供應鏈一詞於近年來越來越常被使用，隨著利潤提升，更多學者投入供應鏈管理與運用的研究領域。而近年來物價不斷攀升，市場上企業之間的競爭越演越烈；各公司為提高本身獲利能力，其管理者嘗試各種方法，不乏有降低成本、高品質、just in time(JIT)、優質售後服務、多角化經營等。當供應鏈管理的效能向上提升後，研究者便依據各種不同的略策模式進行分析比較。
本研究將使用Cournot-Nash賽局模式，以配銷商利潤最大化為目標，在三階層供應鏈並加入空間概念的環境下，針對供應鏈各參賽者間不同的通路與競合模式來進行探討，希望可以更進一步了解均衡供應鏈模型中的各種狀態。
由研究結果可以發現，單以主要決策者進行賽局幾乎無法找出均衡解，但加入上游廠商的決策後，依照不同階段的選擇與決策，便有機會找出整體的均衡解；均衡解存在的情況下，上下游整合能力較強的合作供應鏈可獲取較高的利潤，但競爭能力較弱的一方相對出現較多損失；這種情況之下，擁有較強整合能力的廠商偏向上下游合作的營運模式，而另一方則希望市場能開放競爭以獲取較高利潤。
以往賽局中參賽者的決策多屬個自獨立，但供應鏈的賽局需要參賽者相互共同決策卻、彼此相關，亦即除了自身的競爭外，還要考慮上游廠商的決定，形成一種供應鏈上下游間具有回饋關係的賽局模式。

The word “Supply Chain” used more than before, because it can let a company get more earnings, lots of studies about the supply chain and supply chain management were published. Trying to get powerful, managers use different kinds of ways including of low cost, just in time, high quality etc. When “supply chain management” becomes more efficiently, others trying to use many different models to study about supply chain deeply.
Cournot-Nash equilibrium is used in this research. Using three-echelon supply chain and different cooperative or competitive model, try to find out the best solution and other different situations of retailer in benefit.
From the solution of this research there is no equilibrium solution if we don’t consider about the supplier and manufacturer. But there is the stable solution if we try to consider the supplier and manufacturer and find how they choice the cooperative partners. The game in supply chain is different from others, because the equilibrium solution need all of players including of suppliers, manufacturers and retailers to decide, not like normal game theory that every decision is independent of others.

第一章 緒論
1.1 研究背景與動機……………………………………………………………1
1.2 研究目的……………………………………………………………………2
1.3 研究流程……………………………………………………………………3

第二章 文獻回顧
2.1 供應鏈管理…………………………………………………………………6
2.2 供應鏈管理研究範疇………………………………………………………7
2.3 賽局理論……………………………………………………………………9
2.3.1 市場結構……………………………………………………………9
2.3.2 合作賽局與不合作賽局…………………………………………10
2.4 定價模式…………………………………………………………………12
2.4.1 數量價格折扣……………………………………………………12
2.4.2 無數量價格折扣…………………………………………………12
2.5 小結………………………………………………………………………14

第三章 競合供應鏈型態
3.1 研究範圍與限制…………………………………………………………16
3.2 建立供應鏈架構…………………………………………………………17
3.3 小結………………………………………………………………………22

第四章 建立數學模型
4.1 數學符號說明……………………………………………………………23
4.2數學模式建立……………………………………………………………24
4.2.1 配銷商……………………………………………………………24
4.2.2 製造商……………………………………………………………25
4.2.3 供應商……………………………………………………………26
4.3 數學模式的結合…………………………………………………………26
4.3.1供應商與製造商函數結合…………………………………………26
4.3.2製造商與配銷商函數結合…………………………………………27
4.4 求解程序…………………………………………………………………29
4.5 小結………………………………………………………………………32

第五章 數值模擬分析
5.1 區位分配圖與路徑架構…………………………………………………33
5.2 參數設定…………………………………………………………………34
5.3 各種情況下的模擬分析…………………………………………………34
5.3.1供應鏈彼此競爭…………………………………………………34
5.3.2 供應商彼此競爭…………………………………………………35
5.3.3 製造商彼此競爭…………………………………………………35
5.3.4 無供應鏈架構……………………………………………………35
5.3.5 敏感度分析………………………………………………………36
5.4 運算結果列表……………………………………………………………38
5.4.1供應鏈彼此競爭，有產能限制……………………………………38
5.4.2供應商彼此競爭，有產能限制……………………………………43
5.4.3製造商彼此競爭，有產能限制……………………………………47
5.4.4無供應鏈架構，有產能限制………………………………………51
5.4.5供應鏈彼此競爭，無產能限制……………………………………55
5.4.6供應商彼此競爭，無產能限制……………………………………60
5.4.7製造商彼此競爭，無產能限制……………………………………64
5.4.8無供應鏈架構，無產能限制………………………………………68
5.5 賽局比較…………………………………………………………………72

第六章 結論與建議
6.1 結論………………………………………………………………………78
6.2 建議………………………………………………………………………84

參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………-1-

一、中文部分
1.蕭瑞民. 兩階段供應鏈之競爭合作模型-賽局理論之應用. 國立成功大學工業與資訊管理研究所博士論文. 民國94年5月
2.何欣怡. 供應鏈上下游廠商競合賽局. 國立成功大學交通管理科學研究所碩士論文. 民國96年6月
3.陳一君, 譚征, 謝文德. 供應鏈管理的聯合定價決策模型. Journal of Sichuan University of Science & Engineering (Natural Science Edition), Vol. 18, No. 4. Dec. 2005. pp. 102-105
4.陸貴斌, 甘小冰, 胡奇英. 兩階段供應鏈中三種定價方式研究. Journal of Industrial Engineering/Engineering Management, Vol. 20. No. 1.2006年第一期. pp. 12-17
5.許景翔、歐俊男(譯) (2004年12月)。Walter Nicholson著。個體經濟學：理論與應用(Intermediate Microeconomics and Its Application / 9E)。雙葉書廊。
二、英文部分
1.Bae H.(2003). “Collusive price can be lower than equilibrium price if there is search cost. “Economics Letters. Vol.81. pp. 143–146
2.Beamon B. M.(1999).” Designing the Green Supply Chain. “Logistics Information Management. Vol. 12. No. 4. pp. 332-342
3.Chen F., Drezner Z., Ryan J. K., Simchi-Levi D.(2000). “Quantifying the Bullwhip Effect in a Simple Supply Chain: The Impact of Forecasting, Lead Times, and Information. “Management Science. Vol. 46, No. 3. pp. 436-443
4.Cachon G. P., Fisher M.(2000).” Supply Chain Inventory Management and the Value of Shared Information.” Management Science. Vol. 46. No. 8. pp. 1032-1048
5.Cachon G. P., Lariviere M. A.(2001).” Contracting to Assure Supply: How to Share Demand Forecasts in a Supply Chain. “Management Science. Vol. 47. No. 5. pp. 629-646
6.Cachon G. P., Netessine S.(2005). “Game Theory in Supply Chain Analysis.” Tutorials operations research Informs–New Orleans. pp. 1-34
7.Cachon, G., Netessine, S., (2004).”Game theory in supply chain analysis.” In: Simchi-Levi, D., Wu, S.D., Shen, M. (Eds.), Supply Chain Analysis in the eBusiness Era. Kluwer.
8.Cachon G. P., Zipkin P. H.(1999). “Competitive and Cooperative Inventory Policies in a Two-Stage Supply Chain.” Management Science. Vol. 45. No. 7. pp. 936-953
9.Christopher M., JuKttner U.(2000). “Developing strategic partnerships in the supply chain: a practitioner perspective. “European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, pp. 117-127
10.Dong J., Zhang D., Nagurney A.(2004). “A supply chain network equilibrium model with random demands.” European Journal of Operational Research. Vol.156. pp. 194–212
11.Fliedner G.(2003). “CPFR: an emerging supply chain tool.” Industrial Management & Data Systems. Vol. 103. Issue 1. pp. 14 – 21.
12.Friesz T. L., Rigdon M. A., Mookherjee R.(2006). “Differential variational inequalities and shipper dynamic oligopolistic network competition. “Transportation Research Part B. Vol. 40. pp. 480–503
13.Gerchak, Y., Gupta, D.,(1991). “On apportioning costs to customers in centralized continuous review systems.” Journal of Operations Management 10, 546551.
14.Ghiassi M., Spera C.(2003). “Defining the internet-based supply chain system for mass customized markets.” Computers and Industrial Engineering. Vol. 45 , Issue: 1. pp. 17 – 41
15.Hao L., Zhechuan T., Zhou W., Yu W., Qidi W.(2000). “Research of Agile Supply Chain Management Decision Support System.” High Technology letters, Vol.6 No.2. pp.5-11.
16.Hartman, B.C., Dror, M.,(1996).”Cost allocation in continuousreview inventory models.” Naval Research Logistics .Vol.43. pp. 549–561.
17.Hobbs J. E.(1996). “A transaction cost approach to supply chain management.” Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. Vol. 1. Issue: 2. pp. 15 – 27
18.Ka¨rkka¨inen M.(2003). “Increasing efficiency in the supply chain for short shelf life goods using RFID tagging. “International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 31. No. 10. pp. 529-536.
19.LaLonde B. J., Pohlen T. L.(1996). “Issues in Supply Chain Costing.” The International Journal of Logistics Management.
20.Lee H. L., So K.C., Tang C. S.(2000). “The Value of Information Sharing in a Two-Level Supply Chain.” Management Science, Vol. 46, No. 5 . pp. 626-643
21.Lee H. L., Rosenblatt M. J.(1986). “A Generalized Quantity Discount Pricing Model to Increase Supplier's Profits.” Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 9. pp. 1177-1185
22.Lee H. L., Whang S.(2000). “Information sharing in a supply chain.” International Journal of Technology Managemen., Vol.20. No. 3-4. pp. 373-387
23.Lee H. L., Padmanabhan V., Whang S.(1997). “Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip Effect.” Management Science, Vol. 43, No. 4, Frontier Research in Manufacturing and Logistics. pp. 546-558
24.Leng, M., Parlar, M., 2005. Allocation of cost savings in a threelevel supply chain with demand information sharing: A cooperative-game approach. Working Paper, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
25.Lit S. X.; Huang Z.(1995). “Managing Buyer-seller System Cooperation with Quantity Discount Considerations.” Computers Ops Res., Vol. 22, No. 9. pp. 947-958
26.Maloni M. J., Benton W. C.(1997). “Supply chain partnerships: Opportunities for operations research. “European Journal of Operational Research. Vol.101. Issue: 3. pp. 419-429
27.Mason-Jones R., Towill D.R.(1997). “Information enrichment: designing the supply chain for competitive advantage.” Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol.2, Issue 4, pp. 137 – 148
28.Meca, A., Timmer, J., Garcia-Jurado, I., Borm, P.E.M.,(2004). “Inventory games.” European Journal of Operational Research. Vol.156. pp.127–139.
29.Nagarajan M., Sosic G.(2008).”Game-theoretic analysis of cooperation among supply chain agents: Review and extensions.” European Journal of Operational Research. Vol. 187, Issue: 3. pp. 719-745
30.Nagurney A., Toyasaki F.(2005). “Reverse supply chain management and electronic waste recycling: a multitiered network equilibrium framework for e-cycling.” Transportation Research Part E. Vol.41. pp. 1–28
31.Nagurney A., Dong J., Zhang D.(2002). “A supply chain network equilibrium model.” Transportation Research Part E. Vol.38. pp. 281–303
32.Sarkis J.(2003).” A strategic decision framework for green supply chain management.” Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol.11. Issue:4. pp. 397-409
33.Vidal C. J., Goetschalckx M.(2001). “A global supply chain model with transfer pricing and transportation cost allocation.” European Journal of Operational Research. Vol.129. Issue:1. pp. 134-158
34.Wu K., Nagurney A., Liu Z., Stranlund J. K.(2006). “Modeling generator power plant portfolios and pollution taxes in electric power supply chain networks: A transportation network equilibrium transformation.” Transportation Research Part D. pp. 171–190
35.Wang Q.(2005).” Discount Pricing Policies and the Coordination of Decentralized Distribution Systems.” Decision Sciences, Vol. 36. No. 4. pp. 627-646
36.Weng Z. K.(1995). “Channel Coordination and Quantity Discounts.” Management Science, Vol. 41, No. 9. Sep.. pp. 1509-1522.