1.Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. Jama 2001;285:2370-5.
2.Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, Kronmal R, Hart RG. Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:469-73.
3.Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 2006;114:e257-354.
4.Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation: a major contributor to stroke in the elderly. The Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 1987;147:1561-4.
5.Steger C, Pratter A, Martinek-Bregel M, et al. Stroke patients with atrial fibrillation have a worse prognosis than patients without: data from the Austrian Stroke registry. Eur Heart J 2004;25:1734-40.
6.Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:857-67.
7.Indredavik B, Rohweder G, Lydersen S. Frequency and effect of optimal anticoagulation before onset of ischaemic stroke in patients with known atrial fibrillation. J Intern Med 2005;258:133-44.
8.Miller PS, Andersson FL, Kalra L. Are cost benefits of anticoagulation for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation underestimated? Stroke 2005;36:360-6.
9.Bungard TJ, Ghali WA, Teo KK, McAlister FA, Tsuyuki RT. Why do patients with atrial fibrillation not receive warfarin? Arch Intern Med 2000;160:41-6.
10.Wittkowsky AK. Effective anticoagulation therapy: defining the gap between clinical studies and clinical practice. Am J Manag Care 2004;10:S297-306; discussion S12-7.
11.Go AS, Hylek EM, Chang Y, et al. Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice? Jama 2003;290:2685-92.
12.Caro JJ, Flegel KM, Orejuela ME, Kelley HE, Speckman JL, Migliaccio-Walle K. Anticoagulant prophylaxis against stroke in atrial fibrillation: effectiveness in actual practice. Cmaj 1999;161:493-7.
13.Zehnder BS, Schaer BA, Jeker U, Cron TA, Osswald S. Atrial fibrillation: estimated excess rate of stroke due to lacking adherence to guidelines. Swiss Med Wkly 2006;136:757-60.
14.Nair A, Hazell W, Sutton T, Pillai S. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: an assessment of compliance with guidelines. N Z Med J 2005;118:U1258.
15.Nieuwlaat R, Olsson SB, Lip GY, et al. Guideline-adherent antithrombotic treatment is associated with improved outcomes compared with undertreatment in high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation. The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Am Heart J 2007;153:1006-12.
16.鄭名惠. 心房顫動病患使用抗血栓劑之處方型態分析[碩士論文]. 成功大學; 2007.17.Fuster V, Ryden LE, Asinger RW, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation 2001;104:2118-50.
18.Lip GY, Bawden L, Hodson R, Rutland E, Snatchfold J, Beevers DG. Atrial fibrillation amongst the Indo-Asian general practice population. The West Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Project. Int J Cardiol 1998;65:187-92.
19.Kiatchoosakun S, Pachirat O, Chirawatkul A, Choprapawan C, Tatsanavivat P. Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias in Thai community. J Med Assoc Thai 1999;82:727-33.
20.Lee CH, Liu PY, Tsai LM, et al. Characteristics of hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation in Taiwan: a nationwide observation. Am J Med 2007;120:819.e1-7.
21.Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991;22:983-8.
22.Wolf PA, Dawber TR, Thomas HE, Jr., Kannel WB. Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: the Framingham study. Neurology 1978;28:973-7.
23.Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D, et al. A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Jama 2003;290:1049-56.
24.Independent predictors of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Neurology 2007;69:546-54.
25.Hughes M, Lip GY. Stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of stroke risk factors, risk stratification schema and cost effectiveness data. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:295-304.
26.行政院主計處/政府統計/全國統計資料/生命統計/主要死因統計. (Accessed at http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=15409&CtNode=4595).
27.Lin HJ, Wolf PA, Kelly-Hayes M, et al. Stroke severity in atrial fibrillation. The Framingham Study. Stroke 1996;27:1760-4.
28.American Heart Association. Heart disease and Stroke Statistics-2008 Update.(accessed at http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3000090)
29.Chen YH, Xu SJ, Bendahhou S, et al. KCNQ1 gain-of-function mutation in familial atrial fibrillation. Science 2003;299:251-4.
30.Yang Y, Xia M, Jin Q, et al. Identification of a KCNE2 gain-of-function mutation in patients with familial atrial fibrillation. Am J Hum Genet 2004;75:899-905.
31.Nattel S, Carlsson L. Innovative approaches to anti-arrhythmic drug therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006;5:1034-49.
32.Agarwal A, York M, Kantharia BK, Ezekowitz M. Atrial fibrillation: modern concepts and management. Annu Rev Med 2005;56:475-94.
33.The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management I. A Comparison of Rate Control and Rhythm Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1825-33.
34.Nieuwlaat R, Dinh T, Olsson SB, et al. Should we abandon the common practice of withholding oral anticoagulation in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation? Eur Heart J 2008;29:915-22.
35.Stramba-Badiale M. Atrial fibrillation subtypes, risk of stroke, and antithrombotic therapy. Eur Heart J 2008;29:840-2.
36.林彥璋.戴慶泰.陳適安. 心房顫動的治療. 臨床醫學第五十七卷第六期 2006.37.Oral H, Chugh A, Ozaydin M, et al. Risk of thromboembolic events after percutaneous left atrial radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2006;114:759-65.
38.Wyse DG. Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: a contemporary viewpoint. Heart Rhythm 2007;4:S34-9.
39.de Denus S, Sanoski CA, Carlsson J, Opolski G, Spinler SA. Rate vs rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:258-62.
40.Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1834-40.
41.Carlsson J, Miketic S, Windeler J, et al. Randomized trial of rate-control versus rhythm-control in persistent atrial fibrillation: the Strategies of Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (STAF) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1690-6.
42.Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Lilienthal J. Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation--Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF): a randomised trial. Lancet 2000;356:1789-94.
43.Opolski G, Torbicki A, Kosior DA, et al. Rate control vs rhythm control in patients with nonvalvular persistent atrial fibrillation: the results of the Polish How to Treat Chronic Atrial Fibrillation (HOT CAFE) Study. Chest 2004;126:476-86.
44.Bogousslavsky J, Van Melle G, Regli F, Kappenberger L. Pathogenesis of anterior circulation stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the Lausanne Stroke Registry. Neurology 1990;40:1046-50.
45.Gustafsson C, Britton M. Pathogenetic mechanism of stroke in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: follow-up of stroke patients with and without atrial fibrillation. J Intern Med 1991;230:11-6.
46.Hirsh J, Fuster V, Ansell J, Halperin JL. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation guide to warfarin therapy. Circulation 2003;107:1692-711.
47.Petersen P, Boysen G, Godtfredsen J, Andersen ED, Andersen B. Placebo-controlled, randomised trial of warfarin and aspirin for prevention of thromboembolic complications in chronic atrial fibrillation. The Copenhagen AFASAK study. Lancet 1989;1:175-9.
48.Prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1990;323:481-4.
49.The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1505-11.
50.Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Final results. Circulation 1991;84:527-39.
51.Connolly SJ, Laupacis A, Gent M, Roberts RS, Cairns JA, Joyner C. Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:349-55.
52.Ezekowitz MD, Bridgers SL, James KE, et al. Warfarin in the prevention of stroke associated with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Veterans Affairs Stroke Prevention in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1406-12.
53.Secondary prevention in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. Lancet 1993;342:1255-62.
54.Diener HC LA. Antiplatelet therapy to prevent stroke:risk of brain hemorrhage and efficacy in atrial fibrillation. J Neurol Sci 1997;153:112.
55.Benavente O, Hart R, Koudstaal P, Laupacis A, McBride R. Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000:CD001925.
56.Posada IS, Barriales V. Alternate-day dosing of aspirin in atrial fibrillation. LASAF Pilot Study Group. Am Heart J 1999;138:137-43.
57.Edvardsson N, Juul-Moller S, Omblus R, Pehrsson K. Effects of low-dose warfarin and aspirin versus no treatment on stroke in a medium-risk patient population with atrial fibrillation. Journal of Internal Medicine 2003;254:95-101.
58.Sato H, Ishikawa K, Kitabatake A, et al. Low-Dose Aspirin for Prevention of Stroke in Low-Risk Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Japan Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Trial. Stroke 2006;37:447-51.
59.Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet 1994;343:687-91.
60.Gullov AL, Koefoed BG, Petersen P, et al. Fixed Minidose Warfarin and Aspirin Alone and in Combination vs Adjusted-Dose Warfarin for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Second Copenhagen Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin, and Anticoagulation Study. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1513-21.
61.Hellemons BSP, Langenberg M, Lodder J, et al. Primary prevention of arterial thromboembolism in non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation in primary care: randomised controlled trial comparing two intensities of coumarin with aspirin. BMJ 1999;319:958-64.
62.Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Spengos K, et al. Primary prevention of arterial thromboembolism in the oldest old with atrial fibrillation--a randomized pilot trial comparing adjusted-dose and fixed low-dose coumadin with aspirin. Eur J Intern Med 2006;17:48-52.
63.Hu DY, Zhang HP, Sun YH, Jiang LQ. [The randomized study of efficiency and safety of antithrombotic therapy in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: warfarin compared with aspirin]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2006;34:295-8.
64.Rash A, Downes T, Portner R, Yeo WW, Morgan N, Channer KS. A randomised controlled trial of warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in octogenarians with atrial fibrillation (WASPO). Age Ageing 2007;36:151-6.
65.Morocutti C, Amabile G, Fattapposta F, et al. Indobufen Versus Warfarin in the Secondary Prevention of Major Vascular Events in Nonrheumatic Atrial Fibrillation. Stroke 1997;28:1015-21.
66.Perez-Gomez F, Alegria E, Berjon J, et al. Comparative effects of antiplatelet, anticoagulant, or combined therapy in patients with valvular and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A randomized multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1557-66.
67.Connolly S, Pogue J, Hart R, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:1903-12.
68.Adjusted-dose warfarin versus low-intensity, fixed-dose warfarin plus aspirin for high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III randomised clinical trial. The Lancet 1996;348:633-8.
69.Hart RG, Pearce LA, Miller VT, et al. Cardioembolic vs. noncardioembolic strokes in atrial fibrillation: frequency and effect of antithrombotic agents in the stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation studies. Cerebrovasc Dis 2000;10:39-43.
70.Mant J, Hobbs FD, Fletcher K, et al. Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:493-503.
71.Hart RG, Bhatt DL, Hacke W, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of stroke in patients with a history of atrial fibrillation: subgroup analysis of the CHARISMA randomized trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 2008;25:344-7.
72.Connolly S, Yusuf S, Budaj A, et al. Rationale and design of ACTIVE: the atrial fibrillation clopidogrel trial with irbesartan for prevention of vascular events. Am Heart J 2006;151:1187-93.
73.Pengo V, Zasso A, Barbero F, et al. Effectiveness of fixed minidose warfarin in the prevention of thromboembolism and vascular death in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The American Journal of Cardiology 1998;82:433-7.
74.Hart RG, Benavente O, McBride R, Pearce LA. Antithrombotic Therapy To Prevent Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:492-501.
75.Flaker GC, Gruber M, Connolly SJ, et al. Risks and benefits of combining aspirin with anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: an exploratory analysis of stroke prevention using an oral thrombin inhibitor in atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF) trials. Am Heart J 2006;152:967-73.
76.Dentali F, Douketis JD, Lim W, Crowther M. Combined aspirin-oral anticoagulant therapy compared with oral anticoagulant therapy alone among patients at risk for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:117-24.
77.Lechat P, Lardoux H, Mallet A, et al. Anticoagulant (fluindione)-aspirin combination in patients with high-risk atrial fibrillation. A randomized trial (Fluindione, Fibrillation Auriculaire, Aspirin et Contraste Spontane; FFAACS). Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;12:245-52.
78.Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction--executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the 1999 guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:671-719.
79.Buresly K, Eisenberg MJ, Zhang X, Pilote L. Bleeding complications associated with combinations of aspirin, thienopyridine derivatives, and warfarin in elderly patients following acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:784-9.
80.Ruiz-Nodar JM, Marin F, Hurtado JA, et al. Anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy use in 426 patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and stent implantation implications for bleeding risk and prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:818-25.
81.Johnson SG, Rogers K, Delate T, Witt DM. Outcomes associated with combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. Chest 2008;133:948-54.
82.Lip GY. Don't add aspirin for associated stable vascular disease in a patient with atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulation. BMJ 2008;336:614-5.
83.Salem DN, Stein PD, Al-Ahmad A, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease--native and prosthetic: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126:457S-82S.
84.Petersen P, Grind M, Adler J, Investigators SI. Ximelagatran versus warfarin forstroke prevention in patientswith nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: SPORTIF ii: a dose-guiding, tolerability, and safety study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1445-51.
85.Olsson SB. Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:1691-8.
86.Investigators SESCftSV. Ximelagatran vs Warfarin for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Trial. Jama 2005;293:690-8.
87.Harenberg J, Weuster B, Pfitzer M, et al. Prophylaxis of embolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation using low molecular weight heparin. Semin Thromb Hemost 1993;19 Suppl 1:116-21.
88.Yamaguchi T. Optimal Intensity of Warfarin Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation : A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Trial. Stroke 2000;31:817-21.
89.Michael DE, Paul AR, Gerhard N, et al. Dabigatran With or Without Concomitant Aspirin Compared With Warfarin Alone in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation (PETRO Study). The American Journal of Cardiology 2007;100:1419-26.
90.Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1449-57.
91.Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at low risk of stroke during treatment with aspirin: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Study. The SPAF III Writing Committee for the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Jama 1998;279:1273-7.
92.Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, Boechler M, Rich MW, Radford MJ. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. Jama 2001;285:2864-70.
93.Albers GW, Dalen JE, Laupacis A, Manning WJ, Petersen P, Singer DE. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest 2001;119:194S-206S.
94.Fang MC, Go AS, Chang Y, Borowsky L, Pomernacki NK, Singer DE. Comparison of risk stratification schemes to predict thromboembolism in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:810-5.
95.Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE, Go AS, Halperin JL, Manning WJ. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126:429S-56S.
96.Gage BF, van Walraven C, Pearce L, et al. Selecting patients with atrial fibrillation for anticoagulation: stroke risk stratification in patients taking aspirin. Circulation 2004;110:2287-92.
97.Fihn SD, McDonell M, Martin D, et al. Risk factors for complications of chronic anticoagulation. A multicenter study. Warfarin Optimized Outpatient Follow-up Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:511-20.
98.White RH, Beyth RJ, Zhou H, Romano PS. Major bleeding after hospitalization for deep-venous thrombosis. Am J Med 1999;107:414-24.
99.Hart RG, Halperin JL. Atrial fibrillation and stroke : concepts and controversies. Stroke 2001;32:803-8.
100.McCrory DC, Matchar DB, Samsa G, Sanders LL, Pritchett EL. Physician attitudes about anticoagulation for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:277-81.
101.Landefeld CS, Goldman L. Major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin: incidence and prediction by factors known at the start of outpatient therapy. Am J Med 1989;87:144-52.
102.Beyth RJ, Quinn LM, Landefeld CS. Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin. Am J Med 1998;105:91-9.
103.Wells PS, Forgie MA, Simms M, et al. The outpatient bleeding risk index: validation of a tool for predicting bleeding rates in patients treated for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:917-20.
104.Aspinall SL, DeSanzo BE, Trilli LE, Good CB. Bleeding Risk Index in an anticoagulation clinic. Assessment by indication and implications for care. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20:1008-13.
105.Kuijer PM, Hutten BA, Prins MH, Buller HR. Prediction of the risk of bleeding during anticoagulant treatment for venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:457-60.
106.Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Kovacs MJ, et al. Comparison of low-intensity warfarin therapy with conventional-intensity warfarin therapy for long-term prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2003;349:631-9.
107.Gage BF, Yan Y, Milligan PE, et al. Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF). Am Heart J 2006;151:713-9.
108.Shireman TI, Mahnken JD, Howard PA, Kresowik TF, Hou Q, Ellerbeck EF. Development of a contemporary bleeding risk model for elderly warfarin recipients. Chest 2006;130:1390-6.
109.Hughes M, Lip GY. Risk factors for anticoagulation-related bleeding complications in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Qjm 2007;100:599-607.
110.Hart RG, Aguilar MI. Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: selected controversies including optimal anticoagulation intensity, treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2008;25:26-32.
111.Mok V, Wong KS, Lam WWM, Poon WS, Kay R. Warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage occurs with lower intensification of anticoagulation in Chinese. Neurol J Southeast Asia 2001 6:107-11.
112.Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, Bussey H, Jacobson A, Hylek E. The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 2004;126:204S-33S.
113.Nichol MB, Knight TK, Dow T, et al. Quality of anticoagulation monitoring in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients: comparison of anticoagulation clinic versus usual care. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:62-70.
114.Yamaguchi T. Optimal intensity of warfarin therapy for secondary prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation : a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. Japanese Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation-Embolism Secondary Prevention Cooperative Study Group. Stroke 2000;31:817-21.
115.Nozawa T, Asanoi H, Inoue H. Instability of anticoagulation intensity contributes to occurrence of ischemic stroke in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation. Jpn Circ J 2001;65:404-8.
116.Yasaka M, Minematsu K, Yamaguchi T. Optimal intensity of international normalized ratio in warfarin therapy for secondary prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Intern Med 2001;40:1183-8.
117.Cheung CM, Tsoi TH, Huang CY. The lowest effective intensity of prophylactic anticoagulation for patients with atrial fibrillation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005;20:114-9.
118.Hu DY. [The efficacy and safety of antithrombotic therapy with warfarin in nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2006;45:800-3.
119.Ingelgard A, Hollowell J, Reddy P, Gold K, Tran K, Fitzmaurice D. What are the barriers to warfarin use in atrial fibrillation?: Development of a questionnaire. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2006;21:257-65.
120.Albers GW, Bittar N, Young L, et al. Clinical characteristics and management of acute stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation admitted to US university hospitals. Neurology 1997;48:1598-604.
121.Brass LM, Krumholz HM, Scinto JD, Mathur D, Radford M. Warfarin use following ischemic stroke among Medicare patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:2093-100.
122.Somerfield J, Barber PA, Anderson NE, et al. Not all patients with atrial fibrillation-associated ischemic stroke can be started on anticoagulant therapy. Stroke 2006;37:1217-20.
123.Evans A, Kalra L. Are the results of randomized controlled trials on anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation generalizable to clinical practice? Arch Intern Med 2001;161:1443-7.
124.Gottlieb LK, Salem-Schatz S. Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Does efficacy in clinical trials translate into effectiveness in practice? Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1945-53.
125.Kalra L, Yu G, Perez I, Lakhani A, Donaldson N. Prospective cohort study to determine if trial efficacy of anticoagulation for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation translates into clinical effectiveness. BMJ 2000;320:1236-9.
126.Lakshminarayan K, Solid CA, Collins AJ, Anderson DC, Herzog CA. Atrial fibrillation and stroke in the general medicare population: a 10-year perspective (1992 to 2002). Stroke 2006;37:1969-74.
127.Kao Y-H, Kuo C-W, Hung H-J, Jia S-W. Classification of pharmaceutical products reimbursed by national health insurance by the ATC system. The Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal 2002;54:283-90.
128.中央健康保險局/醫事機構/醫事服務/疾病分類代碼及範圍 (Accessed at http://www.nhi.gov.tw/webdata/webdata.asp?menu=3&menu_id=56&webdata_id=1008&WD_ID=75).
129.全民健康保險特約醫事服務機構家數表. 2008年4月 (accessed at http://www.nhi.gov.tw/webdata/webdata.asp?menu=2&menu_id=79&webdata_id=805&WD_ID=113).
130.中央健康保險局業務執行報告. 2008年5月 (Accessed at http://www.nhi.gov.tw/webdata/webdata.asp?menu=2&menu_id=79&webdata_id=2159&WD_ID=).
131.Nieuwlaat R, Capucci A, Camm AJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation management: a prospective survey in ESC member countries: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2005;26:2422-34.
132.Friberg L, Hammar N, Ringh M, Pettersson H, Rosenqvist M. Stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: who gets it and who does not? Report from the Stockholm Cohort-study on Atrial Fibrillation (SCAF-study). Eur Heart J 2006;27:1954-64.
133.Go AS, Hylek EM, Borowsky LH, Phillips KA, Selby JV, Singer DE. Warfarin use among ambulatory patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: the anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation (ATRIA) study. Ann Intern Med 1999;131:927-34.
134.Nieuwlaat R, Capucci A, Lip GY, et al. Antithrombotic treatment in real-life atrial fibrillation patients: a report from the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2006;27:3018-26.
135.Garwood CL, Corbett TL. Use of anticoagulation in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation who are at risk for falls. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:523-32.
136.McBride D, Bruggenjurgen B, Roll S, Willich SN. Anticoagulation treatment for the reduction of stroke in atrial fibrillation: a cohort study to examine the gap between guidelines and routine medical practice. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2007;24:65-72.
137.Glazer NL, Dublin S, Smith NL, et al. Newly detected atrial fibrillation and compliance with antithrombotic guidelines. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:246-52.
138.Garcia D, Regan S, Crowther M, Hughes RA, Hylek EM. Warfarin maintenance dosing patterns in clinical practice: implications for safer anticoagulation in the elderly population. Chest 2005;127:2049-56.
139.Siguret V, Gouin I, Debray M, et al. Initiation of warfarin therapy in elderly medical inpatients: a safe and accurate regimen. Am J Med 2005;118:137-42.
140.Yu HC, Chan TY, Critchley JA, Woo KS. Factors determining the maintenance dose of warfarin in Chinese patients. Qjm 1996;89:127-35.
141.Staffurth JS, Gibberd MC, Fui SN. Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation. Br Med J 1977;2:688-90.
142.Yuen RW, Gutteridge DH, Thompson PL, Robinson JS. Embolism in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation. Med J Aust 1979;1:630-1.
143.Hurley DM, Hunter AN, Hewett MJ, Stockigt JR. Atrial fibrillation and arterial embolism in hyperthyroidism. Aust N Z J Med 1981;11:391-3.
144.Petersen P, Hansen JM. Stroke in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation. Stroke 1988;19:15-8.
145.Hart RG, Tonarelli SB, Pearce LA. Avoiding Central Nervous System Bleeding During Antithrombotic Therapy: Recent Data and Ideas. Stroke 2005;36:1588-93.
146.Yavorski RT, Wong RK, Maydonovitch C, Battin LS, Furnia A, Amundson DE. Analysis of 3,294 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in military medical facilities. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:568-73.
147.Hylek EM, Evans-Molina C, Shea C, Henault LE, Regan S. Major hemorrhage and tolerability of warfarin in the first year of therapy among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2007;115:2689-96.
148.周碧瑟. 健保資料既有疾病(comorbidity)之驗證-以北部某醫學中心為例. (accessed at http://www.nhi.gov.tw/webdata/webdata.asp?menu=1&menu_id=&webdata_ID=1408).
149.朱裕文. 藥事照顧對抗凝血治療門診之影響[碩士論文]. 國防醫學院; 2000.
150.張陽. 藥師對門診病患進行口服抗凝血劑衛教之成效探討[碩士論文]. 台北醫學大學; 2000.