臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

薄膜濾材是一種孔徑大小較均一且過濾效率高的濾材，在環工領域常被應用於環境採樣等目的。所以本研究希望探討奈米微粒對薄膜濾材的負載特性，了解濾材在奈米尺度下的過濾特性。
本研究利用直穿孔式的聚碳酸鹽薄膜濾材（PCTE）進行實驗，並取兩種孔徑2 μm 和5 μm PCTE薄膜濾材用奈米銀微粒作為負載氣膠探討濾材的負載特性。奈米銀微粒是由高溫爐系統製作而成，藉由控制高溫爐系統的溫度及稀釋空氣量來改變負載微粒的粒徑（18 nm、37 nm 和50 nm），進行負載實驗。此外另一項控制變因為改變負載時的表面風速（10 cm/s 、8.5 cm、 7 cm/s、 5.5 cm/s）。
從濾材的負載實驗結果中可以發現，兩種不同孔徑大小的濾材，在相同的負載量下會有不同負載現象。其中2 μm PCTE薄膜因為孔徑較小，所以初始穿透率較低；5 μm PCTE薄膜因為孔徑較大，容易造成較高的初始穿透率。若在相同的表面風速時，2 μm PCTE薄膜在負載微粒越小時，受表面積影響而使單位面積之負載量（ΔP/W）的斜率隨粒徑越小而變大。相反的，在薄膜濾材孔洞完全填滿前的深層過濾階段，5 μm PCTE薄膜在相同的負載量下，較小的微粒在薄膜孔洞中有更多機會擴散至孔洞深處，平均收集在孔洞內壁上，較大的微粒在濾材孔洞前段被收集後對斷面形狀影響較大，迅速增加後續進入微粒之捕集機會而造成微粒將孔洞塞住，因此造成ΔP/W的值較小粒徑的ΔP/W值更大。
2 μm PCTE薄膜的負載曲線中ΔP/W會隨表面風速增加而變大；相反的，5 μm PCTE薄膜在表面風速較大時，由於微粒被濾材孔洞收集時無法將孔洞完全塞住，形成針孔現象（pinhole），使得ΔP/W的斜率反而變小。此外，在表面過濾階段若依照達西定律之推論ΔP/W的斜率會與表面風速成正比；但是表面風速增加時造成濾餅孔隙率變小，使得阻抗係數K2值變大，造成ΔP/W斜率不與表面風速成正比。

Membrane filter had uniform pore size and high filtration efficiency, and it was applied to sample in the field of environmental engineering, and therefore this work hope to discuss Ag nanoparticle loading characteristics of membrane filters, and comprehend filteration in nanoscale.
Iso-pore Polycarbonate (PCTE) membrane filters have been applied to experiment in this work and been discussed Ag nanoparticles loading characteristics of two pore size membrane filters 2

目錄
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 XI
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 奈米微粒來源 3
2.1.1 環境中奈米微粒的來源 3
2.1.2 作業環境中之奈米微粒 7
2.2 奈米微粒對人體的危害 9
2.2.1 微粒對人體的危害 9
2.2.2 影響因子探討 13
2.3氣懸微粒的產生方法 15
2.3.1 微粒產生器的特性 15
2.3.2 產生器的比較 23
2.4 奈米微粒之過濾及負載特性 27
2.4.1 過濾理論 27
2.4.2 濾材的分類及特性 29
2.4.3 濾材負載特性 33
第三章 研究方法 44
3.1 研究規劃 44
3.1.1 研究架構 44
3.1.2 研究流程 47
3.2 研究材料特性與實驗設備 50
3.2.1 奈米微粒產生器 53
3.2.2 微粒監測設備 54
3.2.3 微粒負載設備 55
3.2.4 濾材材質 56
3.3 負載實驗操縱變因討論 57
3.3.1 微粒粒徑 58
3.3.2 表面風速 59
3.3.3 濾材孔徑 60
3.4 微粒的燒結現象探討 61
第四章 結果與討論 63
4.1 產生微粒的特性 63
4.1.1 產生微粒的操控條件 63
4.1.2 微粒的粒徑分布及穩定度 67
4.1.3 燒結前後微粒的比較 72
4.2 薄膜濾材的負載特性 74
4.2.1 薄膜濾材的基本特性 74
4.2.2 濾材孔徑對負載曲線之影響 77
4.2.3 微粒粒徑對負載曲線之影響 81
4.2.4 表面風速對負載曲線之影響 93
第五章 結論與建議 107
5.1 結論 107
5.2 建議 109
參考文獻 111

圖目錄
圖2.1 環境中氣膠的分布狀況 4
圖2.2 微粒移除機制圖 27
圖3.1 研究架構圖 46
圖3.2 研究流程圖 49
圖3.3 實驗系統圖 52
圖4.1 溫度對粒徑分布之關係 65
圖4.2 稀釋倍數對粒徑分布之關係 66
圖4.3 18 nm負載微粒之粒徑分布 68
圖4.4 18 nm負載微粒之特性 69
圖4.5 37 nm負載微粒之粒徑分布 70
圖4.6 37 nm負載微粒之特性 70
圖4.7 50 nm負載微粒之粒徑分布 71
圖4.8 50 nm負載微粒之特性 71
圖4.9 燒結實驗前微粒粒徑分布 73
圖4.10 燒結後微粒特性 73
圖4.11 孔徑為2 μm 與5 μm濾紙之穿透率隨負載變化 75
圖4.12 PCTE薄膜起始壓損隨表面風速之變化 77
圖4.13 未負載之2 μm 與5 μm PCTE薄膜電子顯微鏡照片 78
圖4.14 2 μm PCTE薄膜穿透率與壓損隨負載之變化 78
圖4.15 5 μm PCTE薄膜穿透率與壓損隨負載之變化 79
圖4.16 負載完成後2 μm 及5 μm濾紙照片 80
圖4.17 PCTE薄膜在18 nm微粒及7 cm/s風速下負載曲線比較 81
圖4.18 2 μm PCTE薄膜在10 cm/s風速下之負載曲線 83
圖4.19 2 μm PCTE薄膜在8.5 cm/s風速下之負載曲線 84
圖4.20 2 μm PCTE薄膜在7 cm/s風速下之負載曲線 85
圖4.21 2 μm PCTE薄膜在5.5 cm/s風速下之負載曲線 85
圖4.22 5 μm PCTE薄膜在8.5 cm/s風速下之負載曲線 87
圖4.23 5 μm PCTE薄膜在7 cm/s風速下之負載曲線 88
圖4.24 5 μm PCTE薄膜在5.5 cm/s風速下之負載曲線 89
圖4.25 18 nm 和50 nm微粒在5 μm PCTE薄膜負載情形 91
圖4.26 2 μm PCTE薄膜負載時之穿透率 92
圖4.27 5 μm PCTE薄膜負載時之穿透率 92
圖4.28 在負載微粒粒徑為18 nm下，2 μm PCTE薄膜負載曲線 94
圖4.29 在負載微粒粒徑為37 nm下，2 μm PCTE薄膜負載曲線 95
圖4.30 在負載微粒粒徑為50 nm下，2 μm PCTE薄膜負載曲線 95
圖4.31 在負載微粒粒徑為18 nm下，5 μm PCTE薄膜負載曲線 97
圖4.32 在負載微粒粒徑為37 nm下，5 μm PCTE薄膜負載曲線 98
圖4.33 在負載微粒粒徑為50 nm下，5 μm PCTE薄膜負載曲線 100
圖4.34 5 μm PCTE薄膜濾材在粒徑50 nm及風速 5.5 cm/s 下之負載及穿透率曲線 101
圖4.35 5 μm PCTE薄膜濾材在粒徑50 nm及風速5.5 cm/s下負載後SEM照片 101
圖4.36 在粒徑50 nm及風速為10 cm/s（左）與8.5 cm/s（右）下負載過後PCTE薄膜濾材表面的SEM照片。 103
圖4.37 無因次化之ΔP/W與表面風速之關係 105

表目錄
表2.1 工業製程中產生的排放源及其特性 8
表2.2 氣膠產生器之比較 25
表2.3 氣膠產生器之比較 26
表2.4 各文獻中n值得回顧 39
表4.1 高溫爐產生微粒之特性 68
表4.2 負載曲線在濾餅過濾階段時的斜率 104
表4.3 過濾階段時的斜率的比值 105

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