臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

歐洲聯盟歷經五十年的整合經驗，於2004年協商擬出了《歐盟憲法條約》，統合過去所簽訂的條約，並就歐盟各機構及各國在歐盟之角色作出具體規定。學者杭亭頓曾強調，若歐洲共同體在政治上整合為一，二十一世紀全球的領導權杖將交到「歐洲聯邦」的手中。然而，這份得到所有領導人認可憲法草案，在2005年法國與荷蘭的公投批准上卻遇到阻力，為歐盟憲法發展帶來不確定性。因此本文擬將探討二十一世紀初期歐洲整合的重要里程碑：《歐洲聯盟憲法條約》之形成過程並對其做出評估。

在章節安排方面，第一章為緒論，說明研究的主旨，並說明所援用的新自由制度主義研究方法。在第二章中，我們將建立歐盟憲法的發展的整體概念，包括歐盟制憲的歷史與制度設計。在第三章中，則說明歐盟發展憲法條約的內外因素。接下來在第四章，則是各會員國對於歐盟憲法草約形成會議中的提議原因、立場、與妥協。第五章則在各國簽訂憲法條約後，帶回國內批准的現況說明。第六章，我們對歐盟憲法條約迄今的發展做出檢討：包括歐盟憲法發展的困境與可能影響。最後，我們在第七章將對歐盟憲法發展做出結論，歐盟過去超國家組織與政府間主義並存的特殊條件，使其在走向統合的道路更為複雜與困難，但我們相信這是多數歐洲國家正在努力的方向。

After 50 years of integration experience, the European Union member states, in 2004, have developed the “Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe,” from which the past treaties are compiled together and EU institutions and national roles are enumerated. Samuel Huntington used to emphasize that, if EU could integrate successfully in political sphere, the world would be led by EU in the 21st century. However, the denial of the initial text of “the Constitution” in France and Netherlands in 2005 makes the development of the EU constitution all the more uncertain. So, the thesis is intended to explore and evaluate the forming process of the European milestone in the early 21st century, “Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe.”

In the first chapter, the preface would illustrate the main idea of this thesis and the neo-institutionalism approach. In the second chapter, we will provide an overview of the EU constitution, including its history and institution designation. In the third chapter, the internal and external factors for developing the EU constitution will be explained. Then in the forth chapter, we will discuss how each individual state proposed their opinions, debated, and finally compromised in the “inter-governmental conventions.” In the following fifth chapter, the domestic ratification status quo in each country and the reason why they pass or do not pass it will be demonstrated. In the sixth chapter, we will review the development of the EU constitution, its dilemma and possible influences included. Lastly, we come to our conclusion on the EU constitution: EU, with its past experience of supra-nationalism and inter-governmentalism, will inevitably face many difficulties in its integration process, yet we believe it still is the right direction most European countries are heading for.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究方法與分析架構 5
第三節 研究範圍與限制 9
第四節 資料來源 12

第二章 歐盟憲法的發展及內容 16
第一節 歐盟憲法發展背景 16
第二節《歐盟憲法條約》之內容與制度設計 22
第三節 歐盟憲法解析 39

第三章 歐盟發展憲法條約之因素 46
第一節 內部因素 47
一、實現歐洲一統的夢想：提高歐洲認同 47
二、使東擴後的歐洲能繼續正常營運 53
三、解決《尼斯條約》前「政府間會議(IGC)」所遭遇到之困境 55
四、穩固既有經濟合作及提升歐盟對外事務的影響力 57
第二節 外部因素 59
一、全球權力結構的改變 59
二、來自與美國競爭的壓力 61
三、加強歐盟在全球中的角色 63

第四章 制憲過程中歐盟各會員國間的折衝 65
第一節 歐盟制憲決策過程 65
第二節 拉肯高峰會：各國對歐盟憲法條約草案之基本立場及爭議 66
第三節 2003年羅馬政府間會議 72
第四節 2004布魯塞爾政府間會議：利益與偏好 79

第五章 歐盟批准的概況及影響批准的因素 90
第一節 舊會員國對歐盟憲法的民意支持度及政府的立場 92
第二節 新會員國對歐盟憲法的民意支持度及政府的立場 118
第三節 各國批准現狀及影響批准的因素 131

第六章 歐盟憲法發展的評估及展望 138
第一節 歐盟憲法的事實評估與展望 138
一、歐盟憲法條約的困境 138
二、歐盟憲法條約的可能影響 145
第二節 歐盟憲法的理論評估 152
一、各國建立典則的成果—促進國際協商與合作 153
二、歐盟各國在體制內對話—資訊流通、減少交易成本 155
三、歐盟憲法之機制設計與批准—監督與承諾 155

第七章 結論 157

附錄 2003年1、2月歐洲政策協會網絡(EPIN)所設計之問卷調查結果 163

參考書目 175

一、中文
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(二)期刊
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(三)論文集
「公民投票V.S.國會表決：歐盟會員國對新憲制訂的態度」研討會論文集，歐洲聯盟研究論壇， 二００五年四月二日。
「歐盟制憲對其內外發展之影響」，歐洲聯盟研究論壇， 2003年11月20日。
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歐洲聯盟與國際組織會議論文集，歐洲聯盟研究論壇，九十二年三月十四日。
歐盟制憲與歐盟發展論文集，歐洲聯盟研究論壇， 2003年1月17日
歐盟的深化與廣化—2003歐洲聯盟研究協會年度學術研討會論文集，歐洲聯盟研究協會，2003年10月12日。
歐盟新憲與國際新秩序研討會論文集，歐洲聯盟研究論壇，二ΟΟ五年二月二十六日。
憲法條約與歐盟未來學術研討會論文集，中央研究院歐美研究所，九十四年十月七日。

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Önis, Ziya. 2004. “Diverse but Converging Paths to European Union Membership: Poland and Turkey in Comparative Perspecitve.” East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 18, No 3.
Paik, Kristi. 2004. “EU Accession of Central and Eastern European Countries: democracy and Integration as Conflicting Logics.” East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 18, No 4.
Palombella, Gianluigi. 2004. “Whose Europe? After the Constitution: A Goal-Based, Reflexive Citizenship,Altneuland: The EU Constitution in a Contextual Perspective.” The Jean Monnet Working Papers.
Pfersmann, Otto. 2004. “The New Revision of the Old Constitution, Altneuland: The EU Constitution in a Contextual Perspective.” The Jean Monnet Working Papers.
Piris, Jean-Claude. 2006. “The Constitution for Europe: A Legal Analysis.” Cambridge University Press.
Piris, Jean-Claude. 2000. “Does the European Union have a Constitution ? Does it need one?” The Jean Monnet Working Papers.
Plechanovová, Bela. 2004. “Draft constitution and the decision-making rule for the Council of Ministers of the EU – Looking for alternative solution.” European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Vol. 8 (2004) N° 12.
Plechanovová, Bela. 2004. “Draft constitution and the decision-making rule for the Council of Ministers of the EU – Looking for alternative solution.” European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Vol. 8 (2004) N° 12.
Pollak, Johannes. 2004. “Democracy and the European Constitution: Majority Voting and Small Member States.” constitutionalism Web-papers, conWEB paper.
Raunio, Tapio. 2005. “Much Ado About Nothing? National Legislatures in the EU Constitutional Treaty.” European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Vol. 9 (2005) N° 9;
Richmond, Oliver P. 2006. “Shared sovereignty and the politics of peace: evaluating the EU’s ‘catalytic’ framework in the eastern Mediterranean.” International Affairs, vol. 82, No. 1.
Sajo, Andras. 2004. “Constitutional Enthusiasm Towards Network Constitutionalism? (Constitution- Without the Constitutional Moment: A Look from the New Member States), Altneuland: The EU Constitution in a Contextual Perspective.” The Jean Monnet Working Papers.
Salmon, Trevor. 2005. “Contemporary European Foreign Policy.” European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 10,Issue 4.
Schimmelfenning, Frank. 2001. “ The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union.” International Organization, Vol. 55, No. 1.
Schneider, Heinrich. 2003. “The Constitution Debate.” European Integration online Papers (EIoP) Vol. 7 (2003) N° 4
Sedelmeier, Ulrich. 2005. “Driven to Change: The European Union''s Enlargement Viewed from the East.” European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol.10, Issue 4.
Sedelmeier, Ulrich. 2005. “The Enlargement of the European Union.” European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 10 Issue 1.
Sharman, J. C. 2004. “Who pays for entering Europe? Sectoral politics and European Union accession.” European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 43 Issue 6.
SU, Huandah. 2005. “The Dynamics of Widening on the Deepening of the European Union—The Constitutionalization of Enhance Cooperation, Euramerica.” Institute of European and American Studies. Academia Sinica, Vol.35, No.3.
Su, Hungdah. 2004. “Can constitution-building advance European integration? A three-pillared institutionalist analysis.” Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group, Vol.26, No. 4.
Su, Hungdah. 2005. “The European constitution-building: Could the Dream Turn into a Nightmare?” Symposium on EU Constitution Treaty and EU’s Global Role, Howard Hotel, Taipei.
Symposium on EU Constitutional Treaty and EU’s Global Role, 2005. European Union Research Forum, NCCU.
Tallberg, Jonas. 2002. “Paths to Compliance: Enforcement, Management, and the European Union.” International Organization, vol. 56, No. 3.
Theiler, Tobias. 2004. “The origins of Euroscepticism in German-speaking Switzerland.” European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 43 Issue 4.
Thomson, Robert, Jovanka Boerefijn, Frans Stokman. 2004. “Actor alignments in European Union decision making.” European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 43 Issue 3.
Tsai, Cheng-wen. 2003. “Nation-building. Region-building, continent-building and regional integration.”台德學術會議論文集。
Walker, Neil. 2004. “Europe''s Constitutional Momentum and the Search for Polity Legitimacy, Altneuland: The EU Constitution in a Contextual Perspective.” The Jean Monnet Working Papers.
Weiler, J. H. H. 2002. “ A constitution for Europe? Some Hard Choices.” Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.40, No.4.
Weiler, J. H. H. 2001. “The Commission as Euro-Skeptic: A Task Oriented Commission for a Project-Based Union.” The Jean Monnet Working Papers.
Weiler, J. H. H. 2000. “The Rule of Lawyers and the Ethos of Diplomats: Reflections on the Internal and External Legitimacy of WTO Dispute Settlement.” The Jean Monnet Working Papers.
Weiler, J. H. H. 2000. “Federalism and Constitutionalism: Europe''s Sonderweg.” The Jean Monnet Working Papers.
Weiß, Wolfgang. 2005. “Eastern Enlargement and European Constitutionalisation.” Queen’s papers on Europeanisation.
Wessels, Wolfgang. 2004. “A ''Saut constitutionnel'' out of an intergovernmental trap? The provisions of the Constitutional Treaty for the Common Foreign, Security and Defence Policy, Altneuland: The EU Constitution in a Contextual Perspective.” The Jean Monnet Working Papers.
Wet, Erika de. 2006. “The International Constitutional Order.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol, 55.
White, Robin C. A. 2004. “European Union Enlargement: Law and Socio-Economic Changes (Book).” European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 9 Issue 4.
Whitman, Richard. 2005. “No and after: options for Europe.” International Affairs, Vol. 81 Issue 4 Page i-903.
Whitman, Richard. 2006. “Road Map for a Route March? (De-)civilianizing through the EU''s Security Strategy.” European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 11 Issue 1.
Wichmann, Nichole. 2006. “The Participation of the Schengen Associates: Inside or Outside?” European Foreign Affairs Review, Vol. 11 Issue 1.

三、演講及新聞稿
BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3157810.stm
BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3161562.stm
BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4594022.stm
BBC: http://www.cer.org.uk/articles/leonard_bbc_30Jan_06.html
Biernat, Stanislaw. 2005. “The European Constitution from the Perspective of the New Member States.” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law. http://www.rewi.hu-berlin.de/WHI/deutsch/fce/2005/01/index.htm
CNN: http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/02/18/sprj.irq.europe.text/
Craig, Paul. 2004. “Constitutional Process and Reform in the EU: Nice, Laeken, the Convention and the IGC.” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law.
EU Naples Summit constructive and positive- Straw.
EU observer: http://euobserver.com/
Guterres, António. 2001. “The European Treaties revisited: What role for Europe in the globalised world?” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law.
Vitorino, António. 2001. “The Convention as a model for European constitutionalisation.” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law.
International Herald Tribune: http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/01/09/news/union.php
Lamy, Pascal. 2002. “Europe''s Role in Global Governance - The Way Ahead.” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law.
MacCormick, Neil. 2005. “How to Adopt a European Constitution - and How Not to Adopt One.” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law.
Pithart, Petr. 2005. “What Europe Needs Most. The Ratification Process Viewed from the New Center of Europe.” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law.
Rifkin, Jeremy. 2005. “The European Dream. How Europe''s Vision of the Future is Quietly Eclipsing the American Dream.” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law.
Romer, Teresa. 2004. “The European Constitutional Treaty from the Point of Vew of Polish Constitutional Law.” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law.
Tanchev, Evgeni. 2005. “Constitutional Issues of Bulgaria’s Accession to the EU.” Lecture in the Forum Constitutionis Europae, Walter Hallstein Institute for European Constitutional Law.
The Independent: http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article337400.ece

肆、網路
歐盟網站：http://europa.eu.int/
歐盟憲法網絡：http://www.ecln.net/
歐洲統合檔案：http://aei.pitt.edu/
歐洲議會：http://www.europarl.eu.int/
歐盟部長理事會：http://www.europarl.eu.int/
歐盟執委會：http://europa.eu.int/comm/index_en.htm
歐洲法院：http://curia.eu.int/en/index.htm
歐盟審計院：http://www.eca.eu.int/
歐洲中央銀行：http://www.ecb.int/home/html/index.en.html
加州柏克萊歐盟研究網站：http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/doemoff/govinfo/intl/gov_eu.html
大紀元：http://www.epochtimes.com/
何子倫，歐盟基本權憲章之研究，http://www.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/091/CL-R-091-028.htm
唐秉鈞，歐盟憲法之概況與前景。
http://www.gov.tw/EBOOKS/WORLDANNUAL/show_book.php?path=6_001_008
A constitution for Europe: http://europa.eu.int/constitution/download/brochure_160904_en.pdf
Center for European Forum:
http://www.cer.org.uk/
European Policy Institutes Network: The Constitution Ratification
http://www.unizar.es/euroconstitucion/Treaties/Treaty_Const_Rat.htm
European Policy Institutes Network: National debates and positions
http://www.epin.org/national/index.html
Newsmine.org.
http://www.newsmine.org/archive/cabal-elite/european-union/constitution/poles-clear-path-for-deal-on-eu-constitution.txt
Positions of 10 central and eastern European countries on EU constitutional reform:
http://www.iep-berlin.de/dokumente/CEECDebate-ReportConvention.pdf