臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　以宗教信仰為基礎所成立的慈善團體，在台灣隨處可見，舉凡基督教、佛教、諸般民間宗教名下，各類宗教機構，都在台灣社會各角落進行著慈善的工作。然而，在這許多的慈善機構中，卻獨不見以儒家之名成立的組織。並不比其他宗教少強調仁愛的儒家，何以未見其善行行於世，一如其他宗教？本論文試圖藉由回溯基督宗教與儒家的思想傳統，說明基督教與儒家皆有「慈善」的觀念，都強調行「慈善」的重要性，然而，他們卻分別發展出不同的行善方式，而這樣的分別，則是源自於兩個信仰傳統不同的世界觀，及其對「君王」此一宗教象徵不同的理解。
　　在基督教傳統中，基督就是君王。但經由洗禮儀式，每個基督徒都被視之為「小基督」，也同時共享了君王的身份。基於此，基督吩咐其追隨者，幫助需要者，就是幫助基督，將可得到進入天國同為君王的賞賜。儒家則視君王為天在人世間的代表，因此，君王乃是人得與天相交通的中介。此外，眾人既皆源自同一個天，則服務百姓最好的方法，便是透過影響代表天的君王。基於對「君王」角色不同的理解，致使基督教徒傾向於以個人為服務對象，儒家則多偏重於對政治活動的關注。
　　本文以The Catholic Worker Movement創立者Dorothy Day及晚清重要儒家烈士譚嗣同為例，分別檢視其二人從各自的宗教傳統中所接受的，對於「慈善」觀念的教導，並介紹二人是如何由這樣的教導發展出自己的慈善行為。
　　本論文共分四章。第一章介紹本文研究動機，基督教與儒家的慈善觀，Dorothy Day及譚嗣同的簡略生平，本文所採研究方法，及文獻回顧。第二章詳述Dorothy Day的生平，其慈善行為，及其慈善行為背後的基督教宗教傳統。第三章詳述譚嗣同的生平，其慈善行為，及其慈善行為背後的儒家思想傳統。第四章結論。

As a practice based on religious teachings, charity plays a key role in various religions serving our society. For example, Christians have established numerous charitable organizations by following their belief. At the same time, it’s hard to find similar institutions founded by Confucians, even though they, like Christians, believe in helping others. The goal of this thesis is to understand why this is so. We discover that whereas both Christianity and Confucianism emphasize the importance of charity, the two traditions have developed totally different ways to practice charity. Further, this difference in practice is influenced by the symbolism of the king, as it is found in either tradition.
In Christian symbolism, Christ is the king; but through baptism each person becomes identified with Christ, which includes sharing in his role as king. Likewise Jesus told his followers that in helping the one in need they were at the same time helping him. In contrast, Confucian symbolism sees the king’s job as representing the will of the divine (Heaven) on earth. It is by way of the king that the people are connected to the source of all that is good. Therefore, in serving the king one serves the people. Based on these different understandings of the symbolism of the king, Christians tend to pay more attention to helping individual persons when they practice charity, whereas Confucians are more inclined to take political action.
In order to understand charity as found in Christianity and Confucianism my thesis is a comparative-historical study focusing on two representative examples from modern history: Dorothy Day (founder of the Catholic Worker Movement in New York City) and Tan Si Tong (social reformer and martyr). First, I examine how their religious traditions interpret charity; then, I demonstrate how each tradition influences the expression of charity. By means of this comparative-historical study, we also deepen our understanding of the universal religious theme of charity.
There are four chapters in my thesis: the first chapter offers the motives underlying this research, the meaning of charity in both Christianity and Confucianism, a brief introduction to Dorothy Day and Tan Si Tong, plus methodological explanations. The following two chapters focus first on Dorothy Day and then on Tan Si Tong, especially the religious origins and expression of their acts of charity. Some reflections about the religious theme of charity and the important symbol of the king conclude the thesis.

Table of Contents

I. The Theme of Charity 2
• Research Motives 5
• Charity in Christianity and Confucianism 7
• Two Examples of Charity 14
• The Symbolism of the King 19
• The Comparative-Historical Method 25
• Secondary Sources 27

II. Dorothy Day 35
• The Life of Dorothy Day 35
• Charitable Works in the Life of Dorothy Day 42
• Religious Foundations of Dorothy Day’s Charity 54

III. Tan Si Tong 67
• The Life of Tan Si Tong 67
• Charitable Works in the Life of Tan Si Tong 81
• Religious Foundations of Tan Si Tong’s Charity 93

IV. Concluding Reflections on Charity 109

Bibliographies 116

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