臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文採用193nm的準分子雷射以光罩法製作長週期光纖光柵，以及利用CO2 雷射以點對點的方式製作長週期光子晶體光纖光柵。經退火處理，穩定其光學特性後，再探討光柵表面經棒狀金奈米修飾的前後，表面電漿共振對於溫度、折射率和氯離子濃度感測靈敏度的可能影響。文中並比較修飾於傳統光纖與光子晶體光纖的差異。結果顯示，傳統長週期光纖光柵在修飾棒狀金奈米粒子後，對於溫度、折射率及氯化鈉溶液濃度的靈敏度與未修飾前沒有明顯的改變。而光子晶體光纖光柵對於溫度不靈敏，對於外界折射率的變化極為靈敏(>83.6nm/RIU)，經修飾金奈米後，對折射率和氯化鈉溶液的感測，皆優於傳統的光纖，有可能應用於化學濃度或折射率的感測。

In this thesis, long-period gratings (LPGs) were fabricated in photonic crystal fiber (PCFs) by using a 193nm excimer laser with amplitude mask technique or a CO2 laser with point-to-point technique. After the laser heating, LPGs were annealed at 150oC for 24 h to stabilize their optical properties. In contrast to significant wavelength shift obtained on LPGs written in conventional single mode fiber, PCFs exhibited negligible wavelenth shift after thermal annearing. The optical characteristics of fabricated LPGs modified by nanorod gold particles to a number of measurands such as temperature, refractive index (RI), and chloride ions were investigated and analyzed. For conventional LPGs no apparent changes of measured sensitivities to temperature, refractive index, and chloride ions were observed. The attenuation bands of LPGs written in PCFs were found to possess negligible temperature sensitivity, whilst exhibiting usable sensitivity to chemical solution and refractive index (>82.6nm/RI). The unique sensing features of these spectral filters are particularly suited for a wide variety of applications in sensor systems.

摘要…………………………………………………………………….....I
Abstract……………………………………………………………...…...II
目錄……………………………………………………………………..III
圖目錄………………………………………………………………….VII
表目錄………………………………………………………………...XIV
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………...1
1-1 研究背景………………………………………………………..1
1-1-1 光纖光柵簡介……………………………………………1
1-1-2 金奈米粒子簡介…………………………………………2
1-2 研究動機與目的………………………………………………..2
1-3 本文簡介………………………………………………………..4
第二章 光纖及光纖光柵基本原理………………...……………...5
2-1 光纖基本原理介紹……………………………………………..5
2-1-1 光纖簡介…………………………………………………5
2-1-2 傳統光纖的基本構造……………………………………5
2-1-3 光在光纖中傳播的原理…………………………………6
2-1-4 光纖中的重要參數………………………………………8
2-2 光子晶體光纖的簡介…………………………………………..9
2-3 光纖光柵相位匹配條件………………………………………..9
2-4 模態耦合理論…………………………………………………13
2-5 載氫的影響與光敏性…………………………………………15
2-6 折射率、溫度、應變基本的理論……………………………18
2-6-1 外在折射率下，波長的飄移理論……………………..19
2-6-2 溫度……………………………………………………..26
2-6-3 應變……………………………………………………..27
2-7 表面電漿共振原理……………………………………………29
2-7-1 漸逝波…………………………………………………..29
2-7-2 表面電漿共振…………………………………………..30
第三章 長週期光纖光柵製作與應用………………………...…37
3-1 引言……………………………………………………………37
3-2 長週期光纖光柵的製作技術…………………………………37
3-2-1 光罩法…………………………………………………..37
3-2-2 電弧放電法……………………………………………..38
3-2-3 二氧化碳雷射寫入法…………………………………..39
3-3 實驗裝置與實驗流程…………………………………………40
3-3-1 實驗流程圖……………………………………………..45
3-3-2 實驗裝置圖……………………………………………..49
3-4 光子晶體光纖與單模光纖的熔接方法………………………51
第四章 實驗結果與討論………………………………………..…57
4-1 引言……………………………………………………………57
4-2 製作長週期光纖光柵…………………………………………57
4-2-1 製作傳統長週期光纖光柵……………………….…….57
4-2-2 製作長週期光子晶體光纖光柵………………………..59
4-3 退火的影響……………………………………………………63
4-4 外界變化對光纖光柵的影響…………………………………64
4-4-1 溫度變化對光纖光柵的影響………………………….65
4-4-2 折射率變化對光纖光柵的影響………………………..68
4-4-3 氯化鈉濃度對光纖光柵的影響………………………..73
4-5 修飾金奈米流程………………………………………………76
4-5-1 實驗方法………………………………………………..76
4-5-2 棒狀金奈米粒子修飾光纖光柵後光譜變化圖………..78
4-6 外界變化對修飾棒狀金奈米粒子光纖光柵的影響…………79
4-6-1 溫度變化對棒狀金奈米修飾於光纖光柵的影響……..80
4-6-2 折射率變化對棒狀金奈米修飾於光纖光柵的影響…..82
4-6-3 氯化鈉濃度變化對棒狀金奈米修飾於光纖光柵的影響………………………………………………………………………..87
第五章 結論與未來展望………………………………………......92
5-1 結論…………………………………………………………....92
5-2 未來展望…………………………………………………...….93
參考文獻…………………………………………………..…..95

[1]J. A. Creighton, D. G. J. Eadon, " Synthesis of copper metallic clusters using reverse micelles as microreactors," Chem. Soc. Faraday. Trans., Vol. 87, pp. 3881 (1991)
[2]Y. Y. Yu, S. S. Chanh, C. L. Lee, and C. R. C. Wang, " Gold Nanorods - Electrochemical Synthesis and Optical Properties," J. Phys. Chem., Vol. 101, pp. 6661-6664 (1997)
[3]D.S.Wang and M.Kerker, " The conformation of membranes, " Phys. Rev. B, Vol. 24, pp. 1777 (1981)
[4]K. O. Hill, Y. Fujii, D. C. Johnson, and B. S. Kawasaki, " Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 32, No. 10, pp. 647-649 (1978)
[5]D. Z. Anderson, V. Mizrahi, T. Erdogan and A. E. White, " Production of in-Fiber Gratings Using a Diffractive Optical Element, " Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 566-568 (1993)
[6]J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, " Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review,” Sensors and Actuator B: Chemical, Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 3-15 (1999)
[7]田蔚城, 生物技術的發展與應用, 2001
[8]孫清華編譯, 光纖通訊 ,全華科技圖書股份有限公司,民87
[9]湯兆崙, 王劍能,『光纖鋪面監測系統之發展與應用』,土木水利,第三十一卷, 第三期,第74-77頁, 2004年6月
[10] 龔祖德, 光纖通訊技術, 全華科技圖書股份有限公司,民89
[11] J.C. Knight, T.A. Birks, P.S.J. Russell, and D.M. Atkin, " All-silica single mode optical fiber with photonic crystalcladding," Opt. Lett., Vol. 21, pp. 1547-1549 (1996).
[12] T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, P. St. J. Russell, " Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber," Opt. Lett., Vol. 22, pp. 961-963 (1997).
[13] F. Zolla, G. Renversez, A. Nicolet, B. Kuhlmey, S. Guenneau, D. Felbacq, Foundations of PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBERS, ( World Scientific), Chap. 4.
[14] J. C. Knight, J. Arriaga, T. A. Birks, A. Ortigosa-Blanch, W. J. Wadsworth, P. St. J.Russell, " Anomalous dispersion in photonic crystal fiber," IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 12, pp. 807-809 (2000).
[15] 陳泳竹, 徐文成, 崔虎. 光纖中超連續光譜產生的領域分析.光子學報, 第三十二卷, 第148-151頁, 2003年
[16] T. Erdogan, " Fiber Grating Spectra," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 1277-1294 (1997).
[17] Michiko Harumoto, Masakazu Shigehara, and Hiroshi Suganuma, " Gain-Flattening Filter Using Long-Period Fiber Gratings ," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp.1027-1033 (2002).
[18] Lemaire, P J ,et al. " High-pressure H2 loading as a technique for achieving ultrahigh UV photosensitivity and thermal sensitivity in GeO2 doped optical fibers," electronics Lett, Vol. 29, pp. 1191-1193 (1993).
[19]A. Malki , G. Humbert , Y. Ouerdane , A. Boukhenter , and A. Boudrioua , " Investigation of the writing mechanism of electric-arc-induced long-period fiber gratings ," Opt.Lett., Vol. 42, No. 19, pp. 3776-3779 (2003).
[20] A. M. Vengsrlar , P. J. Lemaire , J. B. Judkins , V . Bhatia , T. Erdogan , and J. E. Sipe , " Long-Period Fiber Gratings as Band-Rejection Filters ," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 58-65 (1996).
[21] K. O. Hill, Y. Fujii, D. C. Johnson, and B. Kawasaki, " Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: application to reflection filter fabrication," Apl . Phys. Lett ., Vol. 32, No. 10, pp. 647 (1978) .
[22] G. Meltz, W. W. Money, and W. H. Glem, " Formation of Bragg grating in optical fibers by a transverse holographic method," Opt. Lett., Vol. 14, No. 15, pp. 189 (1989).
[23] K. O. Hill, B. Malo, F. Bilodeau, D. C. Johnson and J. Albert, " Bragg Gratings Fabricated in Monomode Photosensitive Optical Fiber by UV Exposure through a Phase Mask," Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 62, No. 10, pp. 1035-1037 (1993)
[24] D. Z. Anderson, V. Mizrahi, T. Erdogan and A. E. White, " Production of in-Fiber Gratings Using a Diffractive Optical Element," Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 566-568 (1993)
[25] R. Hou, Z. Ghassemlooy, A. Hassan, C. Lu, K. P. Dowker, " Modelling of long period fibre grating response to refractive index higher than that of cladding," (IOp Publishing Ltd, UK,2001)
[26] S. W. James and R. P. Tatam " Optical fiber long-period grating sensors: characteristics and application," REVIEW ARTICLE , Vol. 14 , pp. 49-61 (2003)
[27] V. Bhatia, " Applications of long-period gratings to single and multi-parameter sensing, " optics express, Vol. 4 , No. 11, pp.457 (1999)
[28] J. M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and
Practice, Prentice/Hall International, pp. 32-34 (1985)
[29] M. N. Kronick, and W. A. Litlle, "A new immunoassay based
on fluorescence excitation by internal reflection spectroscopy," J.
Immunol. Method, Vol. 8, pp. 235 (1975)
[30] R. H. Ritchie, " Plasma losses by fast electrons in thin films," Physical Review, Vol. 106, pp. 874 (1957)
[31] R. C. Jorgenson and S. S. Yee, " A fiber-optic chemical sensor
based on surface plasmon resonance," Sensors and Actuators B, Vol. 12, pp. 213-220 (1993)
[32] S. Kawata, Near-field optics and surface plasmon polaritons,
New York., (2001)
[33] H. P. Chiang, Y. C. Wang, P. T. Leung and W. S. Tse, " A theoretical model forthe temperature-dependent sensitivity of the optical sensor based on surface plasmon resonance, " Opt. Communications , Vol. 188, pp. 283-289 (2001).
[34] S. R. J. Brueck, V. Diadihk, T. Jones, and W. Lenth, " Enganced quantumefficiency internal photoemission detectors by grating coupling to surface plasmawaves," Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 46, No. 10, pp. 915 (1985).
[35] Otto, " Excitation of surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustratedtotal reflection, " Z. Physik , Vol. 216, pp. 398-410 (1968).
[36] E. Kretschmann, " Die bestimmung optischer konstanten von metallen durchanregung von oberflachenplasmaschwingungen," Z. Physik , Vol. 241, pp. 313-324 (1971).
[37]E. Hutter, J. H. Fendler, " Exploitation of Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance," Adv. Mater., Vol. 16, No. 19, pp. 1685-1706 (2004).
[38]L. K. Chau, Y. F. Lin, S. F. Cheng, and T. J. Lin, " Fiber-optic chemicaland biochemical probes based on localized surface plasmon resonance, " Sens. Actuators B, Vol. 113, pp. 100–105 (2006)
[39] A. M. Vengsrlar , P. J. Lemaire, J. B. Judkins, V. Bhatia, T. Erdogan, and J. E. Sipe , " ong-Period Fiber Gratings as Band-Rejection Filters," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 58-65 (1996).
[40] A. Malki , G. Humbert , Y. Ouerdane , A. Boukhenter , and A. Boudrioua , " Investigation of the writing mechanism of electric-arc-induced long-period fiber gratings ," Opt.Lett., Vol. 42, No. 19, pp. 3776-3779 (2003).