臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　晚上新世以來，蓬萊造山運動（Penglai orogeny）在台灣西南部形成前陸盆地的構造環境。由於前陸盆地呈現快速沉降，因而沉積巨厚的晚上-更新世沉積層。上-更新世以來(300萬年以來)，全球海水面變動頻繁使得西南部的前陸盆地中記錄了完整的氣候變化所造成的數十個第六級的沉積層序。本研究主要針對崁下寮層底部的第一個次層序進行研究，由於此次層序的底部界面是一具有分布廣泛的侵蝕面構造，由震測剖面顯示此地層界面形成落差約數百公尺的不平整侵蝕面，其代表此時期曾經形成大範圍的侵蝕作用。

本研究主要以野外地質調查為主，研究區域北由沄水溪南至曾文溪，長約30公里共完成9處的六重溪層與崁下寮層界面露頭的研究，經岩性、沉積相、層序地層分析，探討此層序的古環境，以及不整合面形成的原因。

根據沉積相的分析，本研究認為此具不整合面的層序界面是因低水位時期的海水面下降時，在曝露陸地，以及海盆中形成下切河谷所造成的侵蝕面構造。由此層序的厚度估算，此時期海水面下降的幅度至少超過105公尺。因此，此本研究認為此時期的海水面變動是受到10萬年週期(歲差)氣候循環變化的效應所造成。

　The Penglai orogeny is forming a foreland basin in the southwestern Taiwan since the Pliocene. Because the foreland basin was a highly subsidence, that it was deposited a hugely Plio-Pleistocene sediments. Since the Plio-Pleistocene, the global sea-level changes make the foreland basin for recording lot of the high-frequence sequence stratigraphy of the sixth order glacio-eustatic fluctuation (c. 41ky). Based on the well-done biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of Plio-Pleistocene deposits, the study is focus on the first para-sequence from the bottom of the Kanhsialiao Formation which had been correlated to the oxygen isotope stage 36. For the purpose to understand the absolute eustatic sea-level change during the para-sequence in Taiwan, nine synchronous sections have been done by laterally tracing and depositional environments analysis.

Based on the lithofacies analysis, the depositional environments indicated that the deeper offshore located in the south area and shallowing to the north subaerial environment during the lowstand sea-level stage. The coastal line can be interpreted around the Kuohsi area (the Liouchung river) where dominated by tidal-dominated shoreface environment. Indeed, following the sea-level rise epoch (transgression), the Kuohsi section became to the middle offshore and finally shallowing back to the tidal-dominated shoreface environment at the end of the sequence. Since the shoreline environment can be as a marker of the shoreline, the accommodation also can be estimate by the Kuohsi section. To consider the tectonic subsidence, there are still having 105 m to account for the eustatic sea level rise without the decompaction calculation. The result of sea level fluctuation indicates more higher than the reports deduced by the 41ky cycle in the world. Upon to the observation, the sixth-order glacio-eustatic fluctuation (c. 41ky) must be affected by fifth-order glacio-eustatic fluctuation (c. 100ky).

目 錄

誌謝 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I
中文摘要 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- II
英文摘要 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- III
目錄 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV
圖目 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- V
表目 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- VI

第一章 緒論 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 前言 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 地質背景 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3 前人研究 -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3.1 岩石地層--------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1.3.2 生物地層--------------------------------------------------------------- 6
1.3.3 磁地層------------------------------------------------------------------ 6
1.3.4 氧同位素地層--------------------------------------------------------- 8
1.4研究方法----------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
第二章 岩相分析與岩相組合--------------------------------------------------- 10
2.1 岩相分類-------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.1.1 泥岩相---------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.1.2 砂頁岩互層相------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.1.3 砂岩相-----------------------------------------------------------------18
2.1.4 礫石相-----------------------------------------------------------------23
2.2 岩相組合 -------------------------------------------------------------------27
第三章 層序地層------------------------------------------------------------------ 31
3.1 層序分析-------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
3.1.1 層序界限--------------------------------------------------------------- 36
3.1.2 體系域------------------------------------------------------------------ 36
3.2 各剖面環境分析 --------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.3 沉積環境 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 81
3.4 沉積層序 ------------------------------------------------------------------ 81
第四章 討論------------------------------------------------------------------------82
4.1 低水位時期的海岸線位置-----------------------------------------------82
4.2 陸側與海側的層序特性--------------------------------------------------82
4.3 海退時期海側為何產生下切河谷--------------------------------------85
4.4 海水面變化幅度-----------------------------------------------------------85
第五章 結論------------------------------------------------------------------------87
參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------------------------------89

中文部份：
吳樂群(1989)台灣嘉義地區澐水溪剖面上中新統至下更新統之沉積環境。地質9卷，1期，15-44頁。
周素卿（1992）台灣西部前陸盆地地史分析初探。台灣大學地質研究所碩士論文，共64頁。
傅式齊（1997）台灣南部陸上及海域弧陸斜向碰撞及隱沒構造之演化。台灣大學海洋研究所博士論文，共166頁。
洪崇勝（1991）台灣西南部曾文溪、二仁溪剖面磁性礦物與磁地層之研究。台灣大學海洋研究所博士論文，共324頁。
楊志成（1997）台灣中部地區錦水頁岩、卓蘭層與頭嵙山層的沉積環境研究。台灣大學地質研究所碩士論文，共120頁。
陳文山（1994）台灣的生痕化石。經濟部中央地質調查所，共102頁。
林殿順（1991）台灣西南部麓山帶上新—更新統之沉積岩相與沉積環境演化。台灣大學地質研究所碩士論文，共93頁。
羅建育（1988）台灣南部古亭坑泥岩之沉積學研究。中山大學海洋地質研究所碩士論文，共104頁。
葉明官、陳文山、石文卿（1997）從台灣西南部平原地區上新統至更新統震測資料之研究來看沈積層序的意義。第四紀地層研討會論文摘要，53－57。
陳文山、洪崇勝、謝凱旋、葉明官、陳勉銘、何信昌、林清正、黃能偉（1998）西南部地區上－更新統的層序地層的探討－假整合構造的沈積意義與對比,『台灣之第四紀』第七次研討會論文集,108－112。
陳文山、林清正、黃能偉、洪崇勝、謝凱旋（1999）台灣西南部地區上－更新世前陸盆地中第五、六級沈積層序的特性，中國地質學會八十八年年會論文摘要，96－98。
游能悌(2001) 台灣西部漸新統至中新統的層序地層學。台灣大學地質科學研究所博士論文，共146頁。
黃能偉(2001) 台灣西南部更新統(左鎮地區)層序地層之初探。台灣大學地質科學研究所碩士論文，共120頁。
黃郁婷(2001)嘉南平原曾文溪流域晚第四系之沉積環境暨層序初探。台灣大學地質科學研究所碩士論文，共187頁。
邱翠雲、李重毅、柯雪溫、張渝龍(1996)台南縣牛山地區上中新統之沉積環境。探採研究彙報(中國石油公司)第19期，第220-233頁

英文部份：
Angela L. Coe, Dan W.J. Bosence, Kevin D. Church, Stephen S. Flint,John A. Howell and R. Chris L. Wilson(2003)The sedimentary record of sea－level change: 288.
Backman,J. and Shackleton, N. J. (1983) Quantitative biochronology of Pliocene and early Pleistocene calcareous nannofossils form the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans: Mar. Micropaleontol., 8, 141-170.
Shackleton, N. J. (2000) The 100,000-year ice-age cycle identified and found to lag temperature,carbon dioxide,and orbital eccentricity: science,289,1897-1902.
Berggren, W. A., Kent, D. V. and Van Couvering, J. A. (1995) Neogene geochronology and chronostratigraphy. In：W.AA. Berggren et al. (eds), Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54, 139－158.
Boersma, J. R. and Terwindt, J. H. J. (1981) Neap-spring tide sequence of intertidal shoal deposits in a mesotidal estuary: Sedimentology, 28, 151-170.
Carter, R. M. and Naish, T. R. (1998) A review of Wanganui basin, New Zealand: global reference section for shallow marine. Plio-Pleistocene(2.5-0 Ma) cyclostratigraphy: Sedi. Geol., 122, 37-52.
Carter, R. M. (1998) Will the real sequence stratigraphy please stand up: insights from the Plio-Pleistocene: Sedi. Geol., 122, 1-3.
Carter, R. M., Fulthorpe, C. S. and Naish, T. R.(1998) Sequence concepts at seismic and outcrop scale: the distinction between physical and conceptual stratigraphic surfaces: Sedi. Geol., 122, 165-179.
Chen, P.H., Huang, T. C., and Tsai, L. P. (1977) A studying of the Late Neogene marine sediments of the Chishan area, Taiwan：Paleomagnetic Stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and Paleoclimate：Geol. Soc. China, 2, 169-190.
Chi, W. R. (1978) The late Neogene nannobiostratigraphy in the Tainan foothills region, southern Taiwan: Petrol. Geol. Taiwan, 15, 9-125.
Chi, W. R. (1980) Calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphic study and correlation of the late Neogene sequence in the Chiayi and Hsinyin foothills, southern Taiwan：Petrol. Geol. Taiwan, 23, 16-28.
Clifton, H. E. (1983) Discrimination between subtidal and intertidal facies in Pleistocene deposits, Willapa Bay, Washington: Jour. Sed. Petrol. 53, 353-369.
Covey, M. (1986) The evolution of foreland basins to steady state: Evidence from the western Taiwan foreland basin. In: P. A. Allen and P. Homewood（editors）, Foreland Basins, International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 8, Black-well, 77-90
Chen et al.,(2001) Stratigraphic architecture,magnetostratigraphy,and incised－valley systems of the pliocene－pleistocene collisional marine foreland basin of Taiwan:GSA bulletin; Oct. 2001; v.113, no.10; p.1247－1271;15 figures
Dominic Emery and Keith Myers(1998):Sequence Stratigraphy,3rd ed.,Blackwell,297.
de Mowbray, T. and Visser, M. J (1984) Reactivation surfaces in subtidal channel deposits, Oosterschelde, southest Netherlands: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v.54, no. 3, 811-824.
Dickinson, W. R., (1974) Plate tectonics and sedimentation. Spec. Pub. SEPM., 22,1-27.
Dott, R. H., Jr., and Bourgeois, J. (1982) Hummock stratification: significance of its variable bedding sequences: Geological Society of American Bulletin, 93, 663-680.
Duke, W. L., Arnott, R. W. and Cheel, R. J. (1991) Shelf sandstones and Hummocky cross stratification; new insights on a stormy debate: Geology, 19, 625-628.
Ekdale, A. A., Bromley, R. G and Pemberton, S. G. (1984) Ichnology: The Study of Trace Fossils in Sedimentology and Stratigraphy: SEPM Short Course, 15,317.
Elliott, T.(1986) Siliciclastic Shorelines, in Reading, H. G., ed., Sedimentary Environments and Facies, 2nd ed., Blackwell, 155-188.
Gartner, S., Chen, M. P., and Stanton, R. J. (1983) Late Neogene nannofossil biostratigraphy and paleoceanography of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico and adjacent areas: Mar. Micropaleontol., 8, 17-50.
Haq, B. U., Berggen, W. A. and Van Couvering, J. A. (1977) Corrected age of the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary: Nature, 269, 483-488.
Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J. and Shackleton, N. J. (1976) Variations in the earth’s orbital: Pacemaker of the ice ages: Science, 194, 1121-1132.
Hays, J. D., Saito, T., Opdyke, N. D. and Burckle, L. H. (1969) Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments of the Equatorial Pacific: their paleomagnetic, biostratigraphic, and climatic record: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 80, 1481-1513.
Heller P. L., Angevine C. L. and Winslow N. S. (1988) Two-phase stratigraphuc model of foreland-basin sequence: Geology,16, 501-504.
Hills, S. J. and Thierstein, H. R. (1989) Plio-Pleistocene calcareous plankton biochronlogy: Mar. Micropaleontol., 14, 67-96.
Horng, C. S., Torii, M.,Shea, K. S. and Kao S. J. (1998) Inconsistent magnetic polarities between greigite- and pyrrhotite/magnetite-bearing marine sediments from the Tsailiao-chi section, southwestern Taiwan.Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.164, 467-481.
Hsu, K. J., La Brecque, J. et al. (1984) Numerical ages of Cenozoic biostratigraphic datum levels: Results of south Atlantic Leg 73 drilling: Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 95, 863-876.
Jansen, E. and Sejrup, H. P. (1987) Stable isotope stratigraphy and amino-acid epimerization for the last 2.4 M.Y. at Site 610, Holes 610 and 610A. In: W.F.Ruddiman, R.B. Kidd et al.（editors）, Init. Repts. DSSP, 94, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 879-887.
Jeffrey A. May et al., (1983) Role of submarine canyons on shelfbreak erosion and sedimentation:modern and ancient examples
Jopling, A. V., and Walker, R. G. (1968) Morphology and origin of ripple-drift cross-lamination, with examples from the Pleistocene of Massachusetts: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 38, 971-984.
Kreisa, R. D. (1981) Storm-generated sedimentary structures in subtidal marine facies with examples from the Middle and Upper Ordovician of southwestern Virginia: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 51, 823-848.
Kamp and Naish. (1998) Forward modeling of the sequence stratigraphic architecture of shelf cyclothems: application to Late Pliocene sequences,Wanganui Basin(New Zealand) : Sedimentary Geology 116(1998), 57-80
Liew, P. M. (1979) Pollen analysis of Pleistocene sediments in the Napalin section near Tainan: Acta Geol. Taiwanica, no. 20, 33-40.
Liew, P. M. (1982a) Pollen straigraphical study of the Pleistocene Chishan section（part I）: Acta Geol. Taiwanica, no. 21, 157-168.
Martini, E. (1971) Standard Tertiary and Quaterary calcareous nannoplankton zonation: In A. Farinacci（editor）,Proc. Second Planktonic Conf., Roma, 1970, 739-785.
Massari, F., Sgavetti, M., Rio, D., d，Alessandro, A. and Prosser, G. (1999) Composite sedimentary record of falling stages of Pleistocene glacio-eustatic cycles in a shelf setting (Crotone basin, south Italy.) Sedi. Geol., 127, 85-110.
McCave, I. N. (1985) Recent shelf clastic sediments: in Brenchley, P.J., and Williams, B. P., eds., Sedimentology: Recent Developments and Applied Aspects: Oxford, Blackwell, 49-65.
Naish T. R., Abbott S. T., Alloway B. V., Beu A. G., Carter R. M., Edwards A. R., Journeaux T. D., Kamp P.J.J., Plllans B. J., Saul G., and Woolfe K. J. (1998) Astronomical calibration of a southern hemisphere Plio-Pleistocene reference section, Wanganui basin, New Zealand: Quaternary Science Reviews,17,695-710.
Nelson, C. S., Hendy, C. H. and Dudley, W. C. (1986) Quaternary isotope stratigraphy of Hole 593, Challenger Plateau, south Tasman Sea: Preliminary abservations based on foraminifers and calcareous nannofissils. In: J.P.Kennett, C. C. von der Borch et al.（editors）, Init. Repts. DSSP, 90, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1413-1424.
Nio, S. D. and Yang, C. S. (1991) Diagnostic attributes of clastic tidal deposits: a review, in Smith, D. G., Reinson, G. E., Zaitlin, B. A. and Rahmani, R. A., ed., Clastic tidal sedimentology: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 16, 3-28.
Philippe Huybrechts(2002)Sea-level changes at the LGM from ice-dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets during the glacial cycles, Quaternary science review., 21, 203-231
Pillans, B., Chappel, J. and Naish, T. R. (1998) A review of the Milankovitch climatic beat: template for Plio- Pleistocene sea-level changes and sequence stratigraphy, Sedi. Geol., 122, 5-21.
Posamentier, H. W. and Vail P. R. (1988) Eustatic controls on clastic deposition II- sequence and systems tract models: Sea-level changes: an integrated approach, edited by Wilgus, C. K., Posamentier, H., Ross, C. A. and Kendall, C. G. St. C., 125-154.
Posamentier, H. W. and Allen, G. P. (1993) Variability of the sequence stratigraphy model: effects of local basin factors: Sedi. Geol., 86, 91-109.
Posamentier, H. W. and James, D. P. (1993) An overview of sequence-stratigraphy concepts: uses and abuses: Sequence stratigraphy and facies associations, edited by Posamentier, H.W., Summerhayes, C.P., Haq, B.U. and Allen, G. P., 3-18.
Prell, W. L. (1982) Oxygen and carbon isotopic stratography for Quaternary of Hole 502B：evidence for two modes of isotopic variability. Init. Rep. DSDP 68, 455-464.
Raymo, M. E., Ruddiman, W. F., Backman, J., Clement, B. M. and Martinson, D. G. (1989) Late Pliocene variation in northern hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic deep-water circulation. Paleoceanography, 4, 413-446.
Reineck, H. E. and Wunderlich, F. (1968) Classification and origin of flaser and lenticular bedding: Sedimentology 11, 99-104.
Rio, D., Sprovieri, R. and Raffi, I. (1984) Calcareous plankton biostratigraphy and biochronlogy of the Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene succession of the Capo Rossello area, Sicily: Mar. Micropaleontol., 9, 135-180.
Rickett, B.D., 1991, Lower Paleocene drowned valley and barred estuaries, Canadian Arctic Islands:aspects of their geomorphological and sedimentological evolution,in Smith, D.G., Reinson,G.E.,Zaitlin, B.A. and Reinson , R.A., eds., Clastic tidal sedimentology:Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir16, p.81-106
Robert M. Carter (1998) Two models:global sea-level change and sequence stratigraphic architecture,Sedimentary Geology 122, 23-36.
Aniruddha S.Khadkikar,C.Rajshekhar(2005) Holocene valley incision during sea level transgression under a monsoonal climate, Sedimentary Geology 179,295-303.
Seilacher, A. (1967) Bathymetry of trace fossils: Marine Geology, 5, 413-429.
Shackleton, N. J. and Opdyke, N. D. (1973) Oxygen isotope and palaeomagnetic Stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core V28-238： oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volume on a 105 and 106 year scale: Quaternary Research, 3, 39-59.
Shackleton, N. J., Hall, M. A. and Pate, D. (1995) Pliocene stable isotope stratigraohy of ODP site 826. In： N.Pisias, L. Mayer, T. Janacek et al.（eds）, Proceedings of Program Scientific Results, 138, 337-353.Shackleton, N. J (1997) The deep-sea sediment record and the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary: Quate. Int., 40, 33-35.
Shackleton, N. J., Berger, A. and Peltier, W.R. (1990) An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene timescale based on ODP site 677, Transactions Royal Soc. Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 81, 251-261.
Shackleton, N. J. (2000) The 100,000-year ice-age cycle identified and found to lag temperature,carbon dioxide,and orbital eccentricity: science, 289,1897-1902.
Stach, L. W. (1957) Stratigraphic subdivision and correlation of the upper Cenozoic sequence in the foothills region east of Chiayi and Hsinying, Taiwan, China: Symp. Petrol. Geol. Taiwan, 1957, Taipei, 177-230.
Teng, L. S. (1987) Stratigraphic records of the late Cenozoic Penglai Orogeny of Taiwan: Acta Geol. Taiwanica, 25, 205-224.
Walker, R. G. (1984) Shelf and shallow marine sands, in Walker, R. G., ed., Facies models（second edition）: Geoscience Canada, Reprint Series 1, 141-170.
Walker, R. G. and Plint, A. G. (1992) Wave-and Storm-Dominated Shallow Marine Systems, in Walker, R. G. and James, N. P., ed., Facies Models Response to Sea Level Change: Geological Association of Canada, 219-238.
Williams, D. F., Thunell, R. C., Tappa, E., Rio, D. and Raffi, I. (1988) Chronology of the Pleistocene oxygen isotope record: 0-1.88m.y.B. P. : Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 64, 221-240.
van Wagoner, J. C., Posamentier, H. W., Mitchum, R. M., Jr., Vail. P. R., Sarg, J. F., Loutit, T. S. and Hardenbol, J. (1988) An overview of the fundamentals of sequence stratigrphy and key definition, in Wilgus, C. K., Hastings, B. S., Kendall, C. G. St. C., Posamentier, H., Ross, C. A. and van Wagoner, J.,ed.,Sea-Level Change: an Integrated Approach, Society of Economic Paleontology and Mineralogists, Spec. Publ, 42, 39-46.
Yu, H. S. and Chiang, C. S. (1997) Kaoping Shelf：Morphology and Tectonic Significance. J. of Southeast Asian Earth Science, 15, 9－18.