臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

多年來關於精神分裂症患者的幻覺症狀與現實監控能力有關的議題，已被學者們廣泛而持續的研究（Bentall et al, 1991;Brébion et al, 2000; Brébion et al, 2008;Keefe et al, 2002; Brunelin et al., 2006a），研究結果多數支持此論點。近期Larøi等人（2004, 2005）以正常人之幻覺經驗研究，也得到大部份的證實，然而情緒性訊息和自我專注對正常幻覺傾向者的現實監控表現影響則尚未有明確的答案。本研究以現實監控作業探討正常幻覺的心理機轉，研究目的︰(一)編制正常幻覺傾向的測量工具；(二)探討不同幻覺傾向者現實監控表現差異；(三)分析情緒性訊息、自我專注狀態對幻覺傾向者現實監控表現影響。
中文化Larøi與Van der Linden (2005)修訂的幻覺經驗量表，初試團體施測145人，個別施測83人，進行項目分析，檢驗內部一致性和再測信度、聚斂和區辨效度，比較團體和個別施測結果差異。正式研究團體施測362人，個別施測15名具幻覺症狀精神分裂病人，探討量表構念，評估群體分辨效度，統計國內大學生幻覺經驗比率和過去研究差異。最後以此幻覺經驗量表，從362位大學生中篩選高低幻覺傾向受試，進行現實監控實驗。實驗一為2×2×3混和設計，篩選出高低幻覺傾向受試各24人，訊息內外在來源以想像/聽見實驗者聲音方式操弄，詞彙情緒性使用正、負和中性評價詞。實驗二為2×2×2×3混和設計，篩選出87位高低幻覺傾向受試，隨機分派到自我專注組和非自我專注組，以編故事問卷操弄自我專注狀態，訊息內外在來源以聯想/聽見實驗者聲音的方式操弄，詞彙情緒性使用正、負和中性詞彙。
研究結果幻覺經驗量表部分，預試項目分析刪除一題後，共15題，具良好的內部一致性、再測信度及聚斂、區辨效度；個別施測分數略低於團體施測，因此正式施測加入相關不計分題以降低受試防衛，探索性因素分析得三個因子：虛假知覺、逼真白日夢、闖入想法和聲音；總量表可有效區辨正常與病人組。國內大學生除聽、嗅和觸幻覺比率和Larøi等人研究相近，其他均顯著較低。實驗一採敏感度指標d’進行分析，顯示當詞彙具情緒性時現實監控表現較差，以具群體分辨效度的題目重新分組受試，則高幻覺傾向組較中幻覺傾向組對中性詞想像來源現實監控表現較差。實驗二採現實監控錯誤個數進行分析，聽見來源詞彙具情緒性時現實監控表現較差；自我專注狀態/高幻覺傾向組和非自我專注狀態/低幻覺傾向組受試易將聯想來源錯誤歸因為聽見來源詞彙。
上述結果支持中文化幻覺經驗量表具良好信效度，情緒性訊息對現實監控表現有影響，幻覺傾向和自我專注狀態對現實監控表現有影響，小部分支持高低幻覺傾向者對於不同的情緒性訊息，現實監控表現有差異。最後針對研究假設中未被完全驗證部分進行討論，並分析自我意識特質可能之影響。

For several years, many issues on the relationship between hallucinations symptoms and reality monitoring of schizophrenic patients have been broadly and constantly discussed and most of the results support that claim. Lately, Larøi et al. (2004, 2005) investigated hallucinations experiences of normal people, and the result had also largely been proved. However, the studies on how emotional information and self-focus affect the reality monitoring performance of normal hallucination-prone people still do not reveal a clear profile. The present research is to report an attempt to explore the mental mechanisms of normal people’s hallucination by using the reality monitoring tasks. The goals of this research are described as following: (1) Compiling an assessment tool applicable for normal hallucination-prone people, (2) Outlining the different types of performance in the reality monitoring tasks among hallucination-prone people, and (3) Analyzing the influence of emotional information and the status of self-focusing on the reality monitoring performance of hallucination-prone people.
Initially, we translated the hallucination experience scale revised by Larøi and Van der Kinden (2005) into Chinese version. There were 145 people for group testing, 83 people tested individually in the preliminary test. Then we computed items analysis, internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminate validity to compare the differences between group and individual assessments. After that, for the formal study, 362 normal people and 15 schizophrenic patients with hallucination symptoms took part in the group and individual testing respectively. Based on their responses to the scale, the construct and group discriminative validity were reviewed and evaluated for comparing the hallucination experience rates with previous related research. Finally, certain numbers of participants represented as being higher/lower hallucination-prone were invited to the reality monitoring experiments. In Experiment 1, a 2x2x3 mixed factor design, 24 high and 24 low hallucination-prone normal people were introduced with the imagined and heard voice of experimenter as the inner and outer information recourses. The emotional materials used for participants included positive, negative and neutral evaluative words. In another 2x2x2x3 mixed factor design study, Experiment 2, 87 high/low hallucination-prone participants were assigned to self-focus/non-self-focus groups. The self-focus status was manipulated by a story construction task which contained inner/outer information recourses induced by free association or the encounter to the voice of experimenter. Same as Experiment 1, the utterances adapted were neutral, positive, and negative emotional words.
For the hallucination experience scale, 15 items were selected after deleting an inappropriate one determined by item analysis of the preliminary test. The responses to these items showed a satisfactory level to the internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminate validity. Due to the finding that the grand score obtained by testing individually was slightly lower than testing in group, several filler items were added into the final version in order to reduce the potential defenses of participants. Further exploratory factor analysis indicated three main factors, false perception, vivid daydreams, and intrusive thought and voice, which appeared to efficiently discriminate normal and patient groups. Besides, the results showed that auditory, olfactory, and tactual hallucination rates of the participated local college students are similar to Larøi and Van der Kinden’s (2005) original findings, but all of other hallucination dimensions were found significantly lower than the original version. In Experiment 1, the sensitivity index d’ indicated a worse performance in the reality monitoring task while participants encountered emotional words. Whereas using the items with higher group discriminative validity to regroup participants, it was revealed that high hallucination-prone group performed worse in responding to the neutral words than the medium hallucination-prone group. In Experiment 2, we took number of errors in reality monitoring as a basis to analyze the results, and found that reality monitoring performs were worse when emotional words were heard. Furthermore, the results showed that both self-focus status/high hallucination-prone group and non-self-focus status/low hallucination-prone group inclined to misattribute the associated words as the words they heard. In conclusion, the present research reports the robust reliability and validity of the revised Chinese hallucination experience scale. Particularly, emotional information, hallucination-prone, and self-focus status all affect the performance of reality monitoring. Minor part of the results suggests that high/low hallucination-prone people would have different reality monitoring performance induced by different emotional information. Finally, extended discussion on the un-verified postulations is given and the possible involvement of self-consciousness is also speculated.

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授權書
中文摘要
英文摘要
致謝
目錄…………………………………………………………………………………… i
表目錄………………………………………………………………………………… iii
圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………… vi
附錄目錄……………………………………………………………………………… xiii
第一章 研究緣起與動機……………………………………………………………… 1
第二章 文獻探討……………………………………………………………………… 4
第一節 幻覺的特性……………………………………………………………… 4
第二節 幻覺的病理機轉………………………………………………………… 11
第三節 幻覺與現實監控理論…………………………………………………… 18
第四節 幻覺的現實監控研究…………………………………………………… 28
第三章 研究方法……………………………………………………………………… 50
第一節 研究目的與架構………………………………………………………… 50
第二節 研究假設………………………………………………………………… 53
第三節 研究流程………………………………………………………………… 55
第四章 預備性研究…………………………………………………………………… 57
第一節 評價性詞彙的詞性選取………………………………………………… 57
第二節 情緒性詞彙的詞性選取………………………………………………… 59
第三節 聯想作業研究…………………………………………………………… 63
第四節 自我專注操弄研究……………………………………………………… 67
第五章 正式研究……………………………………………………………………… 78
第一節 中文化幻覺經驗量表之修編和受試篩選……………………………… 78
第二節 實驗一不同幻覺傾向者對想像/聽見來源的情緒性評價詞現實監控表現之差異性研究……………………………………………………………………… 98
第三節 實驗二 不同幻覺傾向在自我專注狀態下對聯想/聽見來源的情緒性訊息現實監控表現差異研究…………………………………………………………… 113
第六章 綜合討論……………………………………………………………………… 136
第一節 研究假設驗證…………………………………………………………… 136
第二節 研究發現與討論………………………………………………………… 159
第三節 研究限制………………………………………………………………… 167
第四節 未來發展………………………………………………………………… 172
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………… 176
附錄…………………………………………………………………………………… 193

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