臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

國中生正值生命週期的重要階段，其健康相關生活品質的研究應受重視。為瞭解國中生的社會支持對其健康相關生活品質的影響，先自台灣北部五縣市隨機抽出十四所國民中學，然後在每所抽中學校的七至九年級，各隨機抽出一班進行問卷調查。結果研究樣本有1,349人（男生701人；女生648人）。本研究的依變項為健康相關生活品質，從主觀、客觀及整體三個面向去評量。中介變項為社會支持。自變項方面，則由個人、家庭、學校與網路特性組成。利用涵蓋前述變項之自製問卷收集資料，主要發現包括：1.客觀生活品質（生活狀況）與主觀生活品質（生活滿意度）間有顯著的正相關；國中生自評之客觀、主觀與整體性健康相關生活品質，均屬於中上程度。2.四個範疇（生理、心理、社會、環境）中，以「社會範疇」的生活品質最好；「心理範疇」之生活品質最差。3.性別比較發現男生在整體及生理、心理、環境三個範疇之生活品質優於女生；女生僅在社會範疇之生活品質優於男生。4.逐步複迴歸分析顯示自覺健康狀況、家庭支持度、與父親關係、學校支持度、家庭經濟狀況、是否為獨生子女、性別、有無固定網友、與母親關係、母親教育程度、以及與同學關係十一個變項是預測國中生整體生活品質之重要因子，共可解釋28.4% 的總變異量；其中自覺健康狀況是最重要的預測因子；可解釋15.4%的總變異量；關於社會支持方面，網路支持度與生活品質無顯著的關係；家庭支持度是第二重要的預測因子（可解釋7.2%之總變異量），其對生活品質之影響力明顯超過學校支持度（解釋變異量僅0.9%）。5.以結構方程式進行模型檢測與修正；修正後模型具好的整體適配度。模型顯示社會支持（主要是家庭支持與學校支持）對健康相關生活品質不但具直接影響效果，且亦為性別、是否為獨生子女、自覺健康狀況、家庭經濟狀況、與父親關係、與母親關係、與同學關係等自變項之中介變項；上述自變項對健康生活品質具直接與間接的影響；另家庭支持與學校支持間存在顯著的正相關。本研究結果提供了未來改善青少年健康相關生活品質之具體方向；並由研究發現建議建構更有力的社會支持、改善健康狀況及強化青少年與父母親之關係應有助於提升國中生健康相關生活品質。

Health related quality of life (HRQoL) is a major health issue for the junior high school students which should be emphasized. The main purposes of this study were to understand HRQoL among junior high school students and to explore its determinants. A total of 1394 subjects (male 701 and female 648) who were randomly selected from seventh, eighth, and ninth grade in fourteen junior schools in northern five Counties and Cities, Taiwan completed a self-administered questionnaire. In this study, objective, subjective, and global HRQoL were measured as dependent variables; social support was to be the mediated variable, personal, family, school, and internet use characteristics were to be independent variables to identify their relationships with global HRQoL. The main findings were as follow: (1) A significantly positive relationship was found between objective HRQoL (life conditions) and subjective HRQoL (life satisfaction). For HRQoL, including objective, subjective, as well as global HRQoL all revealed moderate high degrees. (2) Among four domains of HRQoL, the highest score was noted for ‘social domain’; whereas the lowest score was in ‘psychological domain’. (3) Gender comparison revealed that male revealed significantly good qualities in global HRQoL, as well as three domains (physical, psychological, and environmental domains); whereas female only revealed a significantly good quality in social domain HRQoL than male. (4) Multiple stepwise regression analyses on global HRQoL indicating eleven variables (perceived health status, family support, subject-father relationship, school support, family economic status, whether only child or not, gender, web-site friends, subject-mother relationship, mother’s education, and subject-classmate relationship) could be singled out as significant factors and accounted for 28. 4% of the variance. Perceived health status was the most important predictor which accounted for 15. 6% of the variance. Family support was the second important predictor and accounted for 7. 2% revealing a significantly higher importance than school support which only accounted for 0. 9% of the variance. (5) According to Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis, a modified model was proposed with a good fit of the model. The main findings of SEM showed that social support (mainly for family and school support) not only directly influenced on HRQoL but was identified to be the mediated variable for independent variables including gender, whether only child or not, perceived health status, family economic status, subject-father relationship, subject-mother relationship, and subject-classmate relationship. These independent variables directly and indirectly affected HRQoL. Additionally, a significantly positive relationship was found between family support and school support. Based on our findings, we provide concrete direction for improving adolescents’ HRQoL. We also suggest building more strength social support, improving health status, and stressing parent-adolescent relationship would be helpful in improving HRQoL for junior high school students.

誌謝 I
中文摘要 Ⅱ
英文摘要 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
圖目錄 Ⅴ
表目錄 Ⅵ
第一章 前言 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻查證 5
第一節 青少年期的發展 5
第二節 生活品質與健康相關生活品質 9
第三節 兒童與青少年健康相關生活品質的概念與理論基礎 19
第四節 兒童與青少年社會支持的概念與理論基礎 34
第五節 影響兒童青少年（本研究之國中生）健康相關生活品質之因素 46
第三章 研究方法 62
第一節 研究設計 62
第二節 研究對象 63
第三節 研究工具 65
第四節　研究過程 82
第五節　研究倫理考量 83
第六節　資料分析 84
第四章 研究結果 85
第一節 研究對象基本資料 85
第二節 國中生之健康相關生活品質 92
第三節 國中生之社會支持 100
第四節 影響國中生健康相關生活品質之因素 114
第五節 社會支持直接與間接影響國中生生活品質的路徑 126
第五章 討論 131
第六章 結論與建議 146
第一節 結論 146
第二節 建議 149
參考文獻 153
附錄 168

中文參考文獻
王榮德、游正芬、鍾智文、姚開屏（2000）．二十一世紀之健康照護成效性評量--生活品質與生活品質調整後之存活分析．台灣醫學，4(1)，65-74。

呂敏昌（1993）．國中學生的生活壓力、因應方式與心理社會幸福感之關係．未發表的碩士論文，台北：文化大學。

呂寶靜（2000）．老人朋友網絡支持功能之初探．社會政策與社會工作學刊， 4(2)，43-88。

李欣瑩、姜逸群（2000）．桃園市國中學生主觀生活壓力、社會支持、因應行為與身心健康之關係研究．衛生教育學報，15，115-132.。

邱東波、邱紹一（2002）．談青少年衝突．輔導通訊，72，44-51。

李素菁（2002）．青少年家庭支持與幸福感之相關研究-以台中市立國中生為例．未發表的碩士論文，台中：靜宜大學。

林介至、黃惠貞（2001）．青少年社會支持之問題分析-從社會計量之觀點探討．中等教育，52(5)，150-160。

林原宏（1997）．階層線性模式（HLM）之理論．測驗統計簡訊，15，17-26。

吳齊殷（1997）．電腦架構的社會網絡．國家政策雙週刊，168，2-4。

吳齊殷（2000）．家庭結構、教養實施與青少年的行為問題．台灣社會學研究，4，51-95.

東方出版社（1996）．東方國語辭典．台北：東方。

林正祥（1993）．研究設計之樣本數決定. 中華衛誌，12，282-290．

邱皓政（2004）．結構方程模式: LISREL的理論、技術與應用．台北:雙葉。

洪永泰（2000）．「國民健康訪問調查」抽樣設計．行政院衛生署國民健康局人口與健康調查研究中心。

洪幸妙（1997）．學生生活滿意度及其影響因素之研究．未發表的碩士論文，彰化：彰化師範大學。

姚開屏（2000）．簡介與評量常用的一般性健康相關生活品質量表兼談未來研究的建議．中國測驗學會測驗年刊，6，183-192。

姚開屏（2002）．健康相關生活品質概念與測量原理之簡介．台灣醫學，6（2），183-192。

施淑惠（2000）．人際網絡對電腦態度之影響-以台北市政府基層公務員為例．未發表的碩士論文，新竹：元智大學。

施建彬（1994）．幸福感來源與相關因素之探討．未發表的碩士論文，高雄：高雄醫學大學。

高迪理（1991）．社會支持體系概念之架構之探討．社區發展季刊，45，324-232。

高新建（1997）．階層線性模式的基本概念與模式．測驗統計簡訊，15，1-10。

翁樹澍（1990）．親子互動關係對青少年心理社會福利感之影響研究．未發表的碩士論文，台北：文化大學。

教育部（2004，4月2日）．九十二學年度國民中學校別資料．教育部網站．取自http://www.edu.tw/EDU_WEB/EDU_MGT/STATISTICS/EDU7220001/service/ base92j.htm

周玉慧、吳齊殷（2001）．教養方式、親子互動與青少年行為:親子知覺的相對重要性．人文及社會科集刊，13(4)，439-476。

涂秀文（1999）．國民中學學生人格特質、人際關係與快樂之相關研究．未發表的碩士論文，高雄：國立高雄師範大學。

黃俊傑、王淑女（2002）．社會因素對於青少年身心健康的影響．輔仁學誌-法、管理學院分部，35，79-104。

黃厚銘（2000）．網路人際關係的親疏遠近．台大社會學刊， 28，117-154。
黃資惠（2002）．國小兒童幸福感之研究．未發表的碩士論文，台南：臺南師範學院。
黃毓芬（2000）．探討貧窮青少年生活經驗及其因應之道．未發表的碩士論文，台北，台灣大學。

黃毅志（1998）．社會階層、社會網絡與心理幸福．臺灣社會學刊，21，171-210。

梁忠軒（2002）．國中生之幸福感研究．未發表的碩士論文，台北：臺灣師範大學。

溫福星（2006）．階層線性模式：原理、方法與應用．台北：雙葉。

曾敏傑（2002）．台灣主客觀生活品質變遷的探索:1989-1994．輔仁學誌-法、管理學院之部，35，23-50。

張芝鳳（2000）．青少年與父母以及與同儕間的依附關係對其自我價值之影響研究．未發表的碩士論文，花蓮：花蓮師範學院。

張紹勳、林秀娟（1994）．SPSS For Windows 統計分析-初等統計與高等統計上下冊．臺北：松崗。

張慈惠、黃秀梨（2000）．生活品質評量之臨床應用．台灣醫學，4(1)，86-90。

陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵（2004）．多變量分析方法 – 統計軟體應用．台北：五南。

陳昌蘭（2000）．陽光照不到的青春--憂鬱傾向青少年人際問題的歸因與因應之探究．未發表的碩士論文，臺東：臺東師範學院。

陳南琦（2003）．青少年休閒滿意度與休閒參與之相關研究．體育學報，34，201-210。

陳嬿竹(2002). 網路與真實人際關係、人格特質及幸福感之相關研究. 未發表的碩士論文，屏東：屏東師範學院。

陸玓玲（1999）．健康促進觀點之運動生活品質研究．未發表的博士論文，台北：臺灣大學。

鄭麗珍（2001）．家庭結構與青少年的生活適應之研究-以臺北市為例．臺大社工學刊，5，197-270。

楊逸民（2000）．資訊化組織員工人際關係網絡對工作滿足與組織承諾的影響與科層式組織之比較．未發表的碩士論文，新竹：元智大學。

蔡勇美、郭文雄（1997）．都市社會學．臺北：巨流。

蔡姿娟（1999）．國中生社會支持、生活適應與寂寞感之相關研究．未發表的碩士論文，高雄：高雄師範大學。

蔡嘉慧（1998）．國中生的社會支持、生活壓力與憂鬱傾向之相關研究．未發表的碩士論文，高雄：高雄師範大學。

鄭照順（1996）．高壓力青少年所知覺的家庭、社會支持及其因應效能之研究．未發表的碩士論文，台北：政治大學。

鄭惠萍（2002）．雙親教養態度、人格特質、社會支持、生活事件與青少年心理健康．未發表的碩士論文，台南：成功大學。

魏心怡（2001）．網際網路與心理幸福、學業成績．未發表的碩士論文，臺東：臺東師範學院。

鍾秀華(1997)．桃園地區國中生之心理健康研究：親子關係、社會支持對心理健康之影響．未發表的碩士論文，桃園：私立中原大學。

蔣東霖（2003）．依附、社會學習與少年偏差行為．未發表的碩士論文，嘉義：南華大學。


英文參考文獻

Abbey, A., & Andrews, F. M. (1985). Modeling the psychological determinants of life quality. Social Indicators Research, 16, 1-34.

Antonucci, T. C. (1985). Personal characteristics, social support, and social behavior. In R.H. Binstock & E. Shanas (eds.), Handbook of Aging and the Social Science (2nd ed., pp.94-128). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhokld.

Antonucci, T.C. (1986). Hierarchical mapping technique. Generations, summer ,10-12.

Antonucci, T. C., & Akiyama, H. (1987). Social networks in adult life and a preliminary examination of the convoy model. Journal of Gerontology, 42(5), 519-527.

Antonucci, T. C., Lansford, J. E., Schaberg, L., Baltes, M., Takahashi, K., Dartigues, J. F., Smith, J., Akiyama, H., & Fuhrer, R. (2001). Widowhood and illness: a comparison of social network characteristics in France, Germany, Japan, and the United States. Psychology & Aging, 16, 655-665.

Apajasalo, M., Sintonen, H., Holmberg, C., Sinkkonen, J., Aalberg, V., Pihko, H., Siimes, M. A., Kaitila, I., Makela, A., Rantakari, K., Anttila, R., Rautonen, J. (1996a). Quality of lifein early adolescence: A sixteen-dimensional health-related measure(16D). Quality of Life Research, 5, 205-211.

Apajasalo, M., Sintonen, H., Holmberg, C., Sinkkonen, J., Aalberg, V., Pihko, H., Siimes, M. A., Kaitila, I., Makela, A., Rantakari, K., Anttila, R., & Rautonen, J. (1996b). Quality of life in pre- adolescence: A 17-dimensional health-related measure(17D). Quality of Life Research, 5, 532-538.

Armsden, G. C.,& Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(5), 427-453.

Argyle, M., & Crossland, J. (1987). The dimensions of positive emotion. The British Psychological Society, 26, 127-137.

Asmussen, L., Olson, L. M., Grant, E. N., Landgraf, J. M., Fagan, J., Weiss, K.B.
(20020. Use of the child health questionnaire in a sample of moderate and
low-income inner-city children with asthma. American Journal of Respiratory &
Critical Care Medicine, 162(4 Pt 1), 1215-1221.

Bhatia, S., Jenney, M. E., Bogue, M. K., Rockwood, T. H., Feusner, J. H., Friedman, D. L., Robison, L. L., Kane, R. L. (2002). The Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life instrument: reliability and validity of the Adolescent Form. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 4692-4698.

Argly, M. & Lu, L.（1990）.happiness and social skills. Personality and Individual Difference, 11, 1255-1261.

Benjamin, M., & Hollings, A. (1995). Toward a theory of Student satisfaction: An exploratory study of the “quality of student life.” Journal of College Student Development, 36(6), 574-586.

Blake, J. (1981). Family size and the quality of children. Demography, 18, 421-42.

Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child’s tie to his mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 350-373.

Boyle, M. H., Offord, D. R., Hofmann, H. G., Byles, G. P., Cadman, D. T., Crawford, J. W., Links, P. S., Rae-Grant, N. I., & Szatmari, P. (1987). Ontario Child Health Study: Methodology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 826-831.

Bradlyn, A. S., & Pollock, B. H. (1996). Assessment of quality of life. New England Journal of Medicine, 335(7), 521 -2.

Bruil, J., Maes. S., Ie Coq, E., & Boeke, A. (1997). Assessing quality of life among children with a chronic illness: the development of a questionnaire (Sixth Florida Conference on Child Health Psychology). Gainesville, FI.

Campbell, A., Converse, P., & Rodgers, W. (1976). The quality of American life. New York: Russell Sage.

Caplan, G. (1974). Support systems and community mental health: Lectures on concept development. New York: Behavioral.

Cassidy, J. (1990). Theoretical and methodological consideration in the study of attachment and the self in young children. In M.T.Greenberg, D.Cicchetti and E.M.Cumming（Eds.）,Attachment in the preschool years （pp.87-120）. Chicago： The University of Chicago Press.

Colarossi, L. G. (2001). Adolescent gender differences in social support: structure, function, and provider type. Social Work Research, 25(4), 233-241.

Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120.

Cotterell, J. (1996). Social Networks and Social Influences in Adolescence. London and New York: Routledge.

Cobb,S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5),P300-314.

Drukker, M., Kaplan, C., Feron, F., & Os, J. V. (2003). Children’s health-related quality of life, neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 825-841.

Dew, T., & Huebner, E. S. (1994). Adolescents’ perceived quality of life: an exploratory investigation. Journal of School Psychology, 32, 185-199.

Edwards, T. C., Huebner, C. E., Connell, F. A., & Patrick, D. L. (2002). Adolescent quality of life, part I: conceptual and measurement model. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 275-286.

Eiser, M., Ware, J., & Donald, C. (1979). Measuring components of children’s health status. Medical Care, 17, 902-921.

Felce, D., & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: Its definition and measurement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16, 51-74.

Ferrans, C. E., & Powers, M. J. (1992). Psychometric assessment of the quality of life index. Research in Nursing and Health, 15, 29-38.

Flangan, J. C. (1978). A research approach to improving our quality of life. American Psychologist, 33, 138-147.

Fuh, J. L., Wang, S. J., Lu, S. R., & Juang, K. D. (2005). Assessing quality of life for
adolescents in Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59, 11–18.
hiatry
Gorelick, M. H., Scribano, P.V., Stevens, M. W., & Schultz, T. R. (2003). Construct validity and responsiveness of the Child Health Questionnaire in children with acute asthma. Annals of Allergy. Asthma and Immunology, 90, 622-627.

Gormly, A. V. (2002). 人類發展學（王淑芳等譯）．台北：高立。（原著出版於1997）

Gottlieb,B.H. (1985).Assessing and strengthening the impact of social support on mental health. Social Work,30(4),293-300.

Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78, 1360-1380.

Greenberg, M. T., Siegel, J. M., & Leitch, C. J. (1983). The nature and importance of attachment relationships to parents and peers during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12(5), 373-386.

Grey, M., Boland, E. A., Yu, C., Sullivan-Bolyai, S., & Tamborlane, W. V. (1998). Personal and family factors associated with quality of life in adolescents with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 21(6), 909-14.

Harding, L. (2001). Children’s quality of life assessment: a review of generic and health related quality of life measures completed by children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 8, 79-96.

Hasse, J. E., Heiney, S.P., Ruccione, K.S., & Stutzer, C. (1999). Research triangulation to derive meaning-based quality-of-life theory” adolescent resilience model and instrument development. Int. J. Cancer: Supplement, 12, 125-131.

Hagberg, M., Hagberg, B., & Slaveman, B.I. (2002) The significance of personality factors for various dimensions of life quality among older people. Aging & Mental Health, 6 (2), 178-185.

Hechlinger PM. Fateful Choices: Healthy youth for the 21st century. New York: Carnegie Foundation, 1992.

House, J. S., & Kahn, R. L.(1985）. Measures and concepts of social support. Social Support and Health, 21, 83-108.

Huebner, E. S., Suldo, S., Valois, R. F., Drane, J. W., & Zullig, K. (2004). Brief
multidimensional students'' life satisfaction scale: sex, race, and grade effects for a
high school sample. Psychological Reports, 94, 351-356.

Huebner E. S., Valois, R. F., Suldo, S. M., Smith, L. C., McKnigth, C. G., Seligson, J. L., & Zullig, K. (2004). Perceived quality of life: a neglected component of adolescent health assessment and intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34, 270-278.

Israel, B. A., & Antonucci, T. C. (1987). Social network characteristics and psychological well-being: a replication and extension. Health Education Quarterly, 14(4), 461-81.
Jocobson, D. E.（1986）. Types and timing of social support. Journal of Health Behavior, 27, 250-264.

Jenney, M.E.M., Campbell, S.(1997). Measuring quality of life. Archives of disease in childhood, 77(4), 347-350.

Kahn, R. L., & Antonucci, T. C. (1980). Convoys over the life couse: Attachment, roles and social support. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (pp.253-286). New York: Academic Press.

Kaplan, R. M. (1989). Health outcome models for policy analysis. Health Psychology, 8, 723-735.

Kaplan, B. H., Cassel, J. C., & Gore, S. (1977). Social support and health. Medical Care, XV(5), 47-58.

Kehle, T. J., & Bray, M. A. (2004). RICH theory: the promotion of happiness. Psychology in the Schools, 41, 43-49.

Keith, K. D., & Schalock R. L. (1994). The measurement of quality of life in adolescence: The quality of student life questionnaire. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 22(1), 83-87.
Kleinpell, R. M. (1991). Concept analysis of quality of life. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 10(4), 223-229.

Koot, H. M. (2001). The study of quality of life: concepts and methods. In H. M. Koot & J. L. Wallander (Eds). Quality of Life in Child and Adolescent Illness: Concepts, Methods and Findings (pp.1-20). Birmingham: Brunner-Routledge.

Kraut, R., Patterson, M., Lundmark, V., Kiesler, S., Mukopadhyay, T., ＆ Scherlis, W. (1998). Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being. American Psychologist, 53, 1017-1031.

, S. (1986). Quality of life and personal life satisfaction: Definitional and measurement issues. Mental Retardation, 24, 141-143.

Lansky, S. B., List, M. A., Lansky, S. B., Cohen, M. E., Sinks, L. B. (1985). Toward the development of a Play Performance Scale for Children(PPSC). Cancer, 56, 1837-1840.

Levitt, M. J., Antonucci, T. C., Clark, M. C., Rotton, J., & Finley, G. E. (1985-86). Social support and well-being: preliminary indicators based on two samples of the elderly. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 21, 61-77.

Lindholt, J. S., Ventegodt, S., & Henneberg, E. W. (2002). Development and validation of QoL5 for clinical database. A short, global and generic questionnaire based on an integrated theory of the quality of life [Abstract]. European Journal of Surgery, 168(2), 107-113.

Lopez, F. G. (1995). Contemporary attachment theory: an introduction with implications for counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 23(3), 395-415.

Lubben, J. & Gironda, M. (1996). Assessing Social Support Networks Among Older People in the United States. In H, Litwin(ed.) The Social Networks of Older People: A Cross-National Analysis (pp.143-161). Westport, Connectient: Praeger London.

Manificat, S., Dazord, A., Cochat, P., & Nicolas, J. (1997). Evaluation of the quality of life in pediatrics: how to collect the point of view of children. [Abstract]. Archives de Pediatrie, 4, 1238-1246.

Mansour, M. E., Kotagal, U., Rose, B., HO, M., Brewer, D., Chaudhury, R. A., Hornung,W. R., & Wade, J.T. (2003). Health-Related Quality of Life in Urban Elementary Schoolchildren. Pediatrics, 111(6), 1372-1381.
Martinez, L. T.（1995）. The relationship between stress and delinquency among his panic youth living in a rural environment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Chicago University, Chicago, IL.

Meeberg, G.A. (1993). Quality of life:A concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 8(2), 21-28.
Mesh, G. S. (2003). The family and the Internet : the Israeli case. Social Science Quarterly, 84(4)1038-1050.

Meuleners, L. B., Lee, A. H., Binns, C. W., & Lower, A. (2003). Quality of life for adolescents: assessing measurement properties using structural equation modeling. Quality of Life Research, 12, 283-290.

Newacheck, P. W., & Taylor, W. R. (1992). Childhood chronic illness: Prevalence, severity and impact. American Journal of Public Health, 82, 364-371.

Ng, T. P., Lim, L. C. C., Jin, A., Shinfuku, N. (2005). Ethnnic differences in quality of life in adolescents among Chinese, Malay and Indians in Singapore. Quality of Life Research, 14, 1755-1768.
Norrby U., Nordholm L., & Fasth A. (2003). Reliability and validity of the Swedish version of Child Health Questionnaire. Scandanavian Journal of Rheumatology, 32, 101-107.

Oleson, M. (1990). Subjectively perceived quality of life. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22(3), 187-190.

Patrick, D. L., Edwards, T. C., & Topolski, T. D. (2002). Adolescent quality of life, part II: initial validation of a new instrument. Journal of Adolescence, 25, 287-300.

Polit, D. F., & Hungler, B. P.（1999）. Nursing Research：Principles and Methods. Philadephia: Lippincott.

Popenoe原著. Sociology, 劉雲德譯, 彭懷真校訂. 社會學, 1991, 臺北:五南。

Printz, B. L.（1991）. Adolescent stress and coping: A path analytic investigation of the hypothesized stress buffering roles of social support and social problem solving. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Texas, Austin, TX.

Rajmil, L,. Herdman, M., Fernandez de Sanmamed, M.J., Detmar, S., Bruil, J., Ravens-Sieberer, U., Bullinger, M., Simeoni, M.C., Auquier, P., Kidscreen Group. (2004). Generic health-related quality of life instruments in children and adolescents: a qualitative analysis of content. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(1):37-45.

Raphel, D., Rukholm, E., Brown, I., Hill-Bailey, P., & Donato, E. (1996). The Quality of Life Profile-Adolescent version: Background, description and initial validation. Journal of Adolescent Health, 19, 366-375.

Ratt, H., Landgraf, J. M., Bonsel, G. J., Gemke, R. J. B. J., & Essink-Bot, M. L. (2002). Reliability and validity of the child halth questionnaire-child form (CHQ-CF87) in a Dutch adolescent population. Quality of Life Research, 11, 575-581.

Ravens-Sieberer., & Bullinger, M. (1998). Assessing health-related quality of life in chronically ill children with German KINDL: first psychometric and content analytical results. Quality of Life Research, 7, 399-407.

Ravens-Sieberer, U., Holling, H., Bettge, S., & Wietzker, A. (2002). Assessment of psychological health and quality of life with The Child and Adolescent Health Survey. [Abstract] . Gesundheitswesen, 64 Suppl1, S30-5.

Rice, K. G. (1990). Attachment in adolescence: a narrative and meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 19(5), 511-538.

Rigby, K. (2000). Effects of peer victimization in schools and perceived social support
on adolescent well-being. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 57-68.

Santrock, J. W. (2002). Life-Span Development(8th ed). Boston: McGraw-Hill.

Sanders, C. E., Field, T.M., Diego, M., & Kaplan, M. (2000). The relationship of Internet use to depression and social isolation among adolescents. Adolescence, 35, 237-242.

Sarvimaki, A., & Stenbock- Hult, B. S. (2000). Quality of life in old age described as a sense of well-being, meaning and value. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 1025-1033.

Schmidt, L. J., Garratt, A. M., & Fitzpatric, R. (2002). Child/parent-assessed population health outcome measures: a structured review. Child: Care, Health & Development, 28, 227-237.

Seed, P., & Lioyd, G. (1997). Quality of Life. London and Bristol: Jessica Kingsley.

Simeoni, M. C., Auquier, P., Antoniotti, C., Span, C., & San Marco, J. L. (2000). Validation of a French health-related quality of life instrument for adolescents: The VSP-A. Quality of Life Research, 9, 393-403.

Simeoni, M.C., Sapin, C., Antoniotti, S., & Auquier, P. (2001). Health-related quality of life reported by french adolescents: A predictive approach of health status? Journal of Adolescent Health, 28, 288-294.

Singh, A., Athreya, B., Fries, J., & Goldsmith, D. (1994). Measurement of health status in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 37, 1761-1769.

Spencer, N. J., & Coe, C. (1996). The development and validation of a measure of parent-reported child health and morbidity: The Warwick Child Health and Morbidity Profile. Child Care Health & Development, 22, 367-369.

Spieth, L. E.(2001). Generic health-related quality of life measures for children and adolescents. In H. M. Koot & J. L. Wallander (Eds). Quality of Life in Child and Adolescent Illness: Concepts, Methods and Findings (pp.49-88). Birmingham: Brunner-Routledge.

Stein, R. E. K., & Jessop, D. J. (1990). Functional status-Π-R: A measure of child health status. Medical Care, 28, 1041-1055.

Strafield, B., Riley, A. W., Green, B. F., Ensminger, M. E., Ryan, S. A., Kelleher, K., Kim-Harris, S., Johnston, D.,& Vogel, K. (1995). The Adolescent Child Health and Illness Profile- A Population-Based Measure of Health. Medical Care, 33, 553-556.

Tajfel, H. (1978). Social categorization, social identity and social comparison. In Tajfel, H. (Ed.), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 61-76). London: Academic Press.

The WHOQOL Group. (1998a). The World Health Organization Quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science & Medicine, 46, 1569-1585.

The WHOQOL Group. (1998b). The World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF Quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28, 551-558.

The WHOQOL Group. (1995). The World Health Organization Quality of life assessment(WHOQOL):Position paper form the World Health Organization. Social Science & Medicine, 41, 1403-1409.

Turmen, T. (2004, April 1). Hope for 11 million children facing death from illnesses. Available http://www.who.int/mediacentre/releases/2003/prwha5/en/.

Varni, J. W., Michael, Seid PS, Kurtin. (2001) PedsQL TM 4.0:reliability and validity of the pediatric Quality of life inventory TM version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations, Medical care, 39, 800-812.

Verhulst, F. C., & van der Ende, J. (1992). Agreement between parents'' reports and adolescents'' self-reports of problem behavior. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry & Allied Disciplines, 33, 1011-1023.

Vinson, J. A. (2002). Children with asthma: initial development of the child resilience model. Pediatric Nursing, 28, 149-158.

Vogles, T., Verrips, G. H. W., Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P., Fekkes, M., Kamphuls, R. P., Koopman, H. M., Theunissen, N. C. M., & Wit, J. M. (1998). Measuring health-related quality of life in children: the development of the TACQOL parent form. Quality of Life Research, 7, 457-465.

Wallander, J. L. (2001). Theoretical and developmental isues in quality of life for children and adolescents. In H. M. Koot & Jan L. Wallander (Eds). Quality of Life in Child and Adolescent Illness: Concepts, Methods and Findings (pp.23-48). Birmingham: Brunner-Routledge.

Waltz, C., Strickland, O., Lenz, E.(1991). Measurement in nursing research (2nd ed). Philadel: Lippincott.

Wasson, J. H., Kairys, S. E., Nelson, E. C., Kalishman, M., & Baribeau, P. A. (1994). Short survey for assessing health and social problems of adolescents. The Journal of Family Practice, 38, 489-494.

Webster’s College Dictionary. (1996). Webster’s College Dictionary. New York: Random House.

Wellman, B. (2001). Computer networks as socail networks. Science, 293(5537), 2031-2034.

Wellman, B. Salaff, J., Dimitrova, D., Garton, L., Gulia, M., & Haythornthwaite, C. (1996). Computer networks as social networks: collective work, telework, and virtual community. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 22, 213-238.

Wilson, I. B., & Cleary , P. D. (1995). Linking clinical variables with health-related quality of life: a conceptual model of patient outcomes. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 273, 59-65.

World Health Organization. (1993). Measurement of Quality of life in children. In The World Health Report (pp.1-7). WHO: Geneva.

Wilcox, B. L. (1983). Social support in adjusting to marital disruption: a network analysis. In B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.) Social Networks and Social Support (2nd ed., pp.97-115). London: Sage.

Yeh, H. C., & Lempers, J. D. (2004). Perceived sibling relationships and adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 133-147.

Zhan, L. (1992). Quality of life: Conceptual and measurement issues. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 17, 795-800.

Zullig, K. J., Valois, R. F., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2005). Adolescent health-related quality of life and perceived satisfaction with life. Quality of Life Research, 14, 1573-1584.