臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在本論文中，分別對室溫下或磁光聚中低溫下的銫原子以及雙原子鈉分子的樣本，利用高解析與高靈敏度的雷射光譜進行研究。在銫原子光譜方面，涵蓋三個主題。第一個主題：在室溫下的銫原子，利用階梯狀能階系統，在耦合雷射強度固定下，當探測雷射強度變化時，我們觀測到量子干涉現象與拉曼吸收光譜之間的競爭效應，並測得一個極為狹隘（2MHz）的競爭窗口。量子干涉現象與拉曼吸收光譜分別佔據此一窗口兩端，彼此的光譜特性迥異。第二點：在相同系統下，我們觀測到銫原子雙重綴飾態。在此實驗中，雙重綴飾態以類比於Aulter-Townes雙重態的形式，表現在電磁誘導透明的雙峰譜線上。第三點：以銫原子磁光聚的超低溫原子團為樣本，使用抑制與恢復的方法來觀測電磁誘導透明時，探測雷射的吸收與穿透情形。實驗結果驗證了雷射線寬影響電磁誘導透明的同調性質。令外，在雙原子鈉分子的雷射光譜方面，我們將鈉金屬放置於不鏽鋼熱管爐中加熱到360℃，獲得足夠之鈉的雙原子分子蒸氣作為樣本。此實驗中，我們分別觀測到雙原子分子的高雷德堡電子態中，軌道角動量L的去耦合效應，以及Λ簡併態能階的分裂。當雙原子分子的外圍電子，被激發到較高的雷德堡能態時，軌道角動量L的耦合方式，將由罕德定則（a）過渡到罕德定則（d）；利用最小平方擬合，求得能階分裂隨著能階的振動量子數與轉動量子數的增加而增加來探討軌道角動量去耦合特性。

Atomic and molecular spectroscopy is one of the most fundamental techniques which reveal
the physics described by the quantum mechanics. Therefore, investigations of the spectroscopic characteristics on both samples have attracted considerable attention over the past decades. Hence, the quantum interference phenomenon of the cesium atom and the interaction between
atoms of the sodium diatomic molecule were explored in his work. Three topics of the Cesium atomic spectroscopy regarding on the quantum interference are in this thesis. First, the investigation clarifies the transition between the coherent population trapping and Raman absorption in a ladder-type system of Doppler-broadened cesium vapor. A ompetition window of thistransition due to the probe Rabi frequency was found to be as narrow as 2 MHz. For a weak
probe, the spectrum of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) associated with quantum interference suggests that the e®ect of the Doppler velocity on the spectrum is negligible. When the Rabi frequency of the probe becomes comparable with the effective decay rate, an
electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) dip emerges at the center of the power broadened EIT peak. While the Rabi frequency of the probe exceeds the e®ective decay rate, decoherence that is generated by the intensified probe field occurs and Raman absorption dominates the interaction process, yielding a pure absorption spectrum; the Doppler velocity plays an important
role in the interaction. A theory that is based on density matrix simulation with or without the Doppler effect can qualitatively fit the experimental data. The coherence of atom-photon interactions is created or destroyed using the probe Rabi frequency as a decoherence source. Secondly, doubly dressed states in a ladder-type two-photon, three-level coupling system are observed. The doublet signal of EIT is interpreted as arising from the absorption and gain
components of the Mollow spectrum. The separation of the EIT doublet matches the theoretical prediction. A numerical simulation demonstrates that the Doppler velocity group may perturb the light shift from the symmetric center of the EIT doublet. The quantum nature of
the EIT system signi‾cantly suppresses Doppler broadening. The third, subnatural linewidth in an optical transition on Cs was obtained by the suppression and recovery of the trapping of atoms. Cold Cs atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) were irradiated using a weak probe laser to suppress MOT loading. When a counter-propagating coupling laser was directed to be resonant with the upper transition, the probe laser was induced to transmit and the MOT loading was recovered. This work investigates quantitatively this behavior by applying simulated electromagnetically induced transparency, taking into account the linewidth of the lasers as a decoherence source. Additionally, the experimental observations of the lambda-doubling and
the L-uncoupling of the sodium dimer were discussed in this thesis. The lambda-doubling in Na2
5spg and 5sdg states has been measured using cw high-resolution optical-optical double resonance (OODR) spectroscopy. The lambda-doubling constants depending on both the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers have been derived. Normally, the lambda-doubling separations of
the delta states are much smaller than those of the pistates. However, the constants of the 5sdg
state are much lager than those of the B state. This attributes to the L-uncoupling. At the high-lying Rydberg states, the farther the most outer electron moves apart from its nuclei, the weaker the electronic angular momentum L couples to its internuclear axis. To the limit
of L-uncoupling, the Hund's coupling cases(d) applies. The transition of the Hund's coupling cases due to L-uncoupling removes the degeneracy of Lambda-doubling in the Na2 5sdg state. This makes the separation of lambda-doubling in the high-lying delta states larger than those in the lower pi states. The first order of lambda-doubling constants in the Na2 5sdg, 5spg states are experimentally
measured and are significantly larger than those in the B state. This splitting is affected by the perturbations between the adjacent states as well as the L-uncoupling from its internuclear axis.

Contents
Abstract i
Abstract in Chinese iii
Acknowledgement iv
v
Contents viii
List of Figures xii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The dressed states description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The development and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Theoretical description 9
2.1 The interaction picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Two-level system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Density matrix approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.1 Time evolution of the density matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.2 Steady state solutions of the density matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Classical forced damping oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 Room temperature electromagnetically induced transparency 22
3.1 Power dependence of the EIT signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.1 Theoretical simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.2 Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.3 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1.4 Experimental observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.1.5 Conclusions on this subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2 Doubly dressed states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.2 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.3 Result and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.4 Conclusions on this subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4 Laser cooling and trapping of cesium atom 41
4.1 Doppler cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.1 Optical molasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.1.2 Magneto-optical trap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.2 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2.1 Optical arrangement: the main trapping beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2.2 Optical arrangement: the repumper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.2.3 Magnetic ‾eld coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.4 The vacuum chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2.5 The MOT con‾guration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5 Electromagnetically induced transparency in the laser-cooled Cs atom 60
5.1 Trap loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.1 Internal scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.1.2 External scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Observation of the electromagnetically induced transparency . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.2.1 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
5.2.2 The time sequence of the experimental procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5.2.3 The suppression and the recovery spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.2.4 The power dependence of the suppression and the recovery EIT signal . . 70
5.2.5 Conclusions on this subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6 L-uncoupling and ¤-doubling on diatomic molecule 74
6.1 Observation of L-uncoupling in the 5 1¢g Rydberg state of Na2 . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.1.1 Introduction of the L-uncoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.1.2 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.1.3 Results and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
6.1.4 Summary of the observation of the L-uncoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.2 ¤-doubling investigation of the 5 1¦g Rydberg state of Na2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2.1 General description of the ¤-doubling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.2.2 Results and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
6.2.3 Molecular constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
6.2.4 Summary on the observation of the ¤-doubling splitting . . . . . . . . . . 89
7 Conclusion 91
A Some detailed derivations of chapter two 93
A.1 The relation between the density matrix approach and the interaction picture . . 93
A.2 The coherent population trapping(CPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
B The Doppler-free saturation absorption spectrum(DFSAS) and its deriva-
tives 97
B.1 The combination of the DFSAS and the modulation spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . 97
B.2 Theoretical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
B.2.1 Phase sensitive device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
B.2.2 Modulation signal on the absorption of a two-level system . . . . . . . . . 99
B.3 Experimental setup of the DFSAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
B.4 Results and analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
B.4.1 The double-path con‾guration of the DFSAS for the main trapping laser 104
Bibliography 106

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