跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(18.97.14.87) 您好!臺灣時間:2024/12/05 20:02
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

我願授權國圖
: 
twitterline
研究生:陳兆群
研究生(外文):Jaw-Chyun Chen
論文名稱:抗大腸桿菌腸毒素性下痢之中草藥活性成分研究
論文名稱(外文):Search and identify anti-diarrheal phytochemicals from traditional Chinese medicines
指導教授:張永勳張永勳引用關係
學位類別:博士
校院名稱:中國醫藥大學
系所名稱:中國藥學研究所博士班
學門:醫藥衛生學門
學類:藥學學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2008
畢業學年度:96
語文別:中文
論文頁數:119
中文關鍵詞:腸產毒素性大腸桿菌忌熱型腸毒素神經苷節脂中草藥分子模擬
外文關鍵詞:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coliHeat-labile enterotoxinGM1traditional Chinese medicinedocking
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:407
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:0
每年有數百萬人死於下痢相關疾病,腸產毒素性大腸桿菌(enterotoxigenic E. coli)則是其中最常被分離出的菌株。然而其導致下痢最主要的毒力因子為其所分泌的忌熱性腸毒素(heat-labile enterotoxin; LT),其作用機轉是經由B 次單位(B subunit of LT; LTB) 先與腸上皮細胞表面的神經苷節脂(ganglioside GM1)結合而發揮毒力並誘發下痢相關的症狀。因此我們以一分子生物學分析平台(Competitive GM1-ELISA)搜尋常用中草藥,尋找能抑制LTB 和GM1的結合作用的中草藥。其中發現五倍子、木瓜、甘草等中草藥萃取物,可有效抑制LTB 結合到GM1 能力。進ㄧ步搜尋並分析這些中草藥中可能的抗下痢活性成分,結果顯示五倍子中的沒食子酸、木瓜所含之三萜類化合物(齊墩果酸、熊果酸和樺木酸)以及甘草的甘草甜素,均對GM1 與LTB 的結合均有不同程度的抑制,且動物實驗證實可抑制腸毒素所誘發的小鼠腸液堆積效應。進ㄧ步以生物資訊工具-分子模擬平台(docking),分析木瓜及甘草中的三萜類化合物與LTB 之間的交互作用。總而言之,我們成功的以分子生物學及生物資訊學工具,找到中草藥中具抗下痢作用的活性成分。
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most frequently isolated enteropathogen, accounting for millions of deaths annually. ETEC-induced diarrhea is initiated by the binding of B subunit of heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) to the ganglioside GM1 on the surface of intestinal epithelial cell. Therefore, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on the LTB and GM1 interaction. We found various TCM inhibited the interaction, such as Chinensis Galla, Chaenomelis Fructus and Glycyrrhizae Radix extracts. Then we searched and identified the active components of Chinensis Galla (gallic acid) and Chaenomelis Fructus (oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid). Additionally, we set up a phytochemical database from the TCM to evaluate the anti-toxin-binding ability by docking analysis. Docking results indicated that glycyrrhizin blocked the binding of LTB to GM1, and suppression of LT-induced diarrhea in mice. In conclusion, we have identified inhibitors of LT from TCM by molecular biology and bioinformatics tools.
目錄……………………………………………………………………I
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………II
表目錄…………………………………………………………………IV
名詞縮寫表……………………………………………………………V
謝辭……………………………………………………………………VI
中文摘要…………………………………………………………………1
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………3
第一章 研究背景與動機……………………………………………5
第二章 五倍子抗腸毒素下痢之研究………………………………24
第三章 木瓜抗腸毒素下痢之研究…………………………………52
第四章 以生物資訊工具搜尋抗下痢中藥化合物…………………76
第五章 結論與未來展望……………………………………………94
參考文獻………………………………………………………………98
[1] World Health Organization (WHO), 2002. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/documents/new_vaccines/en/index1.html.
[2] Field, M., 2003. Intestinal ion transport and the pathophysiology of diarrhea. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 111, 931–943.
[3] Nataro, J.P., Kaper, J.B. 1998. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 11, p.142–201.
[4] Clarke, S.C. 2001. Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli—an emerging problem? Diagnostic Microbiology and Infections Disease 41:93–98.
[5] Duarte, M.C., Leme, E.E., Delarmelina, C., Soares, A.A., Figueira, G.M., Sartoratto, A. 2007. Activity of essential oils from Brazilian medicinal plants on Escherichia coli. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 111, 197-201.
[6] Voravuthikunchai, S., Lortheeranuwat, A., Jeeju, W., Sririrak, T., Phongpaichit, S., Supawita, T. 2004. Effective medicinal plants against enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94, 49-54.
[7] Beuria, T.K., Santra, M.K., Panda, D. 2005. Sanguinarine blocks cytokinesis in bacteria by inhibiting FtsZ assembly and bundling. Biochemistry 44, 16584-16593.
[8] Palombo E.A., 2006. Phytochemicals from traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhoea: modes of action and effects on intestinal function. Phytotherapy Research 20, 717-724.
[9] 王玉興 (2003) 中國古代疫情年表 (一) 天津中醫學院學報 22, 84-88。
[10] 王玉興 (2003) 中國古代疫情年表 (二) 天津中醫學院學報 22, 33-36。
[11] 劉曉峰 點校,巢元方 原著 (2005) 諸病源候論。人民軍醫出版社。pp.196-206, 243-250。
[12] 陳悅泰、張麗麗 (2001) 泄瀉的定義病名和分類。時珍國醫國藥 12, 459。
[13] 曾鳳 (1999) 古病名解詁。中國中醫基礎醫學雜誌 5, 51-53。
[14] 周士英、張海英、劉鵬、閻兆君 (2006)《太平惠民和劑局方》泄瀉治療方藥的統計研究。光明中醫 21, 23-24。
[15] 陶雲、張保春、董明霞、吳之煌 (2007) 中醫藥治療泄瀉方劑的統計分析。中國中醫現代遠程教育 5, 27-31。
[16] World Health Organization (WHO), 2005. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/about/gvrf/Qadri.pdf.
[17] Aranda-Michel J., Giannella R.A., 1999. Acute diarrhea: a practical review. The American Journal of Medicine 106, 670-676.
[18] Merritt, E.A., Hol, W.G., 1995. AB5 toxins. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 5, 165–171.
[19] Pickens, J.C., Merritt, E.A., Ahn, M., Verlinde, C.L., Hol, W.G., Fan, E., 2002. Anchor-based design of improved cholera toxin and E. coli heatlabile enterotoxin receptor binding antagonists that display multiple binding modes. Chemistry and Biology 9, 215–224.
[20] Spangler, B.D., 1992. Structure and function of cholera toxin and the related Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Microbiological Reviews 56, 622–647.
[21] Bruins, M.J., Cermak, R., Kiers, J.L., van der Meulen, J., van Amelsvoort, J.M.M., van Klinken, B.J.W. 2006. In vivo and in vitro effects of tea extracts on enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced intestinal fluid loss in animal models. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 43, 459-469.
[22] Sack, R.B., Froehlich, J.L. 1982. Berberine inhibits intestinal secretory response of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins. Infection and Immunity 35, 471-475.
[23] Minke, W.E., Roach, C., Hol, W.G., Verlinde, C.L.M.J., 1999. Structurebased exploration of the ganglioside GM1 binding sites of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin for the discovery of receptor antagonist. Biochemistry 38, 5684–5692.
[24] Mitchell, D.D., Pickens, J.C., Korotkov, K., Fan, E., Hol, W.G., 2004. 3,5-Substituted phenyl galactosides as leads in designing effective cholera toxin antagonists; synthesis and crystallographic studies. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry 12, 907-920.
[25] Mujumdar, A.M., Upadhye, A.S., Misar, A.V. 2000. Studies on antidiarrhoeal activity of Jatropha curcus root extract in albino mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 70, 183–187.
[26] Chitme, H.R., Chandra, R., Kaushik, S., 2004. Studies on anti-diarrheal activity of Calotropis gigantean R.BR. in experimental animals. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7, 70–75.
[27] Perianayagam JB, Sharma SK, Pillai KK. 2005. Evaluation of antidiarrheal potential of Trichodesma indicum root extract in rats. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 27, 533–537.
[28] Mazumder, R., Bhattacharya, S., Mazumder, A., Pattnaik, A.K., Tiwary, P.M., Chaudhary, S. 2006. Antidiarrhoeal evaluation of Aegle marmelos (Correa) Linn. root extract. Phytotherapy Research 20, 82–84.
[29] Shoba, F.G, Thomas, M. 2001. Study of antidiarrhoeal activity of four medicinal plants in castor-oil induced diarrhea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 76, 73–76.
[30] Murugesan, T., Ghosh, L., Mukherjee, K., Das, J., Pal, M., Saha, B.P. 2000. Evaluation of antidiarrhoeal profile of Jussiaea suffruticosa Linn. extract in rats. Phytotherapy Research 14, 381–383.
[31] Miller, M.J.S., MacNaughton, W.K., Zhang, X.J. Thompson, J.H., Charbonnet, R.M., Bobrowski, P., Lao, J., Trentacosti, A.M, Sandoval, M. 2000. Treatment of gastric ulcers and diarrhea with the Amazonian herbal medicine sangre de grado. American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, G192–G200.
[32] Vidari, G.., Finzi, P.V., Zarzuelo A., Gálvez, J., Zafra, C., Chiriboga, X., Berenguer B., Casa C.L.; de la Lastra, C.A., Motilva, V., Martín, M.J. 2003. Antiulcer and antidiarrhoeic effect of Baccharis teindalensis. Le Pharmacien Biologiste 41, 405–411.
[33] Pérez GS, Pérez GC, Zavala SMA. 2005. A study of the antidiarrheal properties of Loeselia mexicana on mice and rats. Phytomedicine 12, 670–674.
[34] Velázquez, C., Calzada, F., Torres, J., Gonzalez, F., Ceballos, G. 2006. Antisecretory activity of plants used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in Mexico. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103, 66 –70.
[35] Agbor, G.A., Léopold, T., Jeanne, N.Y. 2004. The antidiarrhoeal activity of Alchornea cordifolia leaf extract. Phytotherapy Research 18, 873–876.
[36] Akah PA, Aguwa CN, Agu RU. 1999. Studies on the antidiarrhoeal properties of Pentaclethra macrophylla leaf extracts. Phytotherapy Research 13, 292–295.
[37] Abdullahi, A.L., Agho, M.O., Amos, S., Gamaniel, K.S., Wambebe, C. 2001. Antidiarrhoeal activity of the aqueous extract of Terminalia avicennoides roots. Phytotherapy Research 15, 431–434.
[38] Mueller, M.S., Mechler, E. 2005. Medicinal plants in tropical countries: Traditional use, eExperience, facts. Georg Thieme Verlag: Stuttgart, Germany.
[39] Bajad S, Bedi KL, Singla AK, Johri RK. 2001. Antidiarrhoeal activity of piperine in mice. Planta Medica 67, 284–287.
[40] Besra, S.E., Gomes, A., Ganguly, D.K., Vedasiromoni, J.R. 2003. Antidiarrhoeal activity of hot water extract of black tea (Camellia sinensis). Phytotherapy Research 17, 380–384.
[41] Borrelli, F., Capasso, R., Pinto, A., Izzo, A.A. 2004. Inhibitory effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on rat ileal motility in vitro. Life Sciences 74, 2889– 2896.
[42] Hajhashemi, V., Sadraei, H., Ghannadi, A.R., Mohseni, M. 2000. Antispasmodic and anti-diarrhoeal effect of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 71, 187–192.
[43] 尚志鈞輯校 唐慎微原著 (2002) 大觀本草。安徽科學技術出版社。 pp. 491-492, 710。
[44] 行政院衛生署中華藥典中藥集編修小組 (2004) 中華中藥典。中華民國行政院衛生署出版。 pp. 27-28; 36-37。
[45] Ahn, Y.J., Lee, C.O., Kweon, J.H., Ahn, J.W., Park, J.H., 1998. Growthinhibitory effects of Galla rhois-derived tannins on intestinal bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology 84, 439–443.
[46] Bae, E.A., Han, M.J., Kim, N.J., Kim, D.H., 1998. Anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of herbal medicines. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 21, 990–992
[47] Ata, N., Oku, T., Hattori, M., Fujii, H., Nakajima, M., Saiki, I., 1996. Inhibition by galloylglucose (GG6-10) of tumor invasion through extracellular matrix and gelatinase-mediated degradation of type IV collagens by metastatic tumor cells. Oncology Research 8, 503–511.
[48] Shim, Y.J., Doo, H.K., Ahn, S.Y., Kim, Y.S., Seong, J.K., Park, I.S., Min, B.H., 2003. Inhibitory effect of aqueous extract from the gall of Rhus chinensis on alpha-glucosidase activity and postprandial blood glucose. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 85, 283–287.
[49] Minke, W.E., Hong, F., Verlinde, C.L.M.J., Hol, W.G., Fan, E., 1999. Using a galactose library for exploration of a novel hydrophobic pocket in the receptor binding site of the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274, 33469–33473.
[50] Baselski, V., Briggs, R., Parker, C., 1997. Intestinal fluid accumulation induced by oral challenge with Vibrio cholerae or cholera toxin in infant mice. Infection and Immunity 15, 704–712.
[51] Guidry, J.J., Ca’rdenas, L., Cheng, E., Clements, J.D., 1997. Role of receptor binding in toxicity, immunogenicity, and adjuvanticity of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Infection and Immunity 65, 4943–4950.
[52] Rui, H., 1997. Research and development of cancer chemopreventive agents in China. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Supplement 27, 7–11.
[53] Ahlquist, D.A., Camilleri, M., 2001. Diarrhea and constipation. In: Braunwald, E., Fauci, A.S., Kasper, D.L., Hauser, S.L., Longo, D.L., Jameson, J.L. (Eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 15th ed, pp. 241–250.
[54] Garg, P., Chakraborty, S., Basu, I., Datta, S., Rajendran, K., Bhattacharya, T., Yamasaki, S., Bhattacharya, S.K., Takeda, Y., Nair, G.B., Ramamurthy, T., 2000. Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992–1997 in Calcutta, India. Epidemiology and Infection 124, 393–399.
[55] Thiagarajah, J.R., Verkman, A.S., 2005. New drug targets for cholera therapy. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 26, 172–175.
[56] Turvill, J., Farthing, M., 1997. Enkephalins and enkephalinase inhibitors in intestinal fluid and electrolyte transport. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 9, 877–880.
[57] Salazar-Lindo, E., Santisteban-Ponce, J., Chea-Woo, E., Gutierrez, M., 2000. Racecadotril in the treatment of acute watery diarrhea in children. New England Journal of Medicine 343, 463–467.
[58] Alam, N.H., Ashraf, H., Khan, W.A., Karim, M.M., Fuchs, G.J., 2003. Efficacy and tolerability of racecadotril in the treatment of cholera in adults: a double blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Gut 52, 1419–1423.
[59] Gabriel, S.E., Davenport, S.E., Steagall, R.J., Vimal, V., Carlson, T., Rozhon, E.J., 1999. A novel plant-derived inhibitor of cAMP-mediated fluid and chloride secretion. American Journal of Physiology 267, G58–G63.
[60] Thiagarajah, J.R., Verkman, A.S., 2005. New drug targets for cholera therapy. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 26, 172–175.
[61] Mascolo, N., Izzo, A.A., Barbato, F., Capasso, F., 1993. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthetase prevent castor-oil-induced diarrhoea in the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology 108, 861–864.
[62] Mascolo, N., Izzo, A.A., Capasso, F., 1992. Castor oil-induced diarrhoea: involvement of nitric oxide. In: Capasso, F., Mascolo, N. (Eds.), Natural Drugs and the Digestive Tract. EMSI, Rome, pp. 123–127.
[63] Pierce, N.F., Carpenter, C.C.J., Elliot, H.Z., Greenough, W.B., 1971. Effects of prostaglandins, theophylline and Cholera exotoxin upon transmucosal water and electrolyte movement in canine jejunum. Gastroenterology 60, 22–32.
[64] Gorbach, S.L., Banwell, J.G., Chatterjee, B.D., Jacobs, B., Sack, R.B., 1971. Acute undifferentiated human diarrhea in the tropics. I. Alterations in intestinal microflora. Journal of Clinical Investigation 50, 881–889.
[65] Hitotsubashi, S., Fujii, Y., Yamanaka, H., Okamoto, K., 1992. Some properties of purified Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin II. Infection and Immunity 60, 4468–4474.
[66] Rappuoli, R., Pizza, M., Douce, G., Dougan, G., 1999. Structure and mucosal adjuvanticity of cholera and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxins. Immunology Today 20, 493.
[67] Merritt, E.A., Sarfaty, S., Feil, I.K., Hol, W.G., 1997. Structural foundation for the design of receptor antagonists targeting Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Structure 5, 1485-1499.
[68] Oi, H., Matsuura, D., Miyake, M., Ueno, M., Takai, I., Yamamoto, T., Kubo, M., Moss, J., Noda, M., 2002. Identification in traditional herbal medications and confirmation by synthesis of factors that inhibit cholera toxin-induced fluid accumulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99, 3042–3046.
[69] Toda, M., Okubo, S., Ikigai, H., Suzuki, T., Suzuki, Y., Hara, Y., Shimanura, T., 1992. The protective activity of tea catechins against experimental infection by Vibrio cholerae O1. Microbiology and Immunology 36, 999–1001.
[70] 鄭金生 整理 (2007) 南宋珍稀本草三種。人民衛生出版社。pp. 306, 353。
[71] 尚志鈞輯校,蘇頌編輯 (1994) 本草圖經。安徽科學技術出版社。pp. 315, 544。
[72] 謝滌庸、蒲葦 重校 李時珍原著 (1993) 本草綱目(一)。上海科學技術出版社。pp. 28, 72。
[73] Nishizawa, M., Yamagishi, T. 1982. Tannins and related compounds. Part 5. Isolation and characterization of polygalloylglucoses from Chinese gallotannin. Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin Transactions I, 2963-2968.
[74] Kurokawa, M., Basnet, P., Ohsugi, M., Hozumi, T., Kadota, S., Namba, T., Kawana, T., Shiraki, K. 1999. Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of moronic acid purified from Rhus javanica in vitro and in vivo. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 289, 72-78.
[75] Hwang, J.H., Lee, B.M. 2007. Inhibitory effects of plant extracts on tyrosinase, L-DOPA oxidation, and melanin synthesis. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part A 70, 393-407.
[76] Zhao, J., Li, J.Y., Zhu, B., Zhou, X.D., Xiao, X.R. 2006. Study of susceptibility of oral bacteria biofilm to traditional Chinese drug preventing caries. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 24, 546-550.
[77] Chu, J.P., Li, J.Y., Hao, Y.Q., Zhou, X.D. 2007. Effect of compounds of Galla chinensis on remineralisation of initial enamel carious lesions in vitro. Journal of Dentistry 35, 383-387.
[78] Chu, J.P., Li, J.Y., Hao, Y.Q., Zhou, X.D. 2006. Effect of chemical compounds of Galla chinensis on enamel surface rehardening in vitro. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 41, 616-617.
[79] Zhong, S., Wu, Y., Soo-Mi, A., Zhao, J., Wang, K., Yang, S., Jae-Ho, Y., Zhu, X. 2006. Depigmentation of melanocytes by the treatment of extracts from traditional Chinese herbs: a cell culture assay. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29, 1947-1951.
[80] Lh, H., Li, J.Y., Zhu, B., Zhou, X.D. 2005. Study of antibacterial effect of Galla Chinensis on the bacteria biofilm in chemostat. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 30, 1685-16888
[81] Xie, Q., Li, J.Y., Zuo, Y.L., Zhou, X.D. 2005. The effect of Galla chinensis on the growth of cariogenic bacteria in vitro. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 23, 82-84.
[82] Huang, Z.W., Zhou, X.D., Xiao, Y., Liu, T.J., Li, J.Y. 2005. In vitro study of the effect of 11 kinds of natural drugs on the growth and acid production of Lactobacillus. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue 14, 67-70.
[83] Huang, Z., Zhou, X., Li, J., Liu, T., Li, H., Zhu, B. 2003. The effects of traditional Chinese medicines on the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to salivary acquired pellicle in vitro. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 34, 135-137.
[84] Li, J., Huang, Z., Zhou, X. 2003. Evaluation of in vitro cario-static effect of Galla chinensis with biofilm model. Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 21, 389-391.
[85] Liu, Z., Liu, T., Li, J., Zhou, X., Zhang, J. 2003. The effect of Galla chinensis on the demineralization of enamel. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 34, 507-509.
[86] Li, C., Zheng, J., Li, X., Zhao, X., Qu, G., Jiang, G., Fu, Y. 2003. The inhibitory effect of extracts from Galla chinensis on marine fouling bacteria. Zhong Yao Cai 26, 106-109.
[87] Xiao, Y., Liu, T., Huang, Z., Zhou, X., Li, G. 2002. The in vitro study of the effects of 11 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine on the growth and acid production of Actinomyces viscosus. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 33, 253-255.
[88] Kurokawa, M., Nagasaka, K., Hirabayashi, T., Uyama, S., Sato, H., Kageyama, T., Kadota, S., Ohyama, H., Hozumi, T., Namba, T. 1995. Efficacy of traditional herbal medicines in combination with acyclovir against Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Research 27, 19-37.
[89] Chang, D.T., Oyang, Y.J., Lin, J.H., 2005. MEDock: a web server for efficient prediction of ligand binding sites based on a novel optimization algorithm. Nucleic Acids Research 33, W233-W238.
[90] Sixma, T.K., Kalk, K.H., van Zanten, B.A., Dauter, Z., Kingma, J., Witholt, B., Hol, W.G. 1993. Refined structure of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, a close relative of cholera toxin. Journal of Molecular Biology 230, 890-918.
[91] Dolinsky, T.J., Nielsen J.E., McCammon, J.A., Baker, N.A. 2004. PDB2PQR: an automated pipeline for the setup of Poisson–Boltzmann electrostatics calculations. Nucleic Acids Research 32, W665–W667.
[92] Schuttelkopf A.W., van Aalten D.M.F. 2004, PRODRG: a tool for high-throughput crystallography of protein-ligand complexes. Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography 60, 1355–1363.
[93] Chen, Q., Wei, W., 2003. Effects and mechanisms of glucosides of Chaenomeles speciosa on collagen-induced arthritis in rats. International Immunopharmacology 3, 593–608.
[94] Li, D., He, L., 2005. Determination of olennolic acid and ursolic acid in Fructus chaenomelis by HPLC-Evaporative light-scattering detection method. Chinese Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 25, 259-261.
[95] Declusin R., Wall M., Whalen G., 1974. Effect of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on sodium and chloride transport in rat jejunum. Clinical Research 22, 635A.
[96] Jaffe, B.M., 1979. Prostaglandins and serotonin: Nonpeptide diarrheogenic hormones. World Journal of Surgery 3, 565-578.

[97] Zavala, M.A., Perez, S., Perez, C., Vargas, R., Perez, R.M., 1998. Antidiarrhoeal activity of Waltheria americana, Commelina coelestis and Alternanthera repens. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61, 41–47.
[98] Qadri F., Svennerholm A.M., Faruque A.S., Sack R.B., 2005. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in developing countries: epidemiology, microbiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18, 465-483.
[99] Kim, H.S. 2005. Do not put too much value on conventional medicines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100, 37–39.
[100] van Der, H.R., Jacobs, D.I., Snoeijer, W., Hallard, D., Verpoorte, R., 2004. The Catharanthus alkaloids: pharmacognosy and biotechnology. Current Medicinal Chemistry 11, 607-628.
[101] Chen, J.C., Ho, T.Y., Chang, Y.S., Wu, S.L., Hsiang, C.Y., 2006. Anti-diarrheal effect of Galla chinensis on the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin and ganglioside interaction. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 103, 385–391.
[102] Ogata N, Shibata T. 2004. Inhibition of rat intestinal Cl− secretion by 4,5-dimethylresorcinol. Pharmacology 72, 247–253.
[103] Ovesna Z., Vachalkova A., Horvathova K., Tothova D., 2004. Pentacyclic triterpenoic acids: new chemoprotective compounds. Neoplasma 51, 327-333.
[104] Liu J., 2005, Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid: research perspectives. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100, 92-94.
[105] Yogeeswari P., Sriram D., 2005. Betulinic acid and its derivatives: a review on their biological properties. Current Medicinal Chemistry 12, 657-666.
[106] Singh, G.B., Singh, S., Bani, S., Gupta, B.D., Banerjee, S.K., 1992. Anti-inflammatory activity of oleanolic acid in rats and mice. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 44, 456-458.
[107] 王家葵、張瑞賢、李敏 校注,朱橚原著 (2007) 救荒本草校釋與研究。中醫古籍出版社。 pp.307-308。
[108] 楊家駱重編 吳其濬原著 (1974) 植物名實圖考 (下)。世界書局。p 753。
[109] Gao, H., Wu, L., Kuroyanagi, M., Harada, K., Kawahara, N., Nakane, T., Umehara, K., Hirasawa, A., Nakamura, Y. 2003. Antitumor-promoting constituents from Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne and their activities in JB6 mouse epidermal cells. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 51, 1318-1321.
[110] Oku, H., Ueda, Y., Ishiguro, K. 2003. Antipruritic effects of the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 26, 1031-1034.
[111] Lee, M.H., Han, Y.N. 2003. A new in vitro tissue factor inhibitory triterpene from the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis. Planta Medica 69, 327-3231.
[112] Lee, M.H., Son, Y.K., Han, Y.N. 2002. Tissue factor inhibitory flavonoids from the fruits of Chaenomeles sinensis. Archives of Pharmacal Research 25, 842-850.
[113] Guo, X., Zhang, L., Quan, S., Hong, Y., Sun, L., Liu, M. 1998. Isolation and identification of Triterpenoid compounds in the fruits of Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidz. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 23, 546-547, 576.
[114] Xu, Y.N., Kim, J.S., Kang, S.S., Son, K.H., Kim, H.P., Chang, H.W., Bae, K. (2002) A new acylated triterpene from the roots of Chaenomeles japonica. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 50, 1124-1125.
[115] Matsuda, H., Nakamura, S., Kubo, M. 1994. Studies of cuticle drugs from natural sources. II. Inhibitory effects of Prunus plants on melanin biosynthesis. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 17, 1417-1420
[116] Hamauzu, Y., Yasui, H., Inno, T., Kume, C., Omanyuda, M. 2005. Phenolic profile, antioxidant property, and anti-influenza viral activity of Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid.), quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), and apple (Malus domestica Mill.) fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 928-934.
[117] Hamauzu, Y., Kume, C., Yasui, H., Fujita, T. 2007. Reddish coloration of Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis) procyanidins during heat treatment and effect on antioxidant and antiinfluenza viral activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, 1221-1226.
[118] Dai, M., Wei, W., Shen, Y.X., Zheng, Y.Q. 2003. Glucosides of Chaenomeles speciosa remit rat adjuvant arthritis by inhibiting synoviocyte activities. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 24, 1161-1166.
[119] Chen, J.C., Chang, Y.S., Wu, S.L., Chao D.C., Chang, C.S., Li, C.C., Ho, T.Y., Hsiang, C.Y., 2007. Inhibition of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-induced diarrhea by Chaenomeles speciosa. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113, 233-239.
[120] Chen, J.C., Huang, L.J., Wu, S.L., Kuo, S.C., Ho, T.Y., Hsiang, C.Y. 2007. Ginger and its bioactive component inhibit enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-induced diarrhea in mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, 8390-8397.
[121] Wright, C.W. 2005. Traditional antimalarials and the development of novel antimalarial drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100, 67–71.
[122] Haustedt, L.O., Mang, C., Siems, K., Schiewe, H., 2006. Rational approaches to natural-product-based drug design. Current Opinion in Drug Discovery & Development 9, 445-462.
[123] Shen, J., Xu, X., Cheng, F., Liu, H., Luo, X., Shen, J., Chen, K., Zhao, W., Shen, X., Jiang, H. 2003. Virtual screening on natural products for discovering active compounds and target information. Current Medicinal Chemistry 10, 2327-2342.
[124] Fiore, C., Eisenhut, M., Ragazzi, E., Zanchin, G., Armanini, D. 2005. A history of the therapeutic use of liquorice in Europe. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99: 317-324.
[125] Blumenthal, M., Goldberg, A., Brinckmann, J., Foster, S., 2000. Herbal Medicine—Expanded Commission E Monographs. American Botanical Council, Austin, TX, pp. 233–239.
[126] Wang, Z.Y., Nixon, D.W., 2001. Licorice and cancer. Nutrition and Cancer 39, 1-11.
[127] Isbrucker, R.A., Burdock, G.A. 2006. Risk and safety assessment on the consumption of Licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology: RTP 6, 167-192.
[128] Fan, E., Merritt, E.A., Zhang, Z., Pickens, J.C., Roach, C., Ahn, M., Hol, W.G. 2001. Exploration of the GM1 receptor-binding site of heat-labile enterotoxin and cholera toxin by phenyl-ring-containing galactose derivatives. Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography 57, 201-212.
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
無相關期刊