臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

光纖光柵在具有的優良機械性質、抗電磁干擾等優點，因此在光電與量測領域上，有著發展的潛力。
目前本實驗室所使用的能量調變型感測系統，是用長週期光纖光柵及FBG短週期光纖光柵當濾波器之用，前者利用其穿透頻譜，有著能量測數十微米量級大位移量的特色；後者則利用其反射頻譜，有高靈敏度與量測微小動態位移的特色；唯長週期光纖濾波器受限其穿透能量較低，FBG週期光纖光柵濾波器其能量大多穿透光柵，反射能量利用低，使得量測時高頻與微小振動因主要訊號與雜訊混雜而無法判別，因此本論文利用FBG短週期光纖光柵之穿透頻譜做濾波，期能提高其訊噪比(SNR)。
同時本論文主要以本實驗室開發之能量調變型感測器為基礎，以短週期光纖光柵穿透頻譜濾波之穿透光路，以及將光纖光柵感測器平貼和平拉於待測物之表面，配合本實驗室開發出面外垂直式光纖量測，希望能改善以往光纖量測系統僅能一維之量測，期望發展出高頻光纖光柵感測器與多維度、多點之動態量測系統，探討面內與面外運動耦合效應。另外，光纖光柵感測器加上Dynamic Signal Analyzer，作為動態掃頻系統之開發與應用，亦是本論文之研究方向與重點。

Recently, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) have been applied to sense strain and temperature variation due to their high sensitivity, electromagnetic immunity and good engineering properties. Many papers have been demonstrated their performance in many engineering fields, including strain measurements in civil engineering and composite structures. However, these applications were used for static or low frequency measurements, high frequency dynamic measurement needed further study.
We have used the intensity-modulated FBG sensing system with long period fiber grating (LPG) filter to measure micro-measurand in only one direction. In order to increase the sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of the FBG system and to make simultaneous dynamic measurements in multiple directions at a single point, we develop high-frequency in-plane and the out-of-plane FBG sensors with transmitted spectra of FBG filters to measure out-of-plane and in-plane dynamic responses. Furthermore, we integrate the FBG sensing system with Dynamic Signal Analyzer to develop a dynamic signal system. All dynamic responses are measured simultaneously by the LDV system and strain gage. Results agree with those obtained from LDV and strain gage.
Key words : FBG sensing system, high frequency dynamic measurement, FBG filter, simultaneous dynamic measurements, multiple directions.

目錄
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 研究動機 1
1-2 文獻回顧 5
1-3 內容簡介 8
第二章 光纖光柵基本原理 10
2-1 基本光纖光學 10
2-2 光纖光柵原理 13
2-2.1 光纖光柵之分類 14
2-3 光纖光柵之製作 15
2-3.1 光纖光柵製作方法 16
2-4 光彈原理與熱光效應 19
2-4.1 光彈原理 19
2-4.2 熱光原理 22
2-5 共振波長飄移理論 22
2-5.1 共振波長飄移原理 23
2-5.2 受平面應力狀態 24
2-5.3 受單軸應力狀態 25
第三章 實驗儀器設備簡介 31
3-1 雷射都普勒振動儀 31
3-2 應變規訊號制約放大器 32
3-3 動態訊號分析儀 34
3-4 阻抗分析儀 36
第四章 光纖光柵量測系統與穩態特性實驗 40
4-1 能量調變式光纖光柵量測系統光路介紹 40
4-2 量測系統之介紹 41
4-2.1 光纖動態量測系統 41
4-3 穩態實驗量測與結果討論 42
4-3.1 積層式壓電致動器 43
4-3.2 實驗架設 43
第五章 壓電陶瓷平板面外與面內高頻穩態實驗 88
5-1 壓電陶瓷平板面內與面外動態特性量測 88
5-1.1 壓電陶瓷平板規格說明 88
5-1.2 實驗架設 88
5-1.3 動態訊號掃頻原理 90
5-2 實驗結果與討論 91
5-2.1 掃頻結果與討論 91
5-2.2 共振頻率下面內與面外時域訊號量測結果與討論 92
5-2.3 面內高頻訊號結果與討論 95
5-2.4 壓電陶瓷平板暫態訊號結果討論 96
第六章 方形與圓形圓形塊材暫態波傳實驗 134
6-1 方形鋁塊之暫態波傳 134
6-1.1 實驗架設 134
6-1.2 不同鋼珠掉落處同一點之面內與面外運動結果討論 135
6-1.3 方形鋁塊面內與面外暫態波傳同步量測結果與討論 138
6-2 圓形鋁塊之暫態波傳 141
6-2.1 實驗架設 141
6-2.2 圓形鋁塊面內與面外暫態波傳同步量測結果與討論 141
6-3 鋁塊鋼珠撞擊實驗在頻率域下之探討 143
第七章 結論與未來展望 171
7-1 結論 171
7-2 未來展望 172
參考文獻 173

Anderson, D. Z., Mizrahi, V., Erdogan, T., and White, A. E., (1993) “Production of in-Fiber Gratings Using a Diffractive Optical Element,” Electronics Letters, 29(6), 566-568

Ball, G. A., and Morey, W. W., (1992) “Continuously Tunable Single-Mode Erbium Fiber Laser,” Optics Letters, 17(6), 420-422

Ball, G. A., and Morey, W. W., (1992) “Compression Tuned Single Frequency Bragg Grating Fiber Laser,” Optics Letters, 17(6), 420-422

Bennion, I., Williams, J. A. R.., Zhang, L., S. K. and N. J. Doran, (1996) “Tutorial Review, UV-Written in-Fiber Bragg Gratings,” Optics Quantum Electronics, 28(2), 93-135

Berthold, A., and Dändliker, R., (1988) “Determination of the Individual Strain-Optic Coefficients in Single-Mode Optical Fibers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 6(1), 17-20

Chee Seong GOH, Sze Yun SET, and Kazuro KIKUCHI, “Spectrum Tuning of Fiber Bragg Gratings by Strain Distributions and Its Applications”, IEICE TRANS. ELECTRON., VOL.E88–C, NO.3 MARCH 2005, p.363-p.371.

Chern, G. W., Wang, L. A., and Lin, C. Y., (2001) “Transfer-Matrix Approach Based on Modal Analysis for Modeling Corrugated Long-Period Fiber Gratings,” Applied Optics, 40(25), 4476-4486

Chojnowski, P., et al, (2005) “Strain sensor applications of fiber Bragg gratings,” Proc. of SPIE Vol. 5948, 59481K,

Cusano, A., Cutolo b, A., Nasserc, J., Giordano c, M., Calabrò, A., (2004) “Dynamic strain measurements by fibre Bragg grating sensor,” Sensors and Actuators A 110 p.276–p.281.



Davis, D. D., Gaylord, T. K., Glytsis, E. N., Kosinski, S. G., Mettler, S. C., and Vengsarkar, A. M., (1998) “Long-Period Fiber Grating Fabrication with Focused CO2 Laser Pulses,” Electronics Letters, 34(3), 302-303

Eggleton, B. J., Westbrook, P. S., Windeler, R. S., Spälter, S., and Strasser, T. A., (1999) “Grating Resonance in Air-Silica Microstructured Optical Fibers,” Optics Letters, 24(21), 1460-1462

Erdogan, T., (1997) “Fiber Grating Spectra,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15(8), 1277-1294

Erdogan, T., (1997) “Cladding-mode Resonances in Short and Long Period Fiber Grating Filters,” Journal of Optical Society of America, 14(8), 1760-1773


Fujimaki, M., Nishihara, Y., Ohki, Y., Berbner, J. L., and Roorda, S., (2000) “Ion-Implantation-Induced Densification in Silica-Based Glass for Fabrication of Optical Fiber Gratings,” Journal of Applied Physics, 88(10), 5534-5537

Gillooly, A. M., Zhang, L., and Bennion, I., “Quasi-distributed strain sensor incorporating a chirped Moire fiber Bragg grating,” IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 17, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2005, p.444-p.446.

Grattan, K. T. V., and Meggitt, B. T., (2000) , “Optical Fiber Sensor Technology: Advanced Applications – Bragg Gratings and Distributed Sensors,” Kluwer Academic, Boston

Hill, K. O., Fujii, Y. D., Johnson, C., and Kawasaki, B. S., (1978) “Photosensitivity in Optical Fiber Waveguides: Application to Reflection Fiber Fabrication,” Applied Physics Letters, 32(10), 647-649

Hill, K. O., Malo, B., Bilodeau, F., Johnson, D. C., and Albert, J., (1993) “Bragg Gratings Fabricated in Monomode Photosensitive Optical Fiber by UV Exposure through a Phase Mask,” Applied Physics Letters, 62(10), 1035-1037

Hill, K. O., and Meltz, G., (1997) “Fiber Bragg Gratings Technology Fundamentals and Overview,”" Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15(8), 1263-1276

Hill, K. O., Malo, B., Vineberg, K. A., Bilodeau, F., Johnson, D. C., and Skinner, I., (1990) “Efficient Mode Conversion in Telecommunication Fiber Using Externally Written Gratings,” Electronics Letters, 26(6), 1270-1272

Ho, H. L., Jin, W. et al., “A fiber Bragg grating sensor for static and dynamic measurands,” Sensors and Actuators A 96 (2002), p.21-p.24.

Hwang, I. K., Yun, S. H., and Kim, B. Y., (1999) “Long-period Fiber Gratings Based on Periodic Microbends,” Optics Letters, 24(18), 1263-1265

Inui, T., Komukai, T., and Nakazawa, M., (2001) “Highly Efficient Tunable Fiber Bragg Grating Filters Using Multilayer Piezoelectric Transducers,” Optics Commmunications, 190, 1-4

Iwashima, T., Inoue, A., Shigematsu, M.., Nishimura, M., and Hattori, Y., (1997) “Temperature Compensation Technique for Fiber Bragg Gratings Using Liquid Crystalline Polymer Tubes,” Electronics Letters, 33(5), 417-419

Kashyap , Raman, (1999) “Fiber Bragg Gratings,”Academic Press, San Diego

Kim, S. Y., Lee, S. B., Kwon, S. W., Choi, S. S., and Jeong, J., (1998) “Channel Switching Active Add/Drop Multiplexer with Tunable Gratings,”Electronics Letters, 34(1), 104-105

Kondo, Y., Nouchi, K., Mitsuyu, T., Watanabe, M., Kazansky, P. G., and Hirao, K., (1999) “Fabrication of Long-Period Fiber Gratings by Focused Irradiation of Infrared Femtosecond Laser Pulses,” Optics Letters, 24(10), 646-648

Lee, Byoungho, Kwanak-Gu and Shinlim-Dong, (2003) “Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors,”Optical Fiber Technolog , 9, 57–79

Lin, C. Y., and Wang, L. A., (1999) “Loss Tunable Long Period Fibre Grating Made from Etched Corrugation Structure,” Electronics Letters, 35(21), 1872-1873

Lin, C. Y., Chern, G. W., and Wang, L. A., (2001) “Periodical Corrugated Structure for Forming Sampled Fiber Bragg Grating and Long-Period Fiber Grating with Tunable Coupling Strength,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 19(8), 1212-1220

Lin, C. Y., and Wang, L. A., (2001) “A Wavelength and Loss Tunable Band-Rejection Filter Based on Corrugated Long-Period Fiber Grating,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 13(4), 332-334

Lin, C. Y., Wang, L. A., and Chern, G. W., (2001) “Corrugated Long-Period Fiber Gratings as Strain, Torsion, and Bending Sensors,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 19(8), 1159-1168

Mavoori, H., Jin, S., Espindola, R. P., and Strasser, T. A., (1999) “Enhanced Thermal and Magnetic Actuations for Broad-Range Tuning of Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Reconfigurable Add/Drop Devices,” Optics Letters, 24(11), 714-716

Meile, M., Liu, K. and Measures, R. M., (1992) “A passive wavelength detection system for guided wave Bragg grating sensor,” Photonics Technol. Lett., vol.4.

Meltz, G., Money , W. W., and Glem, W. H., (1989) “Formation of Bragg Gratings in Optical fibres by a Transverse Holographic Method,” Optics Letters, 14(15), 823-825

Kersey, A. D., Davis, M. A., Patrick, H. J., Michel Leblanc, Koo, K. P., Member, IEEEE, C. G. Askins, M. A. Putnam, and E. Joseph Friebele, (1997) “Fiber Grating Sensors,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15(8)

Kersey,A. D. and Berkoff, T. A., “Fiber optic Bragg grating differential temperature sensor ,” IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 4, NO. 10, OCTOBER 1992,p.1183-p.1185.

Kersey ,A. D., Berkoff, T. A., and W. W. Morey, (1992) “High resolution fiber Bragg grating based strain sensor with interferometric wavelength shift detection,” Electron. Lett., vol. 28, p. 236.

Kersey, A. D., Berkoff ,T. A. and Morey, W. W., “Two-channel fiber Bragg-grating strain sensor with high-resolution interferometric wavelength-shift detection,” SPIE Vol. 1798 Fiber Optic Smart Structures and Skins V (1992).

Nye, J. F., (1957) Physical Properties of Crystals: Their Representation by Tensors and Matrices, Oxford University Press, New York

Pao, Y. H.,(1978) “Theory of Acoustic Emission,” Elastic Waves and Nondestructive testing of Materials, Pao, Y. H., ed., AMD vol. 29, ASME, New York.

Rao, Y. J., (1997) “In-Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors,” Measurement Science and Technology, 8, 355-375

Rao, Y. J., (1999) “Recent Progress in Applications of in-Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors,” Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 31, 297-324

Rego, G., Okhotnikov, O., Dianov, E., and Sulimov, V., (2001) “High Temperature Stability of Long-Period Fiber Gratings Produced Using an Electric Arc,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 19(10), 1574-1579

Rivera, E., Thomson, D.J., (2004) “Accurate strain measurements with fiber Bragg grating sensors and wavelength references,” Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Smart Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 5384
(SPIE, Bellingham, WA),p.250-p.257.

Rogers, J. A., Eggleton, B. J., Pedrazzani, J. R., and Strasser, T. A., (1999) “Distributed on-Fiber Thin Film Heaters for Bragg Gratings with Adjustable Chirp,” Applied Physics Letters, 74(21), 3131-3133

Saleh, Bahaa E. A., and Malvin Carl Teich, (1991) “Fundamentals of photonics,”John Wiley & Sons, New York

Shinoda, Y., et al, “Fundamental experiment of wavelength-shift detection for strain measurement using fiber Bragg grating,” SICE Annual Conference in Sapporo, August 44,2004,p.1583-p.1588.

Takahashi, S., and Shibata, S., (1979) “Thermal Variation of Attenuation for Optical Fibers,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 30(3), 359-370

Takuro Ikuro, (1996) “Fundamentals of piezoelectricity,” Oxford University Press, New York

Tao, X.., Tang, L., Du, W. C., and Choy, C. L., (2000) “Internal Strain Measurement by Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors in Textile Composites,” Composites Science and Technology, 60, 657-669
Udd, Eric, (1991) “Fiber Optic Sensors: an Introduction for Engineers and Scientist,”John Wiley & Sons, New York

Udd, Eric, (1995) “Fiber Optic Smart Structure,”John Wiley & Sons, New York

Vaziri, M., and Chen, C. C., (1992) “Etched Fiber as Strain Gauge,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 10(6), 836-841

Vaziri, M., and Chen, C. C., (1997) “An Etched Two-Mode Fiber Modal Coupling Element,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 15(3), 474-481

Von Bibra, M. L., Roberts, A., and Canning, J., (1999) “Fabrication of Long-Period Fiber Gratings by Use of Focused Ion-Beam Irradiation,” Optics Letters, 26(11), 765-767

Wang, L. A., Lin, C. Y., and Chern, G. W., (2001) “A Torsion Sensor Made of a Corrugated Long Period Fibre Grating,” Measurement Science and Technology, 12, 793-799

Yoffe, G. W., Krug, P. A. Ouellette, F., and Thorncraft, D. A., (1995) “Passive Temperature-Compensation Package for Optical Fiber Gratings,” Applied Optics, 34(30), 6859-6861

Zhiyong Zhao et al, “A simple temperature-independent strain sensor using a fiber Bragg grating,” MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 43, No. 4, November 20 2004, p.324-p326.

許招墉，(1990)，“光電工學概論”，全華

吳朗，(1994)，“電子陶瓷：壓電陶瓷”，全欣

吳耀東，(1997)，“光纖原理與應用”，全華

吳錦源、李世光，(1999)， "新型雷射都卜勒振動/干涉儀於微光機電產業之應用"，光訊，第76期，1-6

鄭志丕，(2001)， “長週期光纖光柵之波長與能量受外力影響之研究”，國立台灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文
葉天傑，(2002)， “外力式長週期光纖光柵與傳統式短週期光纖光柵的特性分析與實驗量測”，國立台灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文

蔣彥儒，王立康，(2003)，“溫度無感之布拉格式光纖光柵應變感測系統之研究”，國立清華大學電機工程學系博士論文

江家慶，單秋成，(2003)，“能量調變型光纖光柵感應器”，機械工程研討會，第二十屆

葉耀文，(2004)，“短週期光纖光柵在動態系統的量測與應用”，國立台灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文

許碩修，(2005)，“能量調變型光纖光柵感測器在動態系統的實驗量”測，國立台灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文

黃智麟，(2005)，“力學與電學耦合問題之含裂縫壓電陶瓷版動態特性研究與實驗量測”，國立台灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文

莊國志，馬劍清，(2005)，“以長週期光纖光柵作能量調變之光纖光柵感測系統動態實驗”，中華民國力學學會第二十九屆全國力學會議

林柏睿，(2006)，“高靈敏度光纖濾波器與高感度光纖光柵之開發及應用於量測穩態和暫態波傳之研究”，國立台灣大學機械工程研究所碩士論文

黃松輝，羅裕龍，(2004)，“週期漸變型布雷格光纖光柵相位響應之重建與參數估測之研究”，國立成功大學電腦與通信工程研究所碩士論文

王振興，江昭暟，陳世昌，黃漢邦譯，(2004)，“自動控制系統”，東華書局

2或4頻道的FFT動態信號分析儀 35670A http://www.home.agilent.com/TWcht/nav/-536902437.536881997/pd.html?pageMode=OV

“應變規制約放大器使用手冊” ，多如公司