跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(18.97.14.85) 您好!臺灣時間:2024/12/14 23:38
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

我願授權國圖
: 
twitterline
研究生:黃建華
研究生(外文):Chien-Hua Huang
論文名稱:心肺復甦急救與心肌功能失常:流行病學、臨床評估與治療之研究
論文名稱(外文):Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Myocardial Dysfunction: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management
指導教授:陳文鍾陳文鍾引用關係
指導教授(外文):Wen-Jone Chen
學位類別:博士
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:臨床醫學研究所
學門:醫藥衛生學門
學類:醫學學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2007
畢業學年度:95
語文別:中文
論文頁數:145
中文關鍵詞:心肺復甦急救心肌功能失常流行病學臨床評估治療紅血球生成素心臟超音波
外文關鍵詞:cardiopulmonary resuscitationpostresuscitation myocardial dysfunctionepidemiologyechocardiographyerythropoietin
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:1
  • 點閱點閱:443
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:0
相對於許多的研究領域,心肺復甦急救治療及緊急心血管照護是一個新興的醫學領域。相關流行病學的資料並不完整,在患者臨床上及預後的評估方面,也缺乏高可信度的統計資料及數據,而治療上更是無相當強度的研究來證實相關治療的適用與否。國內外對於心肺復甦急救治療及緊急心血管照護研究的缺乏也限制了吾人對於此造成重大死亡主因疾病的發生率及各種治療效果的了解。雖然心肺復甦急救治療已發展了四十年,然而心跳停止患者的整體存活率依然偏低。以台大醫院急診部之到院前心跳停止(Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest)為例,根據臺大醫院急診部之統計,於民國九十二年至台大醫院急診部之到院前心跳停止病患共有一百六十一人,經急救成功,恢復心跳及血壓的病人僅有七十人。雖然心肺復甦急救之預後不佳,然而對於這些非預期心跳停止病患的急救卻不可避免的,而且藉由政府及民眾的投入確的可使存活率上升。過去的研究顯示經由一般民眾的現場第一時間施予心肺復甦術急救及體外自動電擊器的應用確實可以增加患者的存活率。此外,突發性心室性心律不整的患者,若有目擊者在場,其存活率可提升至百分之四十九至七十四。這些研究顯示在適當的治療之下,突發性心跳停止患者的預後仍可被改善。吾人察覺到此狀況,也是在臨床上治療患者常遇到的困境,因此就針對此問題進行一連串的研究。首先從心肺復甦急救之相關流行病學上來分析,了解此疾病現今的狀況,其影響的範圍,並進而找出關鍵的問題所在,以提出進一步的解決之道。另一方面,由於心跳停止與心肺復甦急救治療有其地域特性,在東方國家與西方國家研究所得的資料訊息會有不同的情形,因此吾人亦針對此議題加以研究,以期建立國人,乃致於亞洲國家之院內急救情況之資料庫,作為將來研究及比較之基本。除了從流行病學的研究之外,吾人亦發現在發生心跳停止與心肺復甦急救治療的患者身上,其心臟功能常是決定其預後的重要關鍵;然而傳統的心臟功能評估方式,如心臟超音波之左心室射出率等,常不足以提供完整的訊息,因此吾人也發展新的非侵入性組織都卜勒超音波,並首先以常見的急性心臟衰竭此一急性心肌功能異常的疾病作為研究標的,來探討並發掘新而有效的心臟功能評估的工具。此外對於接受心肺復甦急救治療之患者,吾人除了在流行病學及診斷上,也針對治療方面來進行進一步的研究,以期能提出改善這些發生心跳停止並接受心肺復甦急救治療患者之預後。
在過去院外心肺復甦急救的研究指出,亞洲國家突發性心跳停止以及心室性心律不整的發生率較西方國家為低,缺血性心臟病的盛行率也較西方國家為低,而此現象對於院內心肺復甦急救的影響並不清楚也未被研究過。在最近二零零一年再次於台北市的大規模的研究顯示,院外心跳停止的患者其初始的心律為心室纖維顫動的比率為百分之十一點八,在同為亞洲國家的日本,近來的研究也顯示在心因性心跳停止的患者,其初始的心律為心室纖維顫動的比率為百分之一十六點二。而不論是台北市或是日本的研究報告,心室纖維顫動的比率皆低於西方國家所報告的百分之二十五至七十。而此差異除了極可能與東西方之種族背景差異有關之外,東方國家心血管疾病,特別是冠狀動脈心臟病較低可能也有其關聯性。 除此之外,心跳停止發生時心室纖維顫動作為初始心律的比率也在下降中。在過去的報告中指出在心跳停止前的狀態,心跳停止發生至急救開始的時間以及心跳停止發生時的心律,皆與院內急救的成功率以及患者的預後有關。然而有些相關因子其預後意義仍然不明。例如在急救發生當時就已經給予患者施行的高級心臟救命術的治療措施,如靜脈管路的設置,氣管內管的置放以及呼吸器的使用等等,可能會縮短並加速急救流程的進行,然而在另一方面這處置的存在也意味著患者疾病的嚴重程度較重,因此這些項目的意義仍有待釐清。而如何去找到可以改善的預後因子及切入點,就必須透過對突發性心跳停止及心肺復甦急救流行病學、致病機轉作進一步的研究及了解方可達成。在嘗試尋找可以改善急救效果的預後因子及切入點時,分析及了解患者急救後的相關預後因子是一個重要的課題。在過去的研究中顯示,院內心肺復甦急救與院外突發性心跳停止之急救有不同之處。相對於院外急救的情境,在面對院內患者發生心跳停止,是否開始施行心肺復甦急救,並非理所當然的直接,而是還有許多其他的因素要納入考慮。其中最重要的因素便是患者在心跳停止前所存在疾病,亦即是導致其住院的疾病或是相關的併發症,都會影響病患之急救成效和急救後之預後,因此醫療人員、家屬、甚至是患者本身都要考慮是否在心跳停止發生時,進行心肺復甦急救。正確、有效及及時的判斷是否進行心肺復甦急救,除了可以減少患者及家屬的痛苦,同時也節省相當可觀的醫療資源。倘若有一可依據之可靠客觀且正式的規則來輔助判斷急救的預期成效,則可協助臨床第一線的醫療人員與病患家屬在第一時間做出適當的決定及介入。因此如何找出有意義的影響預後因子,現今變成極為重要的課題。
過去有關於院內心肺復甦急救研究中,每個研究的研究地點並不相同,研究所包含的人群、對象以及醫療制度皆不相同,而其所使用來評估及記錄急救過程中的變數及定義也不盡相同,其中甚至包含了重要的預後指標,如恢復自體循環及存活率等項目。某些研究也顯示這些因素會影響研究的結果及造成接受心肺復甦急救患者的評估差異。由於上述的原因, Utstein 統一報告系統(Utstein style)系統也成為急救復甦醫學所熟悉並常用的格式。Utstein 的統一報告系統以及準則的應用,改善了相關研究的設計,而其結果也有較高的臨床意義及可用性。且依此方式所改進的研究及科學報告也提供一致性的報告方式,並可作為決定治療方式的參考。此外Utstein 統一報告系統擁有相同前提、定義的方法,也可使不同時間地點所進行的研究,能夠相互比較及進行進一步急救相關研究的綜合分析。Utstein 統一報告系統之後也被引用到院內急救的情境,學界針對院內心肺復甦急救提出了共通的Utstein 格式( Utstein style) 來促使研究報告所使用的定義之統一,並減少差異。
承研究目的中所述,吾人針對院內急救之相關預後因子及現況進行回溯性研究,研究地點為國立台灣大學附設醫院,時間自西元一九九九年三月一日起至西元二零零零年一月三十一日,總共十個月。此醫院為住院病床數大約為兩千床之醫學中心,其地點位於台灣台北市市中心。此醫院在面對有心跳停止的患者時,除了原本照顧此患者之醫護人員之外,另有一個急救團隊。此急救團隊的成員包含了資深住院醫師,有急救相關訓練的加護病房護理人員及呼吸治療師。在此研究中,吾人收集了一百零三個接受心肺復甦術及胸部按壓的院內急救案例,作為分析的對象。其中男性有七十四位,而女性有二十九位,平均年齡為六十六點八歲。在過去病史方面,高血壓及糖尿病為最常見的過去病史,分別佔總個案數之百分之三十六及百分之三十三。而在接受急救的患者中,有冠狀動脈疾病史的有一十八人(佔所有個案之百分之十七)。當心跳停止發生時之初始心律,心室纖維顫動及心室心搏過速者共佔所有個案之百分之一十四,其中存活者佔存活至出院者之百分之一十一,而不能存活至出院者佔不能存活至出院者之百分之一十四。心跳停止發生時之初始心律為無心律(asystole),共有三十六人(佔所有個案之百分之三十五),心搏過慢或是無脈搏電器活動者,共有五十三人(佔所有個案之百分之五十一)。引發心跳停止的原因中,心因性的原因佔了百分之二十六,呼吸性的原因佔了百分之十一,其他內科疾病佔了百分之四十四,其餘百分之一十九則是其他的疾病所引發之心跳停止。
大部分的患者在心跳停止發生時,都已經接受有某些高級救命維生措施治療。與急救預後的相關因子中,在被急救初步成功並恢復自發性循環者,有三十位(百分之四十三點五)已有事前安置好的氣管內插管,此事前安置好的氣管內插管的比率低於無恢復自發性循環者(二十四位,百分之七十點六) (P值小於0.05)。在被急救初步成功並恢復自發性循環者,有一十七位(百分之二十四點六)已有事前安置好的機械性呼吸,此事前安置好的機械性呼吸的比率低於無恢復自發性循環者(一十七位,百分之五十) (P值小於0.05)。在與存活至出院此預後相關的因子分析上,自發生心跳停止至呼救的時間,心跳停止發生至急救人員到達的時間,心跳停止發生至急救團隊確認此患者心跳已停止的時間皆與是否能存活至出院有關。在有事前安置好氣管內插管的患者,其發生心跳停止至急救人員到達的時間以及發生心跳停止至急救團隊確認此患者心跳已停止的時間,也較無使用機械性呼吸者為短,然而此二者之間也並無統計上顯著的差異。
從上述的流行病學研究中,我們可以得到幾個結論。第一:心跳停止發生前的生理狀態,如呼吸或是呼吸道功能失常,與患者是否能恢復自發性循環者有關。第二:患者自心跳停止至急救相關措施及急救團隊的反應時間與是否能存活至出院之預後有關。第三:本研究中發現於國人院內心跳停止之患者,其有冠狀動脈疾病史及以心室性心律不整為初始心律者較西方為低。第四:在心肺急救復甦後,其院內死亡率高達百分之七十五,因此復甦後症候群此疾病值得進一步之研究,並探討其有效之評估與治療方式。在急救初步成功後,其所緊接而來的挑戰為復甦後症候群(Post- resuscitation syndrome)。復甦後症候群中的急性心臟功能損傷及心輸出量降低,常是造成患者復甦後初期多重器官衰竭及死亡最重要的因素,而此急救復甦後之照護也是高級心臟救命術最重要的環節之ㄧ。
針對心跳停止及心肺復甦急救後之急性復甦後心肌功能失調,已有一些方法被提出,然而每一位患者由於其心跳停止及心肺復甦急救之時間皆不相同,更甚者,每一位患者其引發心跳停止之疾病狀態以及其過去病史皆不相同,因此在臨床上如何正確的評估此急性心肌功能失調以及調整治療的方針是重要的議題。關於此類急性心臟功能的異常或衰竭的評估,目前已知的方式有傳統的心臟超音波檢查,以及心臟血清標記,如腦利鈉利尿胜肽(BNP, brain natriuretic peptide)等等,這些檢查方式提供了可以幫助診斷的訊息,可提高相關急性心臟功能失調的診斷正確性,然而對於在臨床上亟欲得知的患者血行動力狀態,或是左心室的灌流壓力卻並無良好的指標作用,而此左心室的灌流壓力也是吾人在診斷及治療此類急性心肌功能失調的患者最重要的指標之ㄧ。目前在臨床上針對此類患者,若是有需要評估患者血行動力狀態,或左心室的灌流壓力,必須採用侵入性的方法,也就是放置肺動脈導管的方式才行。而對於以非侵入式的方法來評估,在目前的研究上,仍相當稀少且不夠完整。在一統合分析(meta-analysis)的研究,針對過去針對以肺動脈導管的方式來應用在血行動力不穩定的患者的隨機研究中,來分析其效益,其研究結果發現使用肺動脈導管對於患者的預後並無顯著的幫助,而其死亡率也不會因此而下降,在加護病房住院的天數也並無減少。由此可知,例行使用肺動脈導管的方式並無法改善患者的預後,然而是否有哪些特殊的患者可因此肺動脈導管的使用而改善預後也無相關的結果報告。因此在此類血行動力不穩定的患者,尋找更有效及更方便的評估及治療方式是有其必要性的。對於心臟功能衰竭的患者,心臟超音波仍是不可或缺的工具,也是確實了解心臟構造及功能之最重要工具之ㄧ。使用傳統的心臟超音波技術,可以測量得到左心室的射出率,左心室的大小以及經二尖瓣血流(transmitral blood flow velocity)的速度及變化,然而這些項目的應用仍有其限制,並不足以評估患者真正的血行動力狀態,也無法確實評估心室舒張功能,然而此血行動力指標卻是治療心臟功能衰竭患者所需之重要訊息。近來在心臟超音波儀器發展及突破之下,有許多新的技術被提出來應用,其中組織都卜勒超音波的應用是為最受矚目的一種新技術及觀念。利用組織都卜勒超音波來評估心臟血行動力狀態,或是左心室灌流壓力的方式,目前被認為最佳的方式為經二尖瓣舒張早期血流尖端速度(E flow peak velocity)與左心室舒張早期移動速度(Ea peak velocity)比值(E/Ea)。在過去的研究中顯示,此比值與患者之左心室灌流壓力成良好的正相關,與侵入性的肺動脈導管來比較,此E/Ea的比值與肺動脈楔壓成良好的正相關(r=0.69, P<0.001),而相關性也較腦利鈉利尿胜肽與肺動脈楔壓之間的相關性更強。在研究中也發現,若E/Ea的比值若大於一十五,則預測其肺動脈楔壓大於一十五毫米汞柱高的敏感度可高達百分之八十六而特異性可達百分之八十八。此外在經過治療之後,患者肺動脈楔壓上升或下降之變化與此E/Ea的比值也呈現顯著的相關(r=0.87, P=0.003),而此診斷模式在有心臟疾病的患者,亦即是有心肌功能失調者更為準確。依此結果顯示,E/Ea的比值應可作為評估之有效工具,也值得進一步探討,因此吾人將利用此觀念,以臨床上常見之急性心臟衰竭的患者為對象,進行進一步的評估。
急性心臟衰竭是臨床心臟急症中重要的疾病之一,也是急診醫療中每日須面對的患者。根據過去的研究顯示,急性心臟衰竭已成為美國六十五歲以上住院患者最主要造成死亡的疾病。其三十天的死亡率高達百分之十二,一年的死亡率可高達百分之三十三。此類患者其平均住院的日數為六日,而其出院後六個月內再次住院的機會則高達百分之五十。在住院的患者中,其心臟及身體功能能夠回復到原來的狀態並獨立生活者只有百分之六十二,其餘有百分之四的患者會於住院中死亡,因此急性心臟衰竭的發作對於患者來說的確是相當大的傷害,而正確的診斷及治療是改善此類患者預後的重要因素。過去的研究也顯示,如果利用血清標記來協助急性心臟衰竭患者的診斷,可以有意義的減少患者住院的天數,減少整體住院醫療的花費。特別是在此類急性心臟衰竭患者中,有相當高比率之患者有其他相關的疾病,如慢性阻塞性肺病,急性肺炎等,而這些疾病的干擾也會使得診斷更加的困難,因此發展新而有效的診斷方式確有其需要。
在心肺復甦急救後,針對其復甦後的症候群的治療雖然歷經了四十年的發展,然而其效果仍不佳。近來的研究顯示心肺復甦急救的生理病理與時間進行是有其關聯性,可依時間的進行分為三個階段,而此也意指其治療也需依照不同的階段而施以不同的治療模式。這三個階段分別為第一階段:電器生理階段(electrical phase),其時間約為心跳停止發生開始至其後四分鐘。第二階段:循環生理階段(circulatory phase),其時間約為心跳停止發生開始後四分鐘至心跳停止發生開始後十分鐘。第三階段:代謝生理階段(metabolic phase),其時間約為心跳停止發生開始後十分鐘並持續下去。在心跳停止持續了十分鐘之後,由於全面性的缺血會導致組織的進一步傷害,並開始放出代謝產物,這些代謝產物會隨著血液循環而流至身體各處,造成比局部缺血更大的傷害。在此階段之時,前述的早期電擊以及傳統的心肺復甦急救效果已經不佳,而傷害也已經進展到了細胞的層次。一旦患者被初步急救成功,其生理病理機轉隨即過渡至前述的復甦後症候群及復甦後心肌功能失調的階段。在此階段所引發的生理病理機轉,即是前述的缺血及再灌流的機轉。
近年來在心肌損傷及保護的相關機轉上,紅血球生成素(erythropoietin, EPO)被發現有重要的角色。在近兩年來的研究發現,EPO對於以心肌梗塞模式引發的心臟缺血再灌流的損傷有其心肌保護的作用。在中樞神經系統方面,EPO對中風受損的神經元細胞也可產生良好的保護效果。在實驗動物中,在引發冠狀動脈阻塞後,經由單次高劑量EPO (5000 unit/kg)的給予,相較於無EPO處理的對照組,其心肌壞死的區域有顯著的減少,整體心臟功能的恢復也較佳。另一個紅血球生成素可能產生保護的機轉,則可能是與外來的紅血球生成素可以產生作用在內皮細胞上,並且保其免於進入細胞凋亡的階段,也同時有血管增生的效果,然而此類效果的產生需要時間,亦不能在急性期發揮作用。紅血球生成素直接對細胞的作用則是可以確定的。
在關於急性心臟功能失常的評估方面,吾人進行了一前瞻性研究。研究時間為西元二零零五年一月至西元二零零五年八月。研究對象為因急性呼吸困難而至急診處求診之患者,而此呼吸困難可為新發生之呼吸困難或是已經發生之呼吸困難急性惡化。血中腦利鈉尿胜肽(brain natriuretic peptide)的測定與否則端是臨床上的需要與否,特別是在診斷上有困難的患者,例如有多種共病的患者或是臨床上狀況複雜的患者,並由第一線的醫師決定。心臟超音波是由於急診部心臟專科醫師於急診心臟超音波室所執行。在研究進行過程中,所使用之心臟超音波機器為同一台配備有3.5MHz多相式陣列探頭(multiphase array probe)之機器(System V, GE–Ving Med sound AB, Horten, Norway)。組織都卜勒針對近二尖瓣左心室移動速度的測量則包含了收縮期(Sa)、心室舒張早期(Ea)及心室舒張晚期(Aa)。關於患者是否有急性心臟衰竭的診斷,亦即是此次急性呼吸困難是否是因為急性心臟衰竭的判定方式,則是由兩位獨立的心臟科醫師來判斷,而此兩位醫師並無患者的組織都卜勒(tissue Doppler)超音波及血中腦利鈉尿胜肽的血清數值資料。如果兩位心臟科專家之間的診斷不一致,則邀請第三位心臟科醫師來進行討論,並做出最後的診斷。所有的急性呼吸困難的患者皆被區分並歸類為急性心臟衰竭或是無心臟衰竭。
在此研究中,吾人前瞻性的登錄了一百零四個急性呼吸困難至急診求診的患者對於其呼吸困難非心臟衰竭所引發的個案中,其引發呼吸衰竭的原因分別為慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)的佔百分之四十六點三,肺炎佔百分之二十一點九,肺動脈栓塞佔百分之七點三。在患者的過去病史方面,急性心衰竭的患者罹患有糖尿病,高血壓,冠狀動脈疾病及心臟衰竭的過去病史比率較高,而有慢性阻塞性肺病的過去病史較少。在血液及影像實驗室檢查方面,急性心衰竭患者的平均血液尿素氮(Blood urea nitrogen)值為四十六點六毫克每壹百毫升(46.6±30.2 mg/dl),非心臟衰竭組的平均血液尿素氮(Blood urea nitrogen)值為二十八點八毫克每壹百毫升(28.8±22.1 mg/dl),其平均值較急性心衰竭的患者為低(P值為0.002)。在胸部放射線的檢查方面,急性心衰竭患者有心臟擴大及肺水腫的比率較高(P值為小於0.001)。在左心室的大小方面,急性心衰竭患者的以體表面積矯正之左心室舒張末期內徑之平均值較非心臟衰竭組之平均值為大。在左心室射出率部分,急性心衰竭患者的左心室射出率之平均值較非心臟衰竭組之平均值為低(50.4±16.4 vs. 64.9±12.1,P值小於0.001)。E/A的比值方面,而急性心衰竭患者的經二尖瓣舒張早期與晚期血流尖端速度的比值(E/A ratio)之平均值較非心臟衰竭組之平均值為高(1.29±0.78 vs. 0.88±0.45, P值等於0.007)。
在以組織都卜勒心臟超音波,利用二尖瓣週邊之左心室肌肉移動速度來評估心臟功能方面,急性心衰竭患者的左心室收縮期移動速度(Sa peak velocity)之平均值較非心臟衰竭組之平均值為低(6.3±2.1 vs. 8.3±2.1 cm/s, P值小於0.001)。急性心衰竭患者的左心室舒張早期移動速度(Ea peak velocity)之平均值較非心臟衰竭組之平均值為低(6.4±2.4 vs. 8.6±3.3 cm/s, P值小於0.001)。急性心衰竭患者的左心室舒張晚期移動速度(Aa peak velocity)之平均值較非心臟衰竭組之平均值為低(6.3±3.4 vs. 9.5±3.6 cm/s, P值等於0.001)。而此組織都卜勒心臟超音波測量之不同觀察者之間的差異,利用觀察者間相關係數可信賴度之測試(inter-rater correlation coefficient reliability test)之值為0.889 (P值小於0.001),而同ㄧ觀察者,不同次測量之可信賴度之測試之值為0.947(P值小於0.001)。在組織都卜勒(Tissue Doppler)心臟超音波之檢查中,吾人也發現了急性心衰竭患者的經二尖瓣舒張早期血流尖端速度(E flow peak velocity)與左心室舒張早期移動速度(Ea peak velocity)比值(E/Ea) 之平均值較非心臟衰竭組之平均值為高(18.7±7.9 vs. 9.3±3.3 cm/s, P值小於0.001)。吾人進一步依據患者之左心室射出率小於零點五或是大於等於零點五來區分,並評估其E/Ea的差異。我們發現在左心室射出率大於等於零點五的患者中,急性心衰竭患者的經二尖瓣舒張早期血流尖端速度(E flow peak velocity)與左心室舒張早期移動速度(Ea peak velocity)比值(E/Ea)之平均值較非心臟衰竭組之平均值為高(17.6±8.1 vs. 9.1±3.4 cm/s, P值小於0.001)。而在左心室射出率小於零點五的患者中,急性心衰竭患者的經二尖瓣舒張早期血流尖端速度(E flow peak velocity)與左心室舒張早期移動速度(Ea peak velocity)比值(E/Ea) 之平均值也較非心臟衰竭組之平均值為高(20.1±7.7 vs. 10.7±2.6 cm/s, P值小於0.001)。我們進一步使用receiver-operating characteristics 曲線(ROC curves)來評估並找出以E/Ea比值來診斷急性心衰竭效力及最佳臨界值。對於左心室射出率大於等於零點五的患者中,其區線下面積(AUC, area under curve)的值為零點八七五(0.875±0.049, P值小於0.001),而針對左心室射出率小於零點五的患者中,其區線下面積(AUC, area under curve)的值為零點九零三(0.903±0.061, P值等於0.003),也表示此為預測及診斷急性心衰竭的良好工具。 根據ROC曲線,對於左心室射出率大於等於零點五,亦即是左心室收縮功能正常的患者,其以E/Ea比值來診斷急性心衰竭的最佳臨界值為一十一,可以有百分之八十八點九的敏感度,百分之八十二點九的特異性及百分之八十五點四的診斷正確率。在對於左心室射出率小於零點五,亦即是左心室收縮功能異常的患者,其以E/Ea比值來診斷急性心衰竭的最佳臨界值為一十六,可以有百分之七十點八的敏感度,百分之一百的特異性及百分之七十六點七的診斷正確率。為了評估應用E/Ea比值來診斷急性心衰竭的整體效力,我們使用上述分別針對不同心臟功能狀態的臨界值來計算,則其敏感度為百分之八十四點四,特異性為百分之八十五點四,而診斷正確率為百分之八十二點六。
為了進一步尋找並確認診斷急性心衰竭之獨立預測因子,以多變數邏輯回歸分析的模式來計算,吾人發現診斷急性心衰竭有意義的預測因子為E/Ea 比值(危險比為31.92), 左心室射出率(危險比為0.91),體表面積矯正之左心室舒張末期內徑(危險比為1.10)。若使用腦利鈉尿胜肽之濃度大於一百(100 pg/ml)為臨界值來診斷急性心衰竭的存在,其敏感度為百分之八十三點三,特異性為百分之五十二點六,而整體的準確度為百分之六十九點八。根據過去研究顯示,腦利鈉尿胜肽的結果讀值若為一百至五百之間(100 to 500 pg/ml),則其預測及診斷急性心衰竭的效力並不佳,而腦利鈉尿胜肽的結果也無法作為臨床上診斷之參考。在本研究中,所有腦利鈉尿胜肽的結果讀值在此範圍內的急性心衰竭患者有百分之四十五點五,而非心臟衰竭的有百分之四十五點五,其數值相當接近。然而使用前述E/Ea 比值來判斷急性心臟衰竭之有無,則一十一位患者中可正確有意義的區分出患者是否有急性心衰竭的現象,其診斷正確性可達百分之九十點九(P值等於0.015)。在本研究中確立了組織都卜勒超音波檢查的效用,以此非侵入性,且第一線即可執行之檢查,提供了將來心臟功能失調患者早期診斷急治療將來的契機,根據此研究的結果也意指進行更大規模的研究,來證實此檢查在改善患者的預後有其可行性及必要性。
在建立窒息引發心跳停止及心肺復甦急救的實驗中,所使用的動物為八週大的Wistar種之公鼠。在動物準備及手術過程中,將體溫控制在36.5° to 37.5°C之間。氣管內插管則利用PE200的導管來進行,在氣管內插管完成後,即接上呼吸器進行機械式換氣。心跳停止是由窒息的方式來引發,利用將呼吸器關閉並且將氣管內管夾死來達到窒息的效果。在窒息開始之後,心跳速率會很快減慢而血壓也會很快下降,之後就會進展到心跳完全停止而血壓下降至零的階段。在經過了六分半鐘的窒息之後,立即給予每一百公克體重零點零一毫克之腎上腺素靜脈注射,同時開始進行胸部按壓並重新開啟呼吸器的運轉。胸部按壓的方式為利用食指及中指,並以每分鐘二百下的速度進行。動物手術準備的失敗率為百分之五點六,而在心跳停止後無法急救成功至恢復自發性循環者的比率為百分之七,這些動物皆被排除在之後的分析之外。股動脈血壓,左心室及右心房壓力的測量是利用充滿生理食鹽水之PE-50的管子來測量,並透過PowerLab電腦程式來記錄分析。左心室的收縮功能,如等長收縮期之單位時間內壓力上升速度(dP/dt40)及舒張功能,如最大之單位時間內壓力下降速度(maximal negative dP/dt)也利用了同一系統來分析。此研究為一控制動物實驗,研究動物被分為兩組:對照組及實驗組。對照組在急救過程中給予標準的急救過程以及準備,實驗組則是加上了紅血球生成素(EPO, erythropoietin, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany)的使用,其投與方式為靜脈注射,投與時間為急救恢復自發性循環後三分鐘,所使用的劑量為每公斤五千單位(5000 unit/kg),而此劑量是根據過去研究認為有心臟保護作用的劑量。其平均心跳停止,在控制組及紅血球生成素治療組分別為一百二十秒(120±31 seconds)及一百一十七秒(117±39 seconds),兩者並無統計上的差異。而急救時間在控制組及紅血球生成素治療組分別為四十三秒(43±17 seconds)及四十一秒(41±13 seconds),兩者並無統計上的差異。在引發窒息及心跳停止之前及急救恢復自發性循環後,研究動物的平均心跳,動脈收縮血壓,左心室收縮壓力及左心室舒張末期壓力在控制組及紅血球生成素治療組並無統計上的差異。由於急救過程中,氧氣的交換及血液的酸鹼值都會受到代謝障礙的影響,因此我們也分析在不同階段中,動脈血液氣體分析各種變項及數值變化。整體而言,在急救過後恢復自發性循環二小時之後,控制組的血液的酸鹼值下降至六點九(6.9±0.1),產生明顯的代謝性酸中毒,紅血球生成素治療組則維持相對較佳的血液的酸鹼值七點二(7.2±0.1)。
在依據上述的急救及治療流程,吾人進行三天的觀察及預後的評估及紀錄。在控制組方面,多數的動物在急救後不久,亦即數小時內就會死亡,而其三天的存活率為百分之二十。在紅血球生成素治療組方面,雖然在急救後第二及第三天仍有動物會死亡,然而其三天的存活率有百分之五十。以Kaplan-Meier存活曲線(Kaplan-Meier survival curves)來評估,則明顯發現兩組的存活趨勢不同,以log-rank試驗來進行統計檢測,則發現在紅血球生成素治療組方面有較好的存活率(P值等於0.02)。在急救之後,以左心室收縮壓力為四十毫米汞柱當時之每單位時間之左心室收縮壓上升速度(left ventricle dP/dt40)及左心室之舒張壓下降速度 (left ventricle maximal negative dP/dt)為代表之左心室的舒張功能及收縮功能,漸漸變差。在急救後一百二十分鐘時,在控制組的部分,left ventricle dP/dt40收縮功能指標明顯繼續惡化,在紅血球生成素治療組方面,其心室收縮則保持在穩定的數值,較控制組為高(P值小於0.05)。左心室之舒張壓下降速度 (left ventricle maximal negative dP/dt)方面在急救後一百二十分鐘時,在控制組的部分,此指標明顯繼續惡化,在紅血球生成素治療組方面,其心室收縮則保持在穩定的數值,較控制組為佳(P值小於0.05)。在左心室末期舒張壓力方面,在急救後一百二十分鐘時,在控制組的部分,此左心室末期舒張壓力指標明顯繼續惡化,在紅血球生成素治療組方面,其左心室末期舒張壓力平均值較控制組為低(P值小於0.05)。在本研究中,吾人亦利用心臟超音波來評估急救後心臟功能的變化,在急救後九十分鐘後,控制組之左心室收縮比率仍未有回復的現象,但紅血球生成素治療組則有改善,其左心室收縮比率平均值分別為百分之二十四 (24±6.68)以及百分之三十二 (32±1.99),紅血球生成素治療組明顯高於控制組(P值小於0.05)。吾人在研究中亦利用神經學評估指標來進行其神經學預後的評估。急救後二十四及四十八小時,在針對仍有意識的動物之評估則發現,在控制組部份其平均神經學分數較紅血球生成素治療組其平均神經學分數為低 (P值等於0.038)。為了要確定紅血球生成素確實有在體內及其心臟發揮作用及可能透過的機轉,因此進行了關於其下游相關訊息傳導路徑之研究。吾人發現在心跳停止發生及急救後二小時,心肌Akt及ERK磷酸化的程度上升,與控制組相比較起來,紅血球生成素治療組上升的程度更高,二組之間有明顯的差異(P值等於0.016)。
綜合上述研究結果,此研究確立了國人院內急救之流行病學結果及特色,並發現與院內急救相關之預後因子。在心臟功能的評估方面,吾人以急性呼吸困難的患者為對象,針對左心室功能仍保存者與功能不佳者,以E/Ea的比值做為臨床評估疑似急性心臟功能不全的患者卻有其價值。即使患者其血中腦利鈉利尿胜肽濃度的值介於為定範圍而難以用來作為診斷之用時,E/Ea比值可取代其角色,可作為臨床上針對急性呼吸困難患者有效的診斷工具。在此研究過程中除了對於心臟功能的評估外,吾人亦針對急性呼吸困難此常見的症狀,其原因可能是心因性的或非心因性的,建立先驅的資料,做為將來進一步研究的基礎。雖然本研究是以急性呼吸困難的患者為對象進行研究,然而在臨床上有許多疾病,如心肌病變,敗血症等疾病,其心肌功能也會受到不等程度的影響,而且與預後也有一定程度的關聯。在心肺復甦急救研究中,雖然從動物及臨床的研究中都已知心臟功能的損傷與存活預後有一定的相關,然而過去的資料皆是以侵入性的方式為主。因此在發展以更方便及有效的方式來評估復甦後心肌功能失常的過程中,組織都卜勒心臟超音波的應用是未來的方向。為了進一步探討心肺復甦急救之議題與治療之方式,因此在本研究中吾人建立了一心跳停止及心肺復甦急救後之動物模式,並評估其復甦後心肌功能失調之現象。在本研究中之結果顯示,在因窒息引發的心跳停止及心肺復甦急救,會造成一定程度之收縮性及舒張性心肌功能失調,並進一步造成死亡,此結果一方面使我們了解窒息引發的心跳停止的機轉,另一方面也顯示此模式也可成為一研究復甦後心肌功能失調之模式。本研究也是首先將此紅血球生成素應用在心肺復甦急救模式者,首次確認了此類後處理相關路徑在心跳停止及心肺復甦急救引發之心肌上傷害有保護的角色,而也提供以其他方式活化此路徑來改善急救預後之基礎及可能性。在本研究中顯示紅血球生成素的治療亦可改善神經學的預後,此為令人鼓舞的現象,而此研究亦可為將來治療並改善神經學預後之基礎。在本研究成功的利用紅血球生成素此具有後處理效果的藥物後,相信將來會有更多急救醫學的相關研究會依據此觀念,來尋找出對此復甦後心肌功能失調有效之藥物治療方式及劑量,並可進一步應用到臨床來改善此類患者的預後。此結果也提供未來進行不同模式,如心律不整急救等動物實驗的基礎,也可做為進一步進入人體臨床實驗之基礎。
一、中文摘要••••••••••••••••••••• 1
二、緒論
第一部份: 心肺復甦急救之發展及現況••••••••• 11
第二部份: 院內心肺復甦急救之現況及統一報告格式的運用 14
第三部份: 復甦後症候群及心臟功能失調••••••• 16
第四部份: 急性心臟功能失調之評估與現況•••••• 21
第五部份: 心肺復甦急救後心臟功能失調之治療、發展與未決之問題•••••••••••••••••••• 24
第六部份: 缺血後處理於急性心臟功能失調之應用與現況 28
第七部份: 本研究的目的•••••••••••••••• 32
三、研究方法與材料
第一部份: 院內急救之相關預後因子及現況••••••• 33
第二部份: 急性心臟功能衰竭之評估•••••••••• 34
第三部份: 評估紅血球生成素對復甦後症候群之效果•••• 36
四、研究結果
第一部分: 院內急救之研究••••••••••••••• 40
第二部分: 組織都卜勒(Tissue Doppler)心臟超音波檢查評估心臟功能及診斷急性心衰竭的結果•••••••• 43
第三部份: 心肺復甦急救後之復甦後症候群、心臟功能失調及紅血球生成素之治療效果•••••••••••• 49
五、討論
第一部份: 院內心跳停止患者之流行病學研究••••••• 54
第二部份: 以組織都卜勒超音波來評估急性心臟功能衰竭• 59
第三部份: 窒息引發心跳停止動物模式之建立與紅血球生成素治療之效果•••••••••••• 65
六、展望
第一部份:在心肺復甦急救的流行病學方面••••••••• 74
第二部份:改善急性心臟功能失調的診斷及評估方式•••• 78
第三部份:建立心跳停止及心肺復甦急救之動物研究模式並發展改善心肺復甦急救後心肌功能失調及存活預後之治療模式•••••••••••••••••••• 81
七、論文英文簡述(summary) •••••••••••••• 85
八、參考文獻••••••••••••••••••••• 97
九、圖表••••••••••••••••••••••• 114
十、附錄••••••••••••••••••••••• 146
Abali, G., L. Tokgozoglu, O. I. Ozcebe, K. Aytemir, and N. Nazli (2005), "Which Doppler parameters are load independent? A study in normal volunteers after blood donation", J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18 (12):1260-1265.
Adams, K. F., Jr., G. C. Fonarow, C. L. Emerman, T. H. LeJemtel, M. R. Costanzo, W. T. Abraham, R. L. Berkowitz, M. Galvao, and D. P. Horton (2005), "Characteristics and outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure in the United States: rationale, design, and preliminary observations from the first 100,000 cases in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)", Am Heart J 149 (2):209-216.
Adrie, C., M. Adib-Conquy, I. Laurent, M. Monchi, C. Vinsonneau, C. Fitting, F. Fraisse, A. T. Dinh-Xuan, P. Carli, C. Spaulding, J. F. Dhainaut, and J. M. Cavaillon (2002), "Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation after cardiac arrest as a "sepsis-like" syndrome", Circulation 106 (5):562-568.
Aghababian, R. V. (2002), "Acutely decompensated heart failure: opportunities to improve care and outcomes in the emergency department", Rev.Cardiovasc.Med. 3 Suppl 4:S3-S9.
Appleton, G. O., R. O. Cummins, M. P. Larson, and J. R. Graves (1995), "CPR and the single rescuer: at what age should you "call first" rather than "call fast"?" Ann Emerg Med 25 (4):492-494.
Argaud, L., O. Gateau-Roesch, O. Raisky, J. Loufouat, D. Robert, and M. Ovize (2005), "Postconditioning inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition", Circulation 111:194-197.
Arques, S., E. Roux, P. Sbragia, P. Ambrosi, L. Taieb, B. Pieri, R. Gelisse, and R. Luccioni (2005), "Accuracy of tissue Doppler echocardiography in the emergency diagnosis of decompensated heart failure with preserved left ventricular systolic function: comparison with B-type natriuretic peptide measurement", Echocardiography 22 (8):657-664.
Arques, S., E. Roux, P. Sbragia, B. Pieri, R. Gelisse, P. Ambrosi, and R. Luccioni (2006), "Accuracy of tissue Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of new-onset congestive heart failure in patients with levels of B-type natriuretic peptide in the midrange and normal left ventricular ejection fraction", Echocardiography 23 (8):627-634.
Aune, S., J. Herlitz, and A. Bang (2005), "Characteristics of patients who die in hospital with no attempt at resuscitation", Resuscitation 65 (3):291-299.
Badgett, R. G., C. R. Lucey, and C. D. Mulrow (1997), "Can the clinical examination diagnose left-sided heart failure in adults?" JAMA 277 (21):1712-1719.
Bahlmann, F. H., K. De Groot, J. M. Spandau, A. L. Landry, B. Hertel, T. Duckert, S. M. Boehm, J. Menne, H. Haller, and D. Fliser (2004), "Erythropoietin regulates endothelial progenitor cells", Blood 103 (3):921-926.
Ballew, K. A., J. T. Philbrick, D. E. Caven, and J. B. Schorling (1994), "Predictors of survival following in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A moving target", Arch Intern Med 154 (21):2426-2432.
Becker, L. B., M. P. Ostrander, J. Barrett, and G. T. Kondos (1991), "Outcome of CPR in a large metropolitan area--where are the survivors?" Ann.Emerg.Med. 20 (4):355-361.
Bell, D. D., P. G. Brindley, D. Forrest, O. Al Muslim, and D. Zygun (2005), "Management following resuscitation from cardiac arrest: recommendations from the 2003 Rocky Mountain Critical Care Conference", Can J Anaesth 52 (3):309-322.
Bell, R. M., and D. M. Yellon (2003), "Atorvastatin, administered at the onset of reperfusion, and independent of lipid lowering, protects the myocardium by up-regulating a pro-survival pathway", J Am Coll Cardiol 41:508-515.
Bernard, S. A., T. W. Gray, M. D. Buist, B. M. Jones, W. Silvester, G. Gutteridge, and K. Smith (2002), "Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia", N Engl J Med 346 (8):557-563.
Beuret, P., F. Feihl, P. Vogt, A. Perret, J. A. Romand, and C. Perret (1993), "Cardiac arrest: prognostic factors and outcome at one year", Resuscitation 25 (2):171-179.
Binanay, C., R. M. Califf, V. Hasselblad, C. M. O''Connor, M. R. Shah, G. Sopko, L. W. Stevenson, G. S. Francis, C. V. Leier, and L. W. Miller (2005), "Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial", JAMA 294 (13):1625-1633.
Bogoyevitch, M. A. (2004), "An update on the cardiac effects of erythropoietin cardioprotection by erythropoietin and the lessons learnt from studies in neuroprotection", Cardiovasc Res 63:208-216.
Bolli, R. (1991), "Oxygen-derived free radicals and myocardial reperfusion injury: an overview", Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 5 Suppl 2:249-268.
Bopassa, J. C., R. Ferrera, O. Gateau-Roesch, E. Couture-Lepetit, and M. Ovize (2006), "PI3-kinase regulates the mitochondrial transition pore in controlled reperfusion and postconditioning", Cardiovasc Res 69:178-185.
Bose, A. K., M. M. Mocanu, R. D. Carr, C. L. Brand, and D. M. Yellon (2005), "Glucagon-like peptide 1 can directly protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury", Diabetes 54 (1):146-151.
Bose, A. K., M. M. Mocanu, R. D. Carr, and D. M. Yellon (2005), "Glucagon like peptide-1 is protective against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury when given either as a preconditioning mimetic or at reperfusion in an isolated rat heart model", Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 19 (1):9-11.
Brindley, P. G., D. M. Markland, I. Mayers, and D. J. Kutsogiannis (2002), "Predictors of survival following in-hospital adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation", CMAJ 167 (4):343-348.
Burger, D., M. Lei, N. Geoghegan-Morphet, X. Lu, A. Xenocostas, and Q. Feng (2006), "Erythropoietin protects cardiomyocytes from apoptosis via up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase", Cardiovasc Res 72 (1):51-59.
Caffrey, S. L., P. J. Willoughby, P. E. Pepe, and L. B. Becker (2002), "Public use of automated external defibrillators", N Engl J Med 347 (16):1242-1247.
Cai, Z., D. J. Manalo, G. Wei, E. R. Rodriguez, K. Fox-Talbot, H. Lu, J. L. Zweier, and G. L. Semenza (2003), "Hearts from rodents exposed to intermittent hypoxia or erythropoietin are protected against ischemia-reperfusion injury", Circulation 108 (1):79-85.
Cai, Z., and G. L. Semenza (2004), "Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling is required for erythropoietin-mediated acute protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury", Circulation 109 (17):2050-2053.
Checchia, P. A., R. Sehra, J. Moynihan, N. Daher, W. Tang, and M. H. Weil (2003), "Myocardial injury in children following resuscitation after cardiac arrest", Resuscitation 57 (2):131-137.
Chiari, P. C., M. W. Bienengraeber, P. S. Pagel, J. G. Krolikowski, J. R. Kersten, and D. C. Warltier (2005), "Isoflurane protects against myocardial infarction during early reperfusion by activation of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signal transduction: evidence for anesthetic-induced postconditioning in rabbits", Anesthesiology 102 (1):102-109.
Cobb, L. A., C. E. Fahrenbruch, M. Olsufka, and M. K. Copass (2002), "Changing incidence of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, 1980-2000", JAMA 288 (23):3008-3013.
Cobb, L. A., C. E. Fahrenbruch, T. R. Walsh, M. K. Copass, M. Olsufka, M. Breskin, and A. P. Hallstrom (1999), "Influence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation prior to defibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation", JAMA 281:1182-1188.
Connolly, S. J., A. P. Hallstrom, R. Cappato, E. B. Schron, K. H. Kuck, D. P. Zipes, H. L. Greene, S. Boczor, M. Domanski, D. Follmann, M. Gent, and R. S. Roberts (2000), "Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies. Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg . Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study", Eur Heart J 21 (24):2071-2078.
Cooper, Simon, Mohsen Janghorbani, and Glenda Cooper (2006), "A decade of in-hospital resuscitation: Outcomes and prediction of survival?" Resuscitation 68 (2):231-237.
Cummins, R. O., D. Chamberlain, M. F. Hazinski, V. Nadkarni, W. Kloeck, E. Kramer, L. Becker, C. Robertson, R. Koster, A. Zaritsky, L. Bossaert, J. P. Ornato, V. Callanan, M. Allen, P. Steen, B. Connolly, A. Sanders, A. Idris, and S. Cobbe (1997), "Recommended guidelines for reviewing, reporting, and conducting research on in-hospital resuscitation: the in-hospital ''Utstein style''. American Heart Association", Circulation 95 (8):2213-2239.
Danciu, S. C., L. Klein, M. M. Hosseini, L. Ibrahim, B. W. Coyle, and R. F. Kehoe (2004), "A predictive model for survival after in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest", Resuscitation 62 (1):35-42.
Davies, M., F. Hobbs, R. Davis, J. Kenkre, A. K. Roalfe, R. Hare, D. Wosornu, and R. J. Lancashire (2001), "Prevalence of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure in the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening study: a population based study", Lancet 358 (9280):439-444.
de Vos, R., R. W. Koster, R. J. De Haan, H. Oosting, P. A. van der Wouw, and A. J. Lampe-Schoenmaeckers (1999), "In-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: prearrest morbidity and outcome", Arch Intern Med 159 (8):845-850.
DeBard, M. L. (1981), "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: analysis of six years'' experience and review of the literature", Ann Emerg Med 10 (8):408-416.
Doherty, P. W., P. R. McLaughlin, M. Billingham, R. Kernoff, M. L. Goris, and D. C. Harrison (1979), "Cardiac damage produced by direct current countershock applied to the heart", Am J Cardiol 43 (2):225-232.
Dokainish, H., W. A. Zoghbi, N. M. Lakkis, E. Ambriz, R. Patel, M. A. Quinones, and S. F. Nagueh (2005), "Incremental predictive power of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the prognosis of patients with congestive heart failure", J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (8):1223-1226.
Dokainish, H., W. A. Zoghbi, N. M. Lakkis, M. A. Quinones, and S. F. Nagueh (2004), "Comparative accuracy of B-type natriuretic peptide and tissue Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure", Am J Cardiol 93 (9):1130-1135.
Dokainish, Hisham, William A. Zoghbi, Nasser M. Lakkis, Faiz Al-Bakshy, Meeney Dhir, Miguel A. Quinones, and Sherif F. Nagueh (2004), "Optimal Noninvasive Assessment of Left Ventricular Filling Pressures: A Comparison of Tissue Doppler Echocardiography and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients With Pulmonary Artery Catheters", Circulation 109 (20):2432-2439.
Du, X. J., C. S. Samuel, X. M. Gao, L. Zhao, L. J. Parry, and G. W. Tregear (2003), "Increased myocardial collagen and ventricular diastolic dysfunction in relaxin deficient mice: a gender-specific phenotype", Cardiovasc Res 57 (2):395-404.
Duytschaever, M., A. Heyse, J. de Sutter, H. Crijns, T. Gillebert, R. Tavernier, and R. Tieleman (2006), "Transthoracic tissue Doppler imaging of the atria: a novel method to determine the atrial fibrillation cycle length", J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17 (11):1202-1209.
"Dyspnea. Mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement. American Thoracic Society", (1999), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 (1):321-340.
Eder, H., B. Rosslenbroich, and K. Failing (1989), "A dose-dependent effect of recombinant erythropoietin on the reticulocyte population of rats", Blut 59 (2):184-187.
Ehrenreich, H., M. Hasselblatt, C. Dembowski, L. Cepek, P. Lewczuk, M. Stiefel, H. H. Rustenbeck, N. Breiter, S. Jacob, F. Knerlich, M. Bohn, W. Poser, E. Ruther, M. Kochen, O. Gefeller, C. Gleiter, T. C. Wessel, M. De Ryck, L. Itri, H. Prange, A. Cerami, M. Brines, and A. L. Siren (2002), "Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial", Mol Med 8 (8):495-505.
Ehrenreich, H., M. Hasselblatt, F. Knerlich, Ahsen N. von, S. Jacob, S. Sperling, H. Woldt, K. Vehmeyer, K. A. Nave, and A. L. Siren (2005), "A hematopoietic growth factor, thrombopoietin, has a proapoptotic role in the brain", Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 102 (3):862-867.
Ewanchuk, M., and P. G. Brindley (2006), "Perioperative do-not-resuscitate orders--doing ''nothing'' when ''something'' can be done", Crit Care 10 (4):219.
Fandrey, Joachim (2006), "A cordial affair -- erythropoietin and cardioprotection", Cardiovasc Res 72 (1):1-2.
Fiordaliso, F., S. Chimenti, L. Staszewsky, A. Bai, E. Carlo, I. Cuccovillo, M. Doni, M. Mengozzi, R. Tonelli, P. Ghezzi, T. Coleman, M. Brines, A. Cerami, and R. Latini (2005), "A nonerythropoietic derivative of erythropoietin protects the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion injury", Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 102:2046-2051.
Fisher, J. W. (2003), "Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology update", Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 228 (1):1-14.
——— (2003), "Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology update", Exp Biol Med 228 (1):1-14.
Fonarow, G. C. (2003), "The Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE): opportunities to improve care of patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure", Rev.Cardiovasc.Med. 4 Suppl 7:S21-S30.
Gaasch, W. H. (1994), "Diagnosis and treatment of heart failure based on left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction", JAMA 271 (16):1276-1280.
Galderisi, M. (2006), "Diastolic dysfunction and diabetic cardiomyopathy: evaluation by Doppler echocardiography", J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (8):1548-1551.
Gazmuri, R. J., M. H. Weil, J. Bisera, W. C. Tang, M. Fukui, and P. McKee (1996), "Myocardial dysfunction after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest", Crit Care Med 24:992-1000.
George, J., E. Goldstein, A. Abashidze, D. Wexler, S. Hamed, H. Shmilovich, V. Deutsch, H. Miller, G. Keren, and A. Roth (2005), "Erythropoietin promotes endothelial progenitor cell proliferative and adhesive properties in a PI 3-kinase-dependent manner", Cardiovasc Res
Gheorghiade, M., F. Zannad, G. Sopko, L. Klein, I. L. Pina, M. A. Konstam, B. M. Massie, E. Roland, S. Targum, S. P. Collins, G. Filippatos, and L. Tavazzi (2005), "Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research", Circulation 112 (25):3958-3968.
Hadorn, D. G. (1989), "DNAR: do not attempt resuscitation", N Engl J Med 320 (10):673.
Han, B. H., D. Xu, J. Choi, Y. Han, S. Xanthoudakis, S. Roy, J. Tam, J. Vaillancourt, J. Colucci, R. Siman, A. Giroux, G. S. Robertson, R. Zamboni, D. W. Nicholson, and D. M. Holtzman (2002), "Selective, reversible caspase-3 inhibitor is neuroprotective and reveals distinct pathways of cell death after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury", J Biol Chem 277 (33):30128-30136.
Hasselblatt, M., H. Ehrenreich, and A. L. Siren (2006), "The brain erythropoietin system and its potential for therapeutic exploitation in brain disease", J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 18 (2):132-138.
Hausenloy, D. J., M. M. Mocanu, and D. M. Yellon (2006), "Is this truly ischemic preconditioning?" Circ Res 99 (4):e11.
Hazinski, M. F., V. M. Nadkarni, R. W. Hickey, R. O''Connor, L. B. Becker, and A. Zaritsky (2005), "Major changes in the 2005 AHA Guidelines for CPR and ECC: reaching the tipping point for change", Circulation 112 (24 Suppl):IV206-211.
Herlitz, J., A. Bang, S. Aune, L. Ekstrom, G. Lundstrom, and S. Holmberg (2001), "Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest in monitored and non-monitored areas", Resuscitation 48 (2):125-135.
Herlitz, J., S. Rundqvist, A. Bang, S. Aune, G. Lundstrom, L. Ekstrom, and J. Lindkvist (2001), "Is there a difference between women and men in characteristics and outcome after in hospital cardiac arrest?" Resuscitation 49 (1):15-23.
Herlitz, J., L. Svensson, J. Silfverstolpe, K. A. Angquist, A. Wisten, J. Engdahl, and S. Holmberg (2006), "Characteristics and outcome amongst young adults suffering from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in whom cardiopulmonary resuscitation is attempted", J Intern Med 260 (5):435-441.
Hirata, A., T. Minamino, H. Asanuma, M. Fujita, M. Wakeno, M. Myoishi, O. Tsukamoto, K. Okada, H. Koyama, K. Komamura, S. Takashima, Y. Shinozaki, H. Mori, M. Shiraga, M. Kitakaze, and M. Hori (2006), "Erythropoietin enhances neovascularization of ischemic myocardium and improves left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction in dogs", J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (1):176-184.
Holmberg, M., S. Holmberg, and J. Herlitz (2001), "Factors modifying the effect of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation on survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden", Eur Heart J. 22:511-519.
Holzer, M., and F. Sterz (2003), "Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiopulmonary resuscitation", Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 1 (2):317-325.
Huang, CH., MMH. Ma, and WJ. Chen (2006), "Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Taipei, Taiwan", Acta Cardiol Sin 22:5.
Jonassen, A. K., O. D. Mjos, and M. N. Sack (2001), "Insulin induced cytoprotection when administered at reperfusion is mediated via activation of mTOR/p70s6kinase", Circulation 104:210-210.
Kamohara, T., M. H. Weil, W. Tang, S. Sun, H. Yamaguchi, K. Klouche, and J. Bisera (2001), "A comparison of myocardial function after primary cardiac and primary asphyxial cardiac arrest", Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164 (7):1221-1224.
Kaye, W., and M. E. Mancini (1996), "Improving outcome from cardiac arrest in the hospital with a reorganized and strengthened chain of survival: an American view", Resuscitation 31 (3):181-186.
Kern, K. B., R. W. Hilwig, K. H. Rhee, and R. A. Berg (1996), "Myocardial dysfunction after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: an example of global myocardial stunning", J Am Coll Cardiol 28:232-240.
Kida, M., T. Kawamura, T. Fukuoka, A. Tamakoshi, K. Wakai, Y. Ohno, and J. Toyama (2004), "Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and survival: an epidemiological analysis of emergency service reports in a large city in Japan", Circ J 68 (7):603-609.
Kilic, E., U. Kilic, J. Soliz, C. L. Bassetti, M. Gassmann, and D. M. Hermann (2005), "Brain-derived erythropoietin protects from focal cerebral ischemia by dual activation of ERK-1/-2 and Akt pathways", FASEB J 19 (14):2026-2028.
Kin, H., Z. Q. Zhao, H. Y. Sun, N. P. Wang, J. S. Corvera, M. E. Halkos, F. Kerendi, R. A. Guyton, and J. Vinten-Johansen (2004), "Postconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting events in the early minutes of reperfusion", Cardiovasc Res 62:74-85.
Klocke, F. J. (2005), "Resting blood flow in hypocontractile myocardium: resolving the controversy", Circulation 112 (21):3222-3224.
Knudsen, C. W., P. Clopton, A. Westheim, T. O. Klemsdal, A. H. Wu, P. Duc, J. McCord, R. M. Nowak, J. E. Hollander, A. B. Storrow, W. T. Abraham, P. A. McCullough, A. S. Maisel, and T. Omland (2005), "Predictors of elevated B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in dyspneic patients without heart failure: an analysis from the breathing not properly multinational study", Ann Emerg Med 45 (6):573-580.
Knudsen, C. W., J. S. Riis, A. V. Finsen, L. Eikvar, C. Muller, A. Westheim, and T. Omland (2004), "Diagnostic value of a rapid test for B-type natriuretic peptide in patients presenting with acute dyspnoe: effect of age and gender", Eur J Heart Fail 6:55-62.
Knuefermann, P., Y. Sakata, J. S. Baker, C. H. Huang, K. Sekiguchi, H. S. Hardarson, O. Takeuchi, S. Akira, and J. G. Vallejo (2004), "Toll-like receptor 2 mediates Staphylococcus aureus-induced myocardial dysfunction and cytokine production in the heart", Circulation 110 (24):3693-3698.
Lainscak, M., J. G. Cleland, M. J. Lenzen, F. Follath, M. Komajda, and K. Swedberg (2006), "International variations in the treatment and co-morbidity of left ventricular systolic dysfunction: Data from the EuroHeart Failure Survey", Eur J Heart Fail.
Laurent, I., M. Monchi, J. D. Chiche, L. M. Joly, C. Spaulding, B. Bourgeois, A. Cariou, A. Rozenberg, P. Carli, S. Weber, and J. F. Dhainaut (2002), "Reversible myocardial dysfunction in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest", J Am Coll Cardiol 40:2110-2116.
Leist, M., P. Ghezzi, G. Grasso, R. Bianchi, P. Villa, M. Fratelli, C. Savino, M. Bianchi, J. Nielsen, J. Gerwien, P. Kallunki, A. K. Larsen, L. Helboe, S. Christensen, L. O. Pedersen, M. Nielsen, L. Torup, T. Sager, A. Sfacteria, S. Erbayraktar, Z. Erbayraktar, N. Gokmen, O. Yilmaz, C. Cerami-Hand, Q. W. Xie, T. Coleman, A. Cerami, and M. Brines (2004), "Derivatives of erythropoietin that are tissue protective but not erythropoietic", Science 305 (5681):239-242.
Lerman, B. B., J. L. Weiss, B. H. Bulkley, L. C. Becker, and M. L. Weisfeldt (1984), "Myocardial injury and induction of arrhythmia by direct current shock delivered via endocardial catheters in dogs", Circulation 69 (5):1006-1012.
Levraut, J., H. Iwase, Z. H. Shao, T. L. Vanden Hoek, and P. T. Schumacker (2003), "Cell death during ischemia: relationship to mitochondrial depolarization and ROS generation", Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 284 (2):H549-558.
Li, L., G. Takemura, Y. Li, S. Miyata, M. Esaki, H. Okada, H. Kanamori, N. C. Khai, R. Maruyama, A. Ogino, S. Minatoguchi, T. Fujiwara, and H. Fujiwara (2006), "Preventive effect of erythropoietin on cardiac dysfunction in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy", Circulation 113 (4):535-543.
Lynn, S. G., and A. L. Kellermann (1991), "Critical decision making: managing the emergency department in an overcrowded hospital", Ann Emerg Med 20 (3):287-292.
Maisel, A. S., P. Krishnaswamy, R. M. Nowak, J. McCord, J. E. Hollander, P. Duc, T. Omland, A. B. Storrow, W. T. Abraham, A. H. Wu, P. Clopton, P. G. Steg, A. Westheim, C. W. Knudsen, A. Perez, R. Kazanegra, H. C. Herrmann, and P. A. McCullough (2002), "Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure", N Engl J Med 347 (3):161-167.
Marenco, John P., Paul J. Wang, Mark S. Link, Munther K. Homoud, and N. A. M. Estes Iii (2001), "Improving Survival From Sudden Cardiac Arrest: The Role of the Automated External Defibrillator", JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 285 (9):1193-1200.
Mark, D. B., and G. M. Felker (2004), "B-type natriuretic peptide - a biomarker for all seasons?" N Engl J Med 350 (7):718-720.
Maron, B. J., V. N. Tholakanahalli, A. G. Zenovich, S. A. Casey, D. Duprez, D. M. Aeppli, and J. N. Cohn (2004), "Usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide assay in the assessment of symptomatic state in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy", Circulation 109 (8):984-989.
Martinez-Selles, M. (2004), "B-type natriuretic peptide in the evaluation of acute dyspnea", N Engl J Med 350 (23):2416-2417.
Mashiko, K., T. Otsuka, S. Shimazaki, A. Kohama, G. Kamishima, K. Katsurada, Y. Sawada, I. Matsubara, and K. Yamaguchi (2002), "An outcome study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using the Utstein template--a Japanese experience", Resuscitation 55 (3):241-246.
McCaul, C. L., P. McNamara, D. Engelberts, C. Slorach, L. K. Hornberger, and B. P. Kavanagh (2006), "The effect of global hypoxia on myocardial function after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a laboratory model", Resuscitation 68 (2):267-275.
McGrath, R. B. (1987), "In-house cardiopulmonary resuscitation--after a quarter of a century", Ann Emerg Med 16 (12):1365-1368.
Menegazzi, J. J., E. A. Davis, D. M. Yealy, R. L. Molner, K. A. Nicklas, G. M. Hosack, E. A. Honingford, and M. M. Klain (1993), "An experimental algorithm versus standard advanced cardiac life support in a swine model of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest", Ann Emerg Med 22 (2):235-239.
Mensah, K., A. Bose, M. Mocanu, and D. M. Yellon (2004), "Short-term pre-treatment with atorvastatin reduces infarct size in an isolated rat heart model of ischaemia/reperfusion injury", J Mol Cell Cardiol 37:295-295.
Milano, M., and R. Collomp (2005), "Erythropoietin and neuroprotection: a therapeutic perspective", J Oncol Pharm Pract 11 (4):145-149.
"Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest", (2002), N Engl J Med 346 (8):549-556.
Moon, C., M. Krawczyk, D. Ahn, I. Ahmet, D. Paik, E. G. Lakatta, and M. I. Talan (2003), "Erythropoietin reduces myocardial infarction and left ventricular functional decline after coronary artery ligation in rats", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 (20):11612-11617.
Morray, J. P. (2002), "Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children. An update", Anesthesiol Clin North America 20 (1):1-28, v.
Mueller, C., A. Scholer, K. Laule-Kilian, B. Martina, C. Schindler, P. Buser, M. Pfisterer, and A. P. Perruchoud (2004), "Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the evaluation and management of acute dyspnea", N Engl J Med 350 (7):647-654.
——— (2004), "Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the evaluation and management of acute dyspnea", N.Engl.J Med. 350 (7):647-654.
Mullner, M., E. Oschatz, F. Sterz, C. Pirich, M. Exner, W. Schorkhuber, A. N. Laggner, and M. M. Hirschl (1998), "The influence of chest compressions and external defibrillation on the release of creatine kinase-MB and cardiac troponin T in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest", Resuscitation 38:99-105.
Myerburg, R. J., J. Fenster, M. Velez, D. Rosenberg, S. Lai, P. Kurlansky, S. Newton, M. Knox, and A. Castellanos (2002), "Impact of community-wide police car deployment of automated external defibrillators on survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest", Circulation 106:1058-1064.
Nadkarni, V. M., G. L. Larkin, M. A. Peberdy, S. M. Carey, W. Kaye, M. E. Mancini, G. Nichol, T. Lane-Truitt, J. Potts, J. P. Ornato, and R. A. Berg (2006), "First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults", JAMA 295 (1):50-57.
Nagao, K., N. Hayashi, K. Kanmatsuse, S. Kikuchi, K. Kikushima, K. Watanabe, and T. Mukouyama (2004), "B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker of resuscitation in patients with cardiac arrest outside the hospital", Circ J 68 (5):477-482.
Negovsky, V. A. (1988), "Postresuscitation Disease", Crit Care Med 16:942-946.
Newland, M. C., S. J. Ellis, C. A. Lydiatt, K. R. Peters, J. H. Tinker, D. J. Romberger, F. A. Ullrich, and J. R. Anderson (2002), "Anesthetic-related cardiac arrest and its mortality: a report covering 72,959 anesthetics over 10 years from a US teaching hospital", Anesthesiology 97 (1):108-115.
Nielsen, Olav W., Theresa A. McDonagh, Stephen D. Robb, and Henry J. Dargie (2003), "Retrospective analysis of thecost-effectiveness of using plasmabrain natriuretic peptide inscreening for left ventricularsystolic dysfunction in the general population", in, 113-120.
Niemann, J. T., B. Cruz, D. Garner, and R. J. Lewis (2000), "Immediate countershock versus cardiopulmonary resuscitation before countershock in a 5-minute swine model of ventricular fibrillation arrest", Ann Emerg Med 36 (6):543-546.
Nieminen, M. S., M. Bohm, M. R. Cowie, H. Drexler, G. S. Filippatos, G. Jondeau, Y. Hasin, J. Lopez-Sendon, A. Mebazaa, M. Metra, A. Rhodes, K. Swedberg, S. G. Priori, M. A. Garcia, J. J. Blanc, A. Budaj, M. R. Cowie, V. Dean, J. Deckers, E. F. Burgos, J. Lekakis, B. Lindahl, G. Mazzotta, J. Morais, A. Oto, O. A. Smiseth, M. A. Garcia, K. Dickstein, A. Albuquerque, P. Conthe, M. Crespo-Leiro, R. Ferrari, F. Follath, A. Gavazzi, U. Janssens, M. Komajda, J. Morais, R. Moreno, M. Singer, S. Singh, M. Tendera, and K. Thygesen (2005), "Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: the Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology", Eur Heart J 26 (4):384-416.
Nieminen, M. S., D. Brutsaert, K. Dickstein, H. Drexler, F. Follath, V. P. Harjola, M. Hochadel, M. Komajda, J. Lassus, J. L. Lopez-Sendon, P. Ponikowski, and L. Tavazzi (2006), "EuroHeart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population", Eur Heart J 27 (22):2725-2736.
O''Donnell, D. E., J. C. Bertley, L. K. Chau, and K. A. Webb (1997), "Qualitative aspects of exertional breathlessness in chronic airflow limitation: pathophysiologic mechanisms", Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155 (1):109-115.
Parish, D. C., K. M. Dinesh Chandra, and F. C. Dane (2003), "Success changes the problem: why ventricular fibrillation is declining, why pulseless electrical activity is emerging, and what to do about it", Resuscitation 58 (1):31-35.
Parsa, C. J., A. Matsumoto, J. Kim, R. U. Riel, L. S. Pascal, G. B. Walton, R. B. Thompson, J. A. Petrofski, B. H. Annex, J. S. Stamler, and W. J. Koch (2003), "A novel protective effect of erythropoietin in the infarcted heart", J Clin Invest 112 (7):999-1007.
Patel, H. H., E. R. Gross, J. N. Peart, A. K. Hsu, and G. J. Gross (2005), "Sarcolemmal KATP channel triggers delayed ischemic preconditioning in rats", Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288 (1):H445-447.
Peacock, W. F. th, J. Young, S. Collins, D. Diercks, and C. Emerman (2006), "Heart failure observation units: optimizing care", Ann Emerg Med 47 (1):22-33.
"A randomized clinical study of a calcium-entry blocker (lidoflazine) in the treatment of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial II Study Group", (1991), N Engl J Med 324 (18):1225-1231.
Reeder, T. J., and H. G. Garrison (2001), "When the safety net is unsafe: real-time assessment of the overcrowded emergency department", Acad Emerg Med 8 (11):1070-1074.
Ribatti, D., A. Marzullo, B. Nico, E. Crivellato, R. Ria, and A. Vacca (2003), "Erythropoietin as an angiogenic factor in gastric carcinoma", Histopathology 42 (3):246-250.
Ribatti, D., A. Vacca, A. M. Roccaro, E. Crivellato, and M. Presta (2003), "Erythropoietin as an angiogenic factor", Eur J Clin Invest 33 (10):891-896.
Rota, M., N. LeCapitaine, T. Hosoda, A. Boni, A. De Angelis, M. E. Padin-Iruegas, G. Esposito, S. Vitale, K. Urbanek, C. Casarsa, M. Giorgio, T. F. Luscher, P. G. Pelicci, P. Anversa, A. Leri, and J. Kajstura (2006), "Diabetes promotes cardiac stem cell aging and heart failure, which are prevented by deletion of the p66shc gene", Circ Res 99 (1):42-52.
Rui, T., Q. Feng, M. Lei, T. Peng, J. Zhang, M. Xu, E. D. Abel, A. Xenocostas, and P. R. Kvietys (2005), "Erythropoietin prevents the acute myocardial inflammatory response induced by ischemia/reperfusion via induction of AP-1", Cardiovasc Res 65 (3):719-727.
Saini, H. K., V. Elimban, and N. S. Dhalla (2005), "Attenuation of extracellular ATP response in cardiomyocytes isolated from hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion", Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289 (2):H614-623.
Schlegel, A. (2006), "Dyspnea and heart failure in the emergency department", JAMA 295 (10):1122; author reply 1122-1123.
Schwarz, B., P. Mair, C. Raedler, D. Deckert, V. Wenzel, and K. H. Lindner (2002), "Vasopressin improves survival in a pig model of hypothermic cardiopulmonary resuscitation", Crit Care Med 30 (6):1311-1314.
Sepodes, B., R. Maio, R. Pinto, E. Sharples, P. Oliveira, M. McDonald, M. Yaqoob, C. Thiemermann, and H. Mota-Filipe (2006), "Recombinant human erythropoietin protects the liver from hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat", Transpl Int 19 (11):919-926.
Shah, M. R., V. Hasselblad, L. W. Stevenson, C. Binanay, C. M. O''Connor, G. Sopko, and R. M. Califf (2005), "Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials", JAMA 294 (13):1664-1670.
Shiber, J. R., and J. Santana (2006), "Dyspnea", Med Clin North Am 90 (3):453-479.
Shih, F. Y., M. H. Ma, S. C. Chen, H. P. Wang, C. C. Fang, R. S. Shyu, G. T. Huang, and S. M. Wang (1999), "ED overcrowding in Taiwan: facts and strategies", Am J Emerg Med 17 (2):198-202.
Smith, G. B., N. Poplett, and D. Williams (2005), "Staff awareness of a ''Do Not Attempt Resuscitation'' policy in a District General Hospital", Resuscitation 65 (2):159-163.
Smith, K. J., A. J. Bleyer, W. C. Little, and D. C. Sane (2003), "The cardiovascular effects of erythropoietin", Cardiovasc Res 59:538-548.
Smith, T., D. A. Rosen, P. Russo, J. W. Berkenbosch, R. A. Gustafson, B. L. Siu, K. R. Rosen, and J. D. Tobias (2005), "Nesiritide during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation", Paediatr Anaesth 15 (2):152-157.
SOS-KANTO (2005), "Incidence of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Japan: survey of survivors after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Kanto area (SOS-KANTO)", Circ J 69 (10):1157-1162.
Spearpoint, Kenneth G., C. Paula McLean, and David A. Zideman (2000), "Early defibrillation and the chain of survival in `in-hospital'' adult cardiac arrest; minutes count", Resuscitation 44 (3):165-169.
Staat, P., G. Rioufol, C. Piot, Y. Cottin, T. T. Cung, I. L''Huillier, J. F. Aupetit, E. Bonnefoy, G. Finet, X. ndre-Fouet, and M. Ovize (2005), "Postconditioning the human heart", Circulation 112:2143-2148.
Sutton-Tyrrell, K., J. V. Snyder, S. Kelsey, and N. Abramson (1991), "Risk monitoring of randomized trials in emergency medicine: experience of the Brain Resuscitation Clinical Trial II", Am J Emerg Med 9 (2):112-117.
Tao, L., X. Jiao, E. Gao, W. B. Lau, Y. Yuan, B. Lopez, T. Christopher, S. P. RamachandraRao, W. Williams, G. Southan, K. Sharma, W. Koch, and X. L. Ma (2006), "Nitrative inactivation of thioredoxin-1 and its role in postischemic myocardial apoptosis", Circulation 114 (13):1395-1402.
Tramontano, A. F., R. Muniyappa, A. D. Black, M. C. Blendea, I. Cohen, L. Deng, J. R. Sowers, M. V. Cutaia, and N. El-Sherif (2003), "Erythropoietin protects cardiac myocytes from hypoxia-induced apoptosis through an Akt-dependent pathway", Biochem Biophys Res Commun 308 (4):990-994.
Tsang, A., D. J. Hausenloy, and D. M. Yellon (2005), "Myocardial postconditioning: reperfusion injury revisited", Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 289:H2-H7.
Tschope, C., M. Kasner, D. Westermann, R. Gaub, W. C. Poller, and H. P. Schultheiss (2005), "The role of NT-proBNP in the diagnostics of isolated diastolic dysfunction: correlation with echocardiographic and invasive measurements", Eur Heart J 26 (21):2277-2284.
Tunstall-Pedoe, H., L. Bailey, D. A. Chamberlain, A. K. Marsden, M. E. Ward, and D. A. Zideman (1992), "Survey of 3765 cardiopulmonary resuscitations in British hospitals (the BRESUS Study): methods and overall results", BMJ 304 (6838):1347-1351.
Valenzuela, T. D., D. J. Roe, G. Nichol, L. L. Clark, D. W. Spaite, and R. G. Hardman (2000), "Outcomes of rapid defibrillation by security officers after cardiac arrest in casinos", N Engl J Med 343 (17):1206-1209.
van der Meer, P., and E. Lipsic (2006), "Erythropoietin: repair of the failing heart", J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (1):185-186.
van der Meer, P., E. Lipsic, R. H. Henning, R. A. de Boer, A. J. Suurmeijer, D. J. van Veldhuisen, and W. H. van Gilst (2004), "Erythropoietin improves left ventricular function and coronary flow in an experimental model of ischemia-reperfusion injury", Eur J Heart Fail 6 (7):853-859.
Vanden Hoek, T., L. B. Becker, Z. H. Shao, C. Q. Li, and P. T. Schumacker (2000), "Preconditioning in cardiomyocytes protects by attenuating oxidant stress at reperfusion", Circ Res 86 (5):541-548.
Vanden Hoek, T. L., Z. Shao, C. Li, P. T. Schumacker, and L. B. Becker (1997), "Mitochondrial electron transport can become a significant source of oxidative injury in cardiomyocytes", J Mol Cell Cardiol 29 (9):2441-2450.
Vinten-Johansen, J., Z. Q. Zhao, A. J. Zatta, H. Kin, M. E. Halkos, and F. Kerendi (2005), "Postconditioning - A new link in nature''s armor against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury", Basic Research in Cardiology 100:295-310.
Voors, E. Lipsic; P. van der Meer ;A.A. (2005), "A single bolus of long-acting erythropoietin analogue darbepoetin in patients with an acute myocardial infarction randomized feasibility and safety study ", Circulation 112.
Wang, Charlie S., J. Mark FitzGerald, Michael Schulzer, Edwin Mak, and Najib T. Ayas (2005), "Does This Dyspneic Patient in the Emergency Department Have Congestive Heart Failure?" in, 1944-1956.
Weisfeldt, M. L., and L. B. Becker (2002), "Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-sensitive model", JAMA 288 (23):3035-3038.
Wik, L., T. B. Hansen, F. Fylling, T. Steen, P. Vaagenes, B. H. Auestad, and P. A. Steen (2003), "Delaying defibrillation to give basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation to patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation: a randomized trial", JAMA 289 (11):1389-1395.
Yang, X. M., S. Philipp, J. M. Downey, and M. V. Cohen (2005), "Postconditioning''s protection is not dependent on circulatin blood factors or cells but involves adenosine receptors and requires PI3-kinase and guanylyl cyclase activation", Bas Res Cardiol 100:57-63.
Yellon, D. M., and D. J. Hausenloy (2005), "Realizing the clinical potential of ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning", Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2 (11):568-575.
Zhao, Z. Q., C. D. Morris, J. M. Budde, N. P. Wang, S. Muraki, H. Y. Sun, and R. A. Guyton (2003), "Inhibition of myocardial apoptosis reduces infarct size and improves regional contractile dysfunction during reperfusion", Cardiovasc Res 59 (1):132-142.
Zweier, J. L., and M. A. Talukder (2006), "The role of oxidants and free radicals in reperfusion injury", Cardiovasc Res 70 (2):181-190.
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
無相關期刊