臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以兩個實驗探討電子紙顯示器螢幕在各種顯示條件下對視覺作業的影響。
實驗一在探討光源、照明度及字體高度，對電子紙顯示器之最適視距與最適視角的影響。實驗結果顯示，平均最適視距為49.4 cm，平均最適視角為123.4°。光源對最適視距影響不顯著，但對最適視角有顯著影響。D65日光燈和TL84螢光燈的最適視角差不多，但F鵭絲燈的最適視角較小。照明度和顯示媒介對最適視距和最適視角的影響顯著，照明度愈高，最適視距愈長，最適視角愈小。顯示媒介的平均最適視距與平均最適視角分別為：Kolin膽固醇液晶顯示器 (50.0 cm, 127.4°)，Sony電子墨水顯示器(49.1 cm, 120.0°)，普通紙張(49.0 cm, 122.9°)。字體高度對最適視距的影響顯著，但是對最適視角的影響不顯著。本研究結果顯示平均最適視距為49.4 cm，字體愈大，視距愈長，電子紙的視距與VDT螢幕之視距雷同，大約為50公分，有別於正常閱讀書本之距離36 cm。平均最適視角大約為123.4°，當電子紙顯示器的視距為50公分，眼睛離桌面的垂直距離平均為34 cm時，平均最適注視角度位於眼睛水平線下29.5°，符合一般視覺顯示器位於眼晴水平線下約20°至50°間。
實驗二在探討光源、環境照明度及字體高度對電子紙顯示器之視覺績效與視覺疲勞的影響。實驗結果顯示，環境照明度對搜尋時間影響顯著，照明度愈高，搜尋時間愈快;字體高度對搜尋時間影響顯著，字體高度愈大，搜尋時間愈快。照明度與字體高度之間的交互作用效果顯著，搜尋時間都是1500 lx時最快，700 lx次之，300 lx最慢。但是三個照明度下的搜尋時間差異隨著字體高度的變小而逐漸加大。當字體高度為1.4 mm (視角為9.6 min)時，差異顯著變大。光源與環境照明度對辨識正確率的影響不顯著。字體高度對辨識正確率影響顯著，字體高度1.4 mm (84.1 %)，其辨識正確率最低。2.2 mm (視角為15.1 min)、3.3 mm (視角為22.7 min)和4.3 mm (視角為29.6 min)這三種字體高度彼此之間在辨識正確率上無顯著差異。
對於受試者的視覺疲勞，實驗結果顯示，光源和顯示媒介兩者均對CFF的變化影響不顯著。視覺疲勞的另一個指標－受試者的主觀視覺疲勞，它與光源類型顯著地無關，但是它與顯示媒介顯著地有關。光亮度對比在視覺疲勞上可能扮演一個重要的角色。

Two experiments were conducted to electronic paper (E-Paper) displays under various working conditions in this study.
The first experiment investigated the viewing distance and screen angle for electronic paper (E-Paper) displays under various light sources, ambient illuminations, and character sizes. Data analysis showed that the mean viewing distance and screen angle were 49.4 cm and 123.4°. The mean viewing distances for Kolin Chlorestic Liquid Crystal display was 50.0 cm, significantly longer than Sony electronic ink display, 49.1 cm. Screen angle for Kolin was 127.4°, significantly greater than that of Sony, 120.0°. Various light sources revealed no significant effect on viewing distances; nevertheless, they showed significant effect on screen angles. The screen angle for sunlight lamp (D65) was similar to that of fluorescent lamp (TL84), but greater than that of tungsten lamp (F). Ambient illumination and E-paper type had significant effects on viewing distance and screen angle. The higher the ambient illumination was, the longer the viewing distance and the lesser the screen angle. Character size had significant effect on viewing distances: the larger the character size, the longer the viewing distance. The results of this study indicated that the viewing distance for E-Paper was similar to that of visual display terminal (VDT) at around 50 cm, but greater than normal paper at about 36 cm. The mean screen angle was around 123.4°, which in terms of viewing angle is 29.5° below horizontal eye level. This result is similar to the general suggested viewing angle between 20° and 50° below the horizontal line of sight.
The second experiment investigated effects of light source, ambient illumination and font height on visual performance and visual fatigue with electronic paper (E-Paper) displays. The results showed that ambient illumination significantly affected search time. The higher the ambient illumination was, the faster the search time. Font height had significant effects on search time. The greater the font height was, the faster the search time. The ambient illumination × font height interaction was statistically significant on search time. 1500 lx was the fastest of the three, 700 lx was the second, and 300 lx was the slowest. But the difference of search time under three illuminations was strengthened gradually as font height was diminished. When font height was 1.4 mm (viewing angle is 9.6 min), the difference became great apparently. Light source and ambient illumination had nonsignificant effects on correct percentage. Font size had significant effects on correct percentage. Font size 1.4 mm (84.1 %) was the lowest of all on correct percentage. 2.2 mm (viewing angle is 15.1 min) , 3.3 mm (viewing angle is 22.7 min) and 4.3 mm (viewing angle is 29.6 min) had nonsignificant effects on correct percentage.
In terms of visual fatigue, results showed that both light source and display medium had no significant effects on the change of CFF (Critical Flicker Fusion). Subjective visual fatigue was not significantly related to light source, but significantly related to display medium. Luminance contrast may play an important role on visual fatigue.

摘要 I
誌謝 IV
目錄 V
圖目錄 VIII
表目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 5
1.3 研究限制 7
1.4 研究架構 7
第二章 文獻探討 9
2.1 電子紙的技術興起背景 11
2.2 電子紙的發展與技術原理 14
2.2.1 蓋銳岡(Gyricon)系統原理 14
2.2.2 微膠囊電泳技術原理 15
2.2.3 反射式膽固醇液晶顯示器 17
2.2.4 電子紙的型式 19
2.3 電子墨水的主要效能優勢 21
2.3.1 像紙一般的可讀性 22
2.3.2 極低的電力損耗 26
2.3.3 極易於攜帶與輕薄 27
2.3.4 最佳的移動式顯示器解決方法 29
2.4 螢幕的可讀性與能辨度 30
2.5 視覺顯示器與視覺作業的人因議題 31
2.5.1 視覺顯示器種類 31
2.5.2 CRT與LCD的探討 32
2.5.3 CRT與LCD的研究比較 34
2.5.4 電子紙顯示器的研究 37
2.6 影響視覺績效與主觀偏好的因素 37
2.6.1 視角與字體大小 38
2.6.2 亮度對比的研究 39
2.6.3 環境照明對VDT工作之影響 41
2.7 視覺疲勞衡量指標之研究 43
2.7.1 視覺過程 43
2.7.2 視覺疲勞主觀評量 45
2.7.3 VDT視距與視覺疲勞 48
第三章 實驗1：電子紙顯示器的視距與視角 51
3.1 前言 51
3.2 研究方法 51
3.2.1 實驗設計 51
3.2.2 受試者 52
3.2.3 實驗器材 53
3.2.4 VDT 工作站 54
3.2.5 實驗程序 55
3.2.6 因變數量測與資料分析 57
3.3 結果 58
3.3.1 最適視距 58
3.3.2 最適視角 61
3.4 討論 64
3.4.1 最適視距 64
3.4.2 最適視角 67
3.5 小結 69
第四章 實驗2：光源、環境照明與字體高度對電子紙顯示器的能辨度與視覺疲勞的影響 71
4.1 前言 71
4.2 研究方法 71
4.2.1 實驗設計 71
4.2.2 受試者 72
4.2.3 實驗器材 73
4.2.4 VDT 工作站 74
4.2.5 實驗程序 75
4.2.6 因變數量測與資料分析 77
4.3 結果 79
4.3.1 搜尋時間 80
4.3.2 辨識正確率 82
4.3.3 閃光融合閾值的變化 87
4.3.4 主觀視覺疲勞 88
4.4 討論 89
4.4.1 搜尋時間 89
4.4.2 辨識正確率 91
4.4.3 閃光融合閾值的變化 93
4.4.4 主觀視覺疲勞 94
4.5 小結 94
第五章 結論與建議 96
5.1結論 96
5.1.1 顯示媒介 96
5.1.2 光源 96
5.1.3 環境照明 97
5.1.4 字體高度 97
5.1.5 視覺疲勞 97
5.2建議 98
參考文獻 99
中文文獻 99
英文文獻 99
附錄1 實驗一 電子紙顯示器的視距與視角 指示語 111
附錄2 實驗二 電子紙顯示器的視覺績效與視覺疲勞 指示語 112
附錄3 視覺疲勞主觀評量表 113
作者簡介
圖目錄
圖1.1 研究架構 8
圖2.1 Gyricon 系統原理 (資料來源：科學人雜誌) 15
圖2.2 微膠囊電泳技術原理 (資料來源：E Ink Corporation) 17
圖2.3 “可讀的”電子紙的概念 22
圖2.4 顯示器的電力損耗比較 (資料來源：E Ink Corporation) 27
圖2.5 傳統lcd和電子墨水顯示器之顯示單元結構的比較 29
(資料來源：E Ink Corporation，2002年) 29
圖2.6 視覺示意圖 (資料來源：美工圖書社，1995年) 45
圖3.1 電子書閱讀器：Sony LIBRI 和 Kolin i-library 54
圖3.2 實驗1 VDT 工作站的設置 55
圖3.3 視距與視角 57
圖3.4 環境照明×光源對最適視角之交互作用 62
圖3.5 字體高度顯示媒介對最適視角之交互作用 63
圖4.1 實驗2 VDT 工作站的設置 75
圖4.2 環境照明×字體高度對搜尋時間之交互作用 82
圖4.3 環境照明×光源對辨識正確率之交互作用 84
圖4.4 字體高度×光源對辨識正確率之交互作用 85
圖4.5 顯示媒介×字體高度對辨識正確率之交互作用 86
圖4.6 環境照明×字體高度對辨識正確率之交互作用 87

表目錄
表2.1 電子紙的型式 20
表2.2 電子紙的三項期望 21
表2.3 反射式顯示媒介的比較 25
表2.4 電子墨水與目前的顯示器技術的比較 25
表3.1 自變數各水準的平均視距、平均視角和標準差 58
表3.2最適視距變異數分析 59
表3.3 自變數處理平均數間之最適視距與最適視角LSD多重檢定 60
表3.4 最適視角變異數分析 61
表3.5 平均最適視角的轉換 68
表4.1 自變數各水準的搜尋時間與辨識正確率之平均數和標準差 79
表4.2 自變數各水準的CFF變化與視覺疲勞主觀評量平均數和標準差 80
表4.4 自變數處理平均數間之搜尋時間Duncan多重範圍檢定 81
表4.6 字體高度處理平均數間之搜尋時間Duncan多重範圍檢定 84
表4.7 閃光融合閾值的變化之變異數分析 88
表4.8 主觀視覺疲勞評量值之變異數分析 88
表4.9 顯示媒介處理平均數間之主觀視覺疲勞Duncan多重範圍檢定 89

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