臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

台灣近十年來男性勞動參與率逐年下降，失業率節節上升，造成男性低就業與高失業之現象。有鑑於男性的所得收入通常為家庭經濟之主要來源，故當男性發生失業時，較容易造成家庭經濟發生問題。因此本文的研究目的，即探討當家庭中男性主要負擔家計者失業時，家庭中其他成員是否會增加勞動參與，以減緩因家庭中男性主要負擔家計者失業，對家庭經濟所造成的影響。

有鑑於此，本文利用1993至2005年「人力資源與運用調查」資料，將家庭區分成雙親與單親家庭，並將家庭中男性主要負擔家計者，分為一般性失業與受迫性失業。模型設定方式，應用Heckman二階段估計法來修正樣本偏誤的問題，並利用固定效果模式進行最後的實證迴歸分析。以分別探討當雙親家庭的丈夫或單親家庭的男戶長失業時，家庭中妻子、子女或其他家庭成員當期與下一期的就業與工時狀況將有何變化，進而觀察台灣的家庭是否存有附加勞工效果。

實證結果發現，若以就業狀況來探討時，附加勞工效果顯著存在，且對雙親家庭而言，不論丈夫為一般或受迫性失業，妻子與其他家庭成員皆於丈夫失業後的下一期才增加勞動參與。對子女而言，則若父親為一般性失業時，附加勞工效果存在於父親失業的當期；若父親為受迫性失業時，則至下一期才有附加勞工效果的反應產生。至於對單親家庭而言，不論男戶長為一般性或受迫性失業，子女的勞動參與於當期或下期皆無任何顯著反應；對其他家庭成員，則有顯著的附加勞工效果存在，且於男戶長失業的下一期才有顯著的反應產生。最後，以工時狀況來探討附加勞工效果時，則發現各家庭成員皆未有任何附加勞工效果之反應產生，顯示當以工時來觀察時，並無發現附加勞工效果的存在。

The employment rates of prime-aged males in Taiwan have been decreased after 1994. Since the labor supply of prime-aged males play the major roles in family incomes, these large and persistent increases in non-employment rates would raise the number of families which bore the substantial shocks in family income. The purpose of this paper is, then, to investigate the labor supply responses of family members to mitigate their family’s income loses when their male household head experienced non-employment.

To examine the labor supply responses of family members in different time span, we use a pseudo-panel data set constructed from 1993-2005 Manpower Utilization Survey. There are two measurements of labor supply: one is employment or not employment, and the other one is the hour of work given employ. The fixed effect Logit model and fixed effect OLS model are used to run a empirical regression analysis. More, the model of Heckman’s two stage estimated method is used to estimate the fixed effect OLS model. We separate the family condition into single-parent family and two-parent’s family, and discuss if the male household head was displaced unemployed or not. Also, we want to see the employment and the hours of work changes between wives, children or other family members in the current or next period when the male household head was unemployed, and to observe if there is added worker effect in Taiwan’s family.

The empirical result shows that the added worker effect existed apparently if we discussed it based on employment. For two-parent’s family, whether husband was displaced unemployed person or not, wife and other family members increased their labor participation in the next period after husband unemployed. For children, when father was general unemployment, the added worker effect existed in that period. And if father was the next displaced, the added worker effect appear in the next period. However, no mater what the male head of family was a general or displaced unemployed person for single family; the children had no response of labor participation in current or later period. But in other family members, the added worker effect existed, and they would have noticeable response to the male household head of family unemployed in later period. Finally, in term of by hours of work, we found that all family members hadn’t any response of the added worker effec.

口試委員會審定書 i
誌謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 iii
第一章 前言 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究架構 4
第二章 文獻回顧 6
第一節 國內相關文獻 6
第二節 美國相關文獻 7
第三節 其他國家相關文獻 13
第三章 資料來源、特性與處理方法 19
第一節 資料來源與特性 19
第二節 資料處理 21
第三節 基本敘述統計量 24
第四章 理論與實證模型 34
第一節 理論模型 34
第二節 實證模型 39
第五章 實證分析 46
第一節 變數設定 46
第二節 實證結果 50
第六章 結論 76
第一節 綜合整理 76
第二節 未來研究發展 79
參考文獻 80
附錄A 丈夫當期勞動參與估計 85
附錄B 二階段估計法-Heckman Two Stage Method 86

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