臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著無線網路的普及率越來越高，使用其開發的應用服務也更為廣泛，無線網路定位技術即為其中之一。利用無線網路進行室內定位服務，因為它的普及性能有效地降低建置定位環境的成本，並且提高未來定位應用的可行性。室內環境對於利用無線訊號強度定位的影響，有室內裝潢擺設物位置的變化，或是人員移動與開關門等等因素，這些都增加室內定位準確度的困難。過去最常見的無線訊號實地探勘 (radio frequency site survey) 技術，需要於定位之前，進行多個位置的實地探勘，以建立無線電波地圖 (radio map)，但是無法隨時適應環境變化，必須重新收集或是用較複雜的方法校準 (calibration effort) 無線電波地圖，如此相當耗費的人力與時間成本。因此我們需要隨時適應(adaptive)環境變化的定位技術。本篇論文主要提出低人力成本與高精確度的室內即時定位系統 (indoor real-time position system)。我們利用參考點 (reference point) 裝置來協助定位，克服室內複雜且多變環境對於定位的影響，於系統建置時避免耗費多餘的人力與時間成本，並且隨時監控環境的變化，提供室內定位系統更精確的定位。本系統使用的演算法可以有效率地判斷使用者接近那個參考點，並且精確計算出其位置座標，同時具備快速定位與低計算成本的特性。本篇論文的定位系統優勢為低建置成本、低校準成本、低計算成本、低反應時間、低定位誤差與適應環境變化的能力。除此之外，我們亦規範室內定位系統整合參考點的設計方法與架構內容，提供一個完整的室內即時定位系統藍圖。

The rapid progress of wireless communication has made the availability to people anytime and anywhere. By using wireless signal, positioning techniques can save the cost of setting up positioning infrastructure and increase the possibility of positioning anywhere. The technique using RF site survey is one of most common techniques in the past. It needs a lot effort to do the site survey to construct a signal strength database of a given positioning area, called Radio Map, before the positioning system can work. The environment of indoor would affect the accuracy of positioning very much due to moving objects, closing and opening doors, or changing the indoor structure. The positioning technique can’t adapt the changing environment and so the signal strength should be gathered again or be computed by using more complex way to construct the updated radio map. A good technique of positioning should have the ability to adapt the changeable environment dynamically. In this paper, we propose an indoor real-time position system which can adapt the changeable indoor environment with low-man-cost and high-accuracy. We use reference points to monitor the change of environment anytime and provide a more accurate positioning and to decrease the extra time-consuming and man-aided cost while setting up the system. The proposed algorithm possesses some good features such as the low setup cost, calibration free, low computing cost, low responding time, low positioning error and the ability with changing environment.

授權書 …………………………………………………………………iii
誌謝 ……………………………………………………………………iv
中文摘要 ………………………………………………………………v
英文摘要 ………………………………………………………………vi
目錄 ……………………………………………………………………vii
圖目錄 …………………………………………………………………xii
表目錄……………………………………………………………………x
第一章 緒論 .……………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究背景.………………………………………………………1
1.2 研究動機與目的.………………………………………………8
1.3 論文架構 .……………………………………………………19
第二章 相關定位研究.…………………………………………………20
第三章 定位系統演算法.………………………………………………25
3.1 參考點(reference point) ..…………………………………….25
3.2 定位演算法 .…………………………………………………26
3.2.1 無線電波傳播模型 (Radio Propagation model).………26
3.2.2比對訊號強度的差異度 (Comparison the Difference of Signal Strength) .………………………………………………28
3.2.3多參考點之最小平方距離法 (Minimum mean square estimate using Multiple Reference Points, MMRP) ..…………32
第四章 系統架構與設計...……………………………………………38
4.1系統架構與流程..………………………………………………38
4.2系統設計介面與功能..…………………………………………41
4.2.1 Reference Point Client (RPC) ...…………………………41
4.2.2 Position Server (PS) …………………………………….44
4.2.3 Position Engine (PE) and Position Monitor (PM)..………45
4.3實作探討 ………………………………………………………47
4.3.1無線網路卡 ……………………………………………47
4.3.2無線訊號擷取……………………………………………50
4.3.2.1 網路驅動程式介面規格.…………………………51
4.3.2.2 SmartDeviceFramework (SDF) …………………52
第五章 實驗與數據分析. ……………………………………………53
5.1 系統參數.………………………………………………………55
5.1.1無線存取點之發送功率.. .………………………………56
5.2 與其它定位演算法誤差比較.…………………………………57
5.3 定位系統之適應性.……………………………………………61
5.3.1 對於時間背景不同...…………………………………62
5.3.2 對於開關門變化之適應性 .…………………………64
5.4 APs數量對於各定位演算法的影..……………………………66
5.5 RPs數量於MMRP演算法的影響……………………………68
第六章 結論與未來工作 ……………………………………………70
6.1 實驗結論………………………………………………………70
6.2 未來工作………………………………………………………71
參考文獻..………………………………………………………………72

圖目錄
圖一、無線訊號實地勘測之架構圖.……………………………………5
圖二、Morning與Midnight之訊號強度分佈圖.………………………9
圖三、Night與Afternoon之訊號強度分佈圖 .………………………11
圖四、一天內訊號強度的變化…………………………………………12
圖五、人接近訊號強度擷取裝置………………………………………13
圖六、人遠離訊號強度擷取裝置………………………………………13
圖七、短時間的訊號強度波動…………………………………………15
圖八、短時間訊號強度機率分佈圖……………………………………15
圖九、開關門產生的訊號強度波動……………………………………16
圖十、距離與訊號強度的衰退關係……………………………………17
圖十一、SWCC定位示意圖……………………………………………22
圖十二、Interpolation Method.…………………………………………23
圖十三、Extrapolation Method…………………………………………24
圖十四、三圓之交集點為MU位置……………………………………32
圖十五、MU與RP之間的真實距離d ………………………………34
圖十六、正比關係之假設………………………………………………35
圖十七、真實距離與差異度之比值……………………………………35
圖十八、內插法示意圖…………………………………………………36
圖十九、實際估算MU位置之情況……………………………………37
圖二十、系統架構圖……………………………………………………39
圖二十一、系統流程圖…………………………………………………40
圖二十二、RPC之開發平台……………………………………………41
圖二十三、RPC之系統介面之一………………………………………42
圖二十四、RPC之系統介面之二………………………………………42
圖二十五、PS之系統介面 ……………………………………………44
圖二十六、PM之系統介面.……………………………………………46
圖二十七、NDIS架構圖.………………………………………………52
圖二十八、室內定位系統之環境拓樸…………………………………53
圖二十九、設定發送功率PTX之畫面…………………………………56
圖三十、各演算法平均誤差距離之CDF………………………………57
圖三十一、多個APs訊號強度相似之區域……………………………61
圖三十二、四個時段的平均誤差比較…………………………………62
圖三十三、開關門之定位誤CDF………………………………………64
圖三十四、AP減少之平均誤差距離 (k = 7, 6, 5, 4, 3).………………66
圖三十五、RP減少之平均誤差距離 (m = 7, 6, 5, 4)…………………68


表目錄
表一、Morning與Midnight之訊號樣本參數…………………………10
表二、Night與Afternoon之訊號樣本參數. …………………………12
表三、人體對無線訊號的影響…………………………………………14
表四、開關門之訊號樣本參數…………………………………………17
表五、Logarithm Distance Path Loss Model parameter…………………27
表六、Path loss exponents for different environments.…………………28
表七、無線網路卡列表…………………………………………………48
表八、無線網路卡之最大值、最小值及範圍列表……………………49
表九、無線網路卡之訊號差異參數列表………………………………49
表十、標準規格比較表…………………………………………………50
表十一、無線存取點列表………………………………………………54
表十二、參考點列表……………………………………………………55
表十三、環境與系統參數設定值………………………………………55
表十四、各個演算法之平均誤差距離…………………………………58
表十五、各個演算法之誤差距離比例…………………………………59
表十六、四個時段的平均誤差距離比較………………………………63
表十七、四個時段之誤差距離比例……………………………………63
表十八、開關門之定位結果……………………………………………65
表十九、AP減少後之平均誤差距離 …………………………………67
表二十、RP減少後之平均誤差距離 …………………………………69
表二十一、RP減少後之誤差距離比例 ………………………………69

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