人工關節的超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）元件壞損有兩個主要的原因，一個是UHMWPE 與金屬對磨的應力使其耗損，另一方面，UHMWPE 的磨耗顆粒會在人體內引發激烈的免疫反應，進而引發骨溶解（osteolysis）現象，最後造成人工關節鬆脫損壞。而將人工關節再置換手術時所取出的關節液與正常人的比較後，發現關節液的濃度與組成都有改變，因此為了減少磨耗及增加人工關節的壽命，我們針對不同濃度成份的關節液分子如何影響人工關節的磨潤性質來做探討。
故本研究利用半導體中的微米製程（microfabrication）製作微米加工表面（surface texture），加工表面上設計有微米尺寸的切割裝置（cutting device），藉由此裝置我們可以將UHMWPE 與加工表面進行加速磨耗試驗，並添加不同濃度的關節液分子溶液如白蛋白（albumin）、球蛋白（globulin）與磷脂質（phospholipids），探討其濃度變化對UHMWPE 磨耗行為的影響。
結果發現高濃度下的白蛋白、球蛋白與磷脂質溶液，所得到的UHMWPE 磨耗顆粒長度與寬度皆縮小，但是磨耗量卻分別有不同的變化，且高濃度下關節液分子所產生的磨耗顆粒長度、寬度皆比生理食鹽水小；為了進一步了解產生此磨耗現象的原因，使用微摩擦磨損測試機對滴有不同濃度組成關節液分子的UHMWPE 表面進行刮痕試驗，並比對先前磨耗實驗的結果，推測可能影響UHMWPE 磨耗顆粒產生機制的因素為何。

Two major factors result in the malfunction of UHMWPE components in the artificial joints: the mechanical force of metal sliding against UHMWPE and the wear debris of UHMWPE. The wear particle of UHMWPE induce the immunological responses in the surrounding tissues, causing the osteolysis and even the aseptic loosening of artificial joints. The composition of the synovial fluid sampled during the revision surgeries differs from that of normal synovial fluid. In order to decrease wear rate and to extend the lifetime of artificial joints, we investigate the influence of synovial fluid composition on tribological behaviors.
In this study, we applied micro-fabricated surface texture to rub against the UHMWPE to accelerate the wear rate of UHMWPE. By changing the concentration of the lubricants, such as albumin, globulin, and phospholipids, we can observe the effects of lubricant concentrations on the wear behaviors.
When the concentration of albumin, globulin, and phospholipids was higher, the wear particles show shorter length and width, compared with PBS, but the wear amounts were different. In order to understand the wear mechanism, scratch tests were applied to UHMWPE lubricated with synovial components of varying concentrations. We thus discuss the mechanism of wear debris generation through the results of wear and scratch tests.

中文摘要 i
英文摘要 ii
誌謝 iii
目錄 iv
表目錄 vii
圖目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 人工關節的發展 2
1.2 置換人工關節造成的問題 4
1.3 研究動機 6
第二章 文獻回顧 9
2.1 人工關節簡介 9
2.1.1 人工髖關節 10
2.1.2 人工膝關節 10
2.2 人工關節材料 12
2.2.1 鈷鉻鉬合金 15
2.2.2 超高分子量聚乙烯 16
2.3 摩擦潤滑學 18
2.4 人工關節潤滑學 22
2.4.1 磨耗機制 23
2.5 不同成份關節液分子對人工關節材料潤滑之研究 25
2.6 不同成份關節液分子間之作用力影響 30
第三章 關鍵問題與研究方法 37
3.1 問題定義 37
3.1.1 特定大小與形貌的UHMWPE 顆粒取得 37
3.1.2 關節液分子對磨耗行為的影響 37
3.2 研究方法 38
3.2.1 以微米加工表面進行UHMWPE加速磨耗實驗 39
3.2.2 關節液分子對UHMWPE加速磨耗實驗的影響 39
3.2.3 關節液分子對UHMWPE刮痕測試實驗的影響 40
第四章 以微米加工表面進行加速磨耗實驗 41
4.1 目的 41
4.2 微米加工表面的製備 41
4.2.1 晶圓清洗 41
4.2.2 氧化擴散 42
4.2.3 光罩設計 43
4.2.4 微影製程 44
4.2.5 蝕刻 45
4.2.6 切割裝置量測 48
4.3 加速磨耗實驗 50
4.3.1 材料準備 50
4.3.2 往復式磨耗測試 53
4.4 磨耗顆粒的收集與分離程序 54
4.4.1 生理食鹽水中磨耗顆粒收集程序 54
4.4.2 關節液分子中磨耗顆粒收集程序 54
4.4.3 分析磨耗顆粒形貌大小 55
4.5 關節液分子對UHMWPE磨耗行為的影響 55
4.5.1 關節液分子：白蛋白 57
4.5.2 關節液分子：球蛋白 62
4.5.3 關節液分子：磷脂質 66
第五章 UHMWPE 表面刮痕測試實驗 70
5.1 目的 70
5.2 刮痕測試實驗 70
5.2.1 材料準備 72
5.3 關節液分子對UHMWPE刮痕測試實驗的影響 72
5.3.1 以圓球狀探針頭測試關節液分子對UHMWPE刮痕實驗的影響 74
5.3.2 以三角錐狀探針頭測試關節液分子對UHMWPE刮痕實驗的影響 80
第六章 結果與討論 85
6.1 影響磨耗顆粒生成之可能因素 85
6.1.1 界面摩擦力的影響 87
6.1.2 切割裝置穿透UHMWPE 深度的影響 87
6.1.3 關節液分子傳遞能量程度的影響 88
6.1.4 關節液分子吸附能力的影響 88
6.1.5 其他影響磨耗顆粒生成的因素 88
6.2 關節液分子濃度對磨耗之影響 89
6.2.1 白蛋白溶液濃度對UHMWPE 磨耗行為的影響 89
6.2.2 球蛋白溶液濃度對UHMWPE 磨耗行為的影響 92
6.2.3 磷脂質溶液濃度對UHMWPE 磨耗行為的影響 95
6.3 不同成份的關節液分子對磨耗之影響 98
第七章 結論 104
7.1 影響磨耗顆粒產生機制的可能因素 104
7.2 關節液分子對磨耗行為之影響 106
參考文獻 109
附錄A 以刀片狀探針頭測試關節液分子對UHMWPE 刮痕實驗的影響 116
附錄B 不同濃度組成關節液分子的黏度變化 122
附錄C 石英壓電晶體微天秤實驗方法 127
附錄D 藥品試劑 129
附錄E 實驗器材 131

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