臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

淺海海域受內波及地形影響，海洋環境極為複雜，本研究利用ASIAEX獲得之南海海域海洋環境資料，以「經驗正交法EOF」來分析造成海水溫度變化的影響因素。在南海海域之水文變化，主要受到內潮（Internal Tidal,IT）及非線性內波（Nonlinear Internal Wav, NIW）作用影響為主，利用EOF法分析，可以有效偵測海水溫度變化的主因為內潮或是非線性內波。利用ASIAEX所規劃之音傳實驗路徑，以實測海水溫度錨碇資料及聲學模式進行分析，可知在大陸棚邊緣的水下聲波變動，海底地形的變化是主要影響因素。
此外，淺海水域的環境變動性，不論在時間與空間上其變化起伏均較大洋中高，惟各個海洋環境參數特性，例如水文、底質及水深等，則有不同程度的變化，針對這些變動性參數，可利用不確定性的方法加以定義其變動區間。本研究利用建構之環境分析模型，分析海洋環境特性對水下聲波之影響程度，其中以底質聲速影響聲波傳遞最大，其次為底質密度及衰減係數等參數。
聲波為偵測水下環境的有效能量，在探討水下聲學的特性時，多以波動方程式為基礎，配合適當起始與邊界條件所開發出來的聲學模式，用以分析水下聲波能量分佈的狀況，惟這些聲學模式的計算，必需有賴正確的海洋環境資訊，做為輸入參數，才能獲得正確水下聲波能量的計算結果，本研究建構一整合海洋環境與聲學模式間的耦合關係的計算模組，作為評估聲納偵測效能之計算工具。
最後應用學術界長年建立的海洋環境資料，進行台灣週邊水下聲學特性分析，以探討聲納的運用效能，建立一套適用台灣周邊海域，並依據海洋環境變動，計算水下聲波傳遞狀況的分析方法，以提昇海洋探測裝備效能，乃至聲納偵測的操作效益。

The ocean environment is very complicated due to the effect of internal wave activity and the bathymetry changing in littoral water. This research base on the ocean mooring data in South China Sea during ASIAEX period and utilize the decomposing EOF to analysis the variation of sea water temperature which effects mainly by the internal tide and nonlinear internal wave. The EOF method can efficiently detect the activity of internal tide or nonlinear internal wave in water column. Base on the acoustic transmission track of ASIAEX and using the measuring ocean data as the input data for acoustic model can describe the acoustic field in the shelf break area. The bathymetry is the major factor of the acoustic energy changing in underwater.
The variation of ocean environment in littoral waters always high than in deep water no matter in temporal and spatial scale. The individual parameters of ocean environment, such as seawater temperature, sediment and water depth, have different variation in scale. The variation range of these parameters can present by uncertainty. To develop an ocean environment model analysis the acoustic field of effecting by ocean parameter. The parameters of most effecting acoustic field are sound speed of sediment, sound speed of basement, density of sediment and attenuation coefficient in order.
The wave equation is the basis to describe the property of underwater sound with proper initial condition and boundary condition for acoustic model to analysis the acoustic energy. The operation of acoustic model relies on precise ocean data as input in order to get correct acoustic field. This research construct a computing module that couple ocean environment and acoustic model to evaluate the sonar performance. At the end of this research, to analyze the characteristic of underwater sound around Taiwan water base on the ocean database building by academic in order to explore the operation of sonar performance. This result gives a clear picture of sonar detection that can prompt the sonar operating ability.

口試委員會審定書 i
誌 謝 ii
摘 要 iii
Abstract iv
目 錄 v
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 xii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1緣起 1
1.1.1背景 1
1.1.2動機 2
1.2文獻回顧 4
1.3研究目的 7
1.4論文價值 8
第二章 淺海水域之海洋聲學特性 9
2.1內波 9
2.1.1內波的生成 10
2.1.2南海的內波 12
2.2淺海水域與聲波傳遞有關的環境因素 15
2.2.1海水物理特性 15
2.2.2海底地形 16
2.2.3海底底質 16
2.2.4環境噪音 17
2.2.5海流 18
第三章 研究方法 19
3.1水中聲速公式 20
3.2經驗正交函數（EMPIRICAL ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS, EOF） 20
3.3不確定性的應用 21
3.3.1不確定性的基本觀念 22
3.3.2 標準不確定性評估與分類 24
3.4聲納偵測效能 25
3.4.1聲納方程式 26
3.4.1.1 音源強度SL 27
3.4.1.2 音傳損耗 TL 27
3.4.1.3 陣列加強指數（Directivity Index, DI） 28
3.4.1.4 偵測基準DT 29
3.4.2 聲納偵測架構 29
3.5聲學模式 30
3.5.1 拋物線方程式(Parabolic Equation Approximation) 31
3.5.2 高斯波束方程式（Gaussian Beam Model） 33
3.6亞洲海域國際聲學實驗ASIAEX 35
3.6.1 南海海域之環境特性 36
3.6.2 ASIAEX-SCS實驗內容 37
3.7台灣周邊海域環境 41
3.7.1 海水溫度 41
3.7.2 海水的鹽度 42
3.7.3 海流 43
3.7.4 海底地形 45
3.7.5 底質 47
第四章 海洋環境與聲納偵測距離 49
4.1 海水溫度變動性分析 49
4.1.1 ASIAEX 溫度錨碇資料 49
4.1.2 Env 350 資料之EOF分析 53
4.1.3 Env 200資料之EOF分析 59
4.1.4 Env 120資料之EOF分析 63
4.1.5 溫度剖面之建立 68
4.2 環境變動的不確定性分析 71
4.3 偵測距離變動性 74
4.3.2在Shelf Track路徑上 75
第五章 台灣周邊水下聲波偵測效能分析 77
5.1 台灣周邊水下聲波偵測效能分析 77
5.2 先進聲納偵測距離預測系統（ASORPS） 81
5.3 主動聲偵測距離納在空間上的分析 82
5.3.1西南海域 83
5.3.2東部海域 87
5.3.3東北海域 90
5-3-4西部海域 92
5.4時間尺度分析 96
第六章 結論與建議 107
6.1結論與貢獻 107
6.2可研續之研究方向 108
參考文獻 109
附錄A 拋物線方程式（Parabolic Equation） 116
A.1 標準拋物線方程式 116
A.2 WIDE ANGLE PE 118
A.3 HIGHER ORDER PE 119
A.4 HIGHER-ORDER ENERGY-CONSERVING PE 122
附錄B 聲源與接收器的交換性（Reciprocity） 124
附錄C 經驗正交函數（EOF） 127
附錄D 先進聲納偵測距離預測系統ASORPS 133

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