……………………………………………………………iii
英文摘要………………………………………………………………v
目錄……………………………………………………………………vi
表目錄………………………………………………………………viii
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………ix

第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………1
1.1 論文回顧………………………………………………………….1
1.2 研究動機………………………………………………………….6
第二章 資料來源與分析………………………………………………7
2.1 地面觀測分析…………………………………………………….7
2.1.1 濕度分析……………………………………………………….9
2.2 聲波雷達觀測……………………………………………………10
2.3 高空測風氣球觀測………………………………………………11
2.4 ISS ( Integrated Sounding System) 觀測…………………12
第三章 數值模式…………………………………………………….13
3.1 模式座標系統…………………………………………………….13
3.2 模式方程組...……………………………………………………14
3.3 準可壓縮條件…………………………………………………….16
3.4 有限差分法...……………………………………………………17
3.4.1 平流階段...……………………………………………….17
3.4.2 高頻波動階段………………………………………………18
3.4.3 擴散階段……………………………………………………18
3.5 雲物理過程………………………………………………….20
3.6 平行化運算……………………………………………………….20
3.7 邊界條件………………………………………………………….21
3.8 地表過程…………………………………………………….22
3.9 實驗設計…………………………………………………….23
3.9.1 模式初始環境條件與設計……………………………23
3.9.2 網格設定………………………………………………24
第四章 數值模擬結果分析………………………………………….26
4.1 積分至第三小時模擬結果……………………………………….26
4.1.1 大範圍結果……………………………………………26
4.1.2 觀音地區模擬結果…………………………………………28
4.1.3 垂直橫切面分析……………………………………………29
4.2 積分四至六小時模擬結果……………………………………….29
4.2.1 大範圍結果…………………………………………………29
4.2.2 觀音地區模擬結果…………………………………………30
4.2.3 垂直剖面分析………………………………………………31
4.3 機械效應與熱力效應…………………………………………….31
4.4 潮濕個案模擬.........................................32
4.5 模擬結果與觀測之比較.................................33
第五章 結論與未來展望...................................35
參考文獻……………………………………………………………….39
附表圖………………………………………………………………….44

參考文獻

蔡清彥，1987：台灣北部地區局部環流之研究，大氣科學，15，179-198。
林沛練，張隆男，陳景森，1990：海風邊界層之發展與污染物濃度的日變化，大氣科學，18，287-308。
林沛練，盛揚帆，1990：TAMEX 期間台灣地區海陸風特性之初步分析。天氣分析與預報研討會論文彙編，133-144 頁。
湯舜然，1999：台灣地區海陸風之特性分析，國立台灣大學大氣科學研究所碩士論文。
侯昭平，1997：海風環流與陸地對流邊界層交互影響之數值研究。國立台灣大學大氣科學研究所碩士論文。
侯昭平，2006： 不均勻地表情況下淺對流的大渦流模擬研究。國立台灣大學大氣科學研究所博士論文。
陳焱煌，1997：西北台灣局部環流與邊界層發展之研究。國立中央大學大氣物理研究所碩士論文。
吳清吉，張隆男，商文義，林沛練，林松錦，陳景森，許武榮，林能暉，1994：台灣局部環流之研究。國科會研究報告。
Atkinson, B. W., 1981: Meso-scale atmospheric circulation, AcademicPress, 125-214pp.
Atkins, N. T., and R. M. Wakimoto, 1997: Influence of the synoptic-scale flow on sea breezes observed during CaPE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2112–2130.
Arritt, R. W., 1993: Effects of the large-scale flow on characteristic features of the sea breeze. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 116–125.
Baker, R. D., and B. H. Lynn, and A. Boone, and W. K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 2001: The influence of soil moisture, coastline curvature, and land-breeze circulation on sea-breeze-initiated precipitation. J. Hydrometeor. , pp. 193–211
Banta, R. M., L. D. Oliver, and D. H. Levinson, 1993: Evolution of the Monterey Bay sea-breeze layer as observed by pulsed Doppler lidar. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3959–3982.
Businger, J. A., J. C. Wyngaard, Y. Izumi, and E. F. Bradley, 1971: Flux-profile relationships in the atmosphere surface layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 181-189.
Chen, Y. L., and A. J. Nash, 1994: Diurnal variation of surface thermodynamic fields on the island of Hawaii. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 34-56
____, and J. J. Wang, 1994: Diurnal variations of surface airflow and rainfall frequencies on the island of Hawaii. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 2125-2138
Chern, J. D., 1994: Numerical simulations of cyclogenesis over the western United States. PhD thesis. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University, 178 pp.
Crowley, W. P., 1968: Numerical advection experiments. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 1–11.
Darby, L. S., R. M. Banta, and R. A. Pielke, 2002: Comparisons between mesoscale model terrain sensitivity studies and doppler lidar measurements of the sea breeze at Monterey Bay. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2813–2838.
Deardoff, J. W., 1980: Stratocumulus-capped mixed layer derived from a three-dimensional model. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 18, 495-527.
Droegemeier, K. K., and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1987: Numerical simulation of thunderstorm outflow dynamics. Part I: Outflow sensitivity experiments and turbulence dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1180–1210.
Dudhia, J. , 1993: A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State-NCAR Mesoscale Model: Validation tests and simulation of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 901–914
Hsie, E. Y., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1980: Numerical simulation of ice phase convective cloud seeding. J. Appl. Meteor., 19, 950–977.
Hsu, W. R., and W. Y. Sun, 1994: A numerical study of a low-level jet and its accompanying secondary circulation in a Mei-Yu system. Mon. Wea. Rev. 122, 324–340.
——, and ——, 2001: A time-split, forward-backward numerical model for solving a system of nonhydrostatic and compressible equations. Tellus, 53A, 279-299.
Gadd, A. J., 1978a: A numerical advection scheme with small phase speed errors. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 583-594.
——, 1978b: A split explicit integration scheme for numerical weather prediction. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 104, 569-582.
Kikuchi Y., Arakawa S., Kimura F., Shirasaki K., 1981：Numerical study on the effect of mountains on the Land and Sea Breeze circulation in the Kanto District. J. Meteoro. Soc. Jap., 59, 723-738.

Lin, Y.-L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065–1092.
Mahrer, Y. and R. A. Pielke, 1977: The effect of topography on sea and land breeze in a two-dimensional numerical model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1151-1162.
Nagata, M., and Y. Ogura, 1991: A modeling case study of interaction between heavy precipitation and a low-level jet over Japan in the Baiu season. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 1309–1336.
Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1983: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. VIII: A model for the “seeder-feeder” process in warm-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185–1206.
———, and ———, 1984: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. XII: A diagnostic modeling study of precipitation and development in narrow cold-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2949–2972.
Simpson, J. E., and D. A. Mansfield, and J. R. Milford, 1977: Inland penetration of sea-breeze fronts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 103, 47–76.
Smolarkiewicz, P. K., R. M. Rasmussen, and T. L. Clark, 1988: On the dynamics of Hawaiian cloud bands: Island forcing. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1872–1905.
Sun, W. Y., J. D. Chern, C. C. Wu and W. R. Hsu, 1991: Numerical Simulation of Mesoscale Circulation in Taiwan and Surrounding Area. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 2558-2573.
——, and ——, 1993: Diurnal variation of lee vortices in Taiwan and the surrounding area. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3403-3430.
——, 1993: Numerical experiments for advection equation. J. Comput. Phys., 108, 264-271.
____, and Y. Ogura, 1980: Modeling the evolution of the convective planetary boundary layer . J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1558-1572
Wakimoto, R. M., and N. T. Atkins, 1994: Observations of the sea-breeze front during CaPE. Part Ⅰ: Single-Dopper, satellite and cloud photogrammetry analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1092-1114.
Yang, Y., and Y. L. Chen, 2005: Numerical simulations of the island-induced circulations over the island of Hawaii during HaRP. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 3693-3713