臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

H.264是新一代的視訊編碼標準，其加入了幾個技術來達到較高的編碼效能，其中在可變區塊大小之移動預估使用7種不同大小的區塊，來去除畫面間之時間域冗餘度(Temporal redundancy)。編碼模式的決策中，H.264使用位元率─失真最佳化之技術進行全域搜尋以得到Macroblock之最佳編碼模式。然而，以全域搜尋來選擇Macroblock的最佳編碼模式，卻大量增加編碼過程所產生的複雜度。
為了降低其計算複雜度，並維持畫面品質，此論文提出兩個快速模式決策演算法來決策編碼模式，將進行全域搜尋之移動預估模式選擇大量減少。方法一，使用移動資訊(Motion information)以及利用DCT來決定邊界資訊(Edge information)當成模式決策準則並結合模糊理論之快速演算法；方法二，提出利用編碼區塊與前張畫面相同位置區塊之編碼模式的關係與畫面中紋理的特性當成編碼模式決策準則並以模糊理論決定出編碼模式之群組，以簡化需搜尋之編碼模式。本論文提出之兩種畫面間快速編碼模式決策法，皆利用模糊推論技術不需很高的計算複雜度特性用來選擇區塊之最適當的模式或可選模式之群組，以達到減少編碼時間的目的。模擬結果顯示，在編碼時間減少上，方法一最高可以節省74%；方法二最高可以節省70%，且畫面品質幾乎維持一樣。

H.264 is the latest video coding standard in which some new coding techniques has adopted to achive high coding efficiency. Among the techniques of H.264, Variable block-size motion estimation utilizes seven block sizes to reduce the temporal redundancy between frames. The optimal mode decision for each macroblock is made by Rate-Distortion Optimization (RDO) in H.264 inter-frame coding. However, exhaustively searching over all possible modes to choose the best coding mode for macroblock will increase the computational complexity significantly.
To decrease the computational complexity and keep the coding picture quality, this thesis proposes two fast algorithms to select the coding mode such that the number of candidate modes to be searched in motion estimation is largely reduced. First one, the thesis proposes a new algorithm by fuzzy reasoning technique for inter-mode decision with two factors (motion information and edge information is generated by DCT). The other one, this thesis uses two indices, which are the correlation between macroblock mode of current frame and its corresponding macroblock mode in the previous frame, and texture characteristics with fuzzy reasoning technique to select the group of candidate mode for inter-mode decision. In the poposed algorithms, fuzzy reasoning technique is used to decrease the encoding time by the most suitable mode or group of candidate mode determination for inter-frame coding. Experimental results show that the encoding time is reduced up to 74% on method 1. Moreover, the encoding time is reduced up to 70% on method 2, and the quality is almost remained.

誌謝 I
論文摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 V
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
1.1簡介 1
1.2動機與目的 2
1.3論文架構 2
第二章H.264/AVC 簡介 3
2.1簡介H.264/AVC視訊壓縮標準 3
2.2編碼模式介紹 9
2.2.1 畫面間預測(Inter prediction mode) 9
2.2.2畫面內預測(Intra prediction mode) 11
2.2.3 最佳編碼模式之選擇 14
第三章 畫面間編碼模式選擇之快速演算法 16
3.1 編碼模式之分析與統計 16
3.2畫面間編碼模式決策之快速演算法 18
3.2.1以時間域的相關性所提出的快速演算法 18
3.2.2以空間域的相關性所提出的快速演算法 20
3.2.3以時間域及空間域的相關性所提出的快速演算法 23
第四章 移動預估之快速模式決策的研究 27
4.1以模糊理論結合Motion information(移動資訊)及Edge information(邊界資訊)的快速演算法 27
4.1.1移動資訊的分析 27
4.1.2邊界資訊的分析 29
4.1.3 以模糊理論提出快速編碼模式決策之演算法 32
4.2群組分類之快速模式決策演算法 37
4.2.1 Skip模式快速決策 37
4.2.2相鄰畫面間相對應Macroblock的關係性分析 40
4.2.3 Horizontal texture(水平方向紋理)及Vertical texture(垂直方向紋理)的分析 43
4.2.4模糊理論應用於快速模式決策 48
4.2.5群組分類之快速模式決策演算法的流程圖 55
第五章 實驗結果 56
5.1 實驗環境設定 56
5.2 實驗數據之比較與分析 57
5.2.1 CIF影像序列之各演算法的比較數據 58
5.2.2 QCIF影像序列之各演算法的比較數據 63
第六章 結論及未來展望 70
參考文獻 71

[1]ISO/IEC 13818–2: “Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information—Part 2: Video,” 1994, also ITU-T Recommendation H.262.
[2]ITU-T Recommendation H.263, “Video Coding for Low bit rate Communication,” version 1, Nov. 1995; version 2, Jan. 1998; version 3, Nov. 2000.
[3]ISO/IEC 13818–2: “Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information—Part 2: Video,” 1994, also ITU-T Recommendation H.262.
[4]ISO/IEC 14496–2: “Information technology—coding of audiovisual objects—part 2: visual,” Geneva, 2000.
[5]A. Joch, F. Kossentini, H. Schwarz, T. Wiegand, and G. Sullivan, “Performance
comparison of video coding standards using Lagrangian coder control,” Proc. of the IEEE ICIP 2002, part II, pp. 501–504, Sept. 2002.
[6]J. Ostermann, J. Bormans, P. List, D. Marpe, M. Narroschke, F. Pereira, T. Stockhammer, and T. Wedi, “Video coding with H.264/AVC: tools, performance, and complexity,” IEEE Circuits and System Magazine, vol. 4, pp. 7-28, First Quarter 2004.
[7]徐意宣（張寶基教授指導），“H.264 快速橫向線型移動預估實現於Equator數位訊號處理器，國立中央大學通訊工程學系碩士論文，2005年7月。
[8]ITU-T/SG 16/VCEG, Video Codec Test Model Long Term Number 8(TML-8). Doc, VCEG-N10, July 2001.
[9]T. Wedi, and H.G. Musmann, “Motion-and aliasing-compensated prediction for hybrid video coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, pp.577-587, July 2003
[10]T. Wiegand, X. Zhang, and B. Girod, “Long-term memory motion-compensated prediction for video coding,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 9, pp.70-84, Feb.1999.
[11]B. Girod, “Efficiency analysis of multihypothesis motion-compensated prediction for video coding,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 9, Feb. 1999.
[12]A. Ortega, and K. Ramchandran, “Rate-distortion methods for image and video compression,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 15 no. 6, pp. 23-50, Nov. 1998.
[13]T. Wiegand, and B. Girod, “Lagrangian multiplier selection in hybrid video coder control,” in Proc. of ICIP 2001, Thessaloniki, Greece, Oct. 2001.
[14]H. Malvar, A. Hallapuro, M. Karczewicz, and L. Kerofsky, “Low-Complexity transform and quantization in H.264/AVC, ” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 13, pp. 598-603, July 2003.
[15]T. Wiegand, G. J. Sullivan, G. Bjontegaard, and A. Luthra, “Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.13,pp.560-576,July 2003.
[16]ITU-T Rec. H.264 and ISO/IEC 14496-5 AVC, JVT-O079, April, 2005.
[17]X. Jing, and L.-P. Chau, “Fast approach for H.264 inter mode decision,” Electronics letters, vol. 40 no. 17, pp. 1050-1052, Aug. 2004.
[18]D. Wu, F. Pan, K. P. Lim, S. Wu, Z. G. Li, X. Lin, S. Rahardja, and C. C. Ko, “Fast intermode decision in H.264/AVC video coding”, IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 15, no. 6, pp.953-958, July 2005.
[19]A.C. Yu, “Efficient block-size selection algorithm for inter-frame coding in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC,” in Proc. ICASSP, vol. 3, pp. iii-1 69-72, May 2004.
[20]P. J. Lee, and M. L. Lin, “Fast inter mode selection algorithm for motion estimation in MPEG-4AVC/JVT/H.264”, International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 1365-1368, Atlanta, GA USA, Oct. 2006.
[21]Ming Yang, and Wensheng Wang , “FAST MACROBLOCK MODE SELECTION BASED ON MOTION CONTENT CLASSIFICATION IN H.264/AVC,” International Conference on Image Processing, Vol.2, page(s): 741- 744, Oct. 2004.
[22]Andy C. Yu, and Graham R.Martin, “Advanced Block Size Selection Algorithm for InterFrame Coding in H.264/MPEG-4 AVC”, International Conference on Image Processing, Vol.1, page(s): 95- 97, Oct. 2004.
[23]Hung-Ming Wang, Ji-Kun, and Jar-Ferr Yang, “Fast H.264 Inter Mode Decision Based on Inter and Intra Block conditions”, International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Page(s):3647 – 3650, May 2007.
[24]N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan, and R. Rao, “discrete cosine transform,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol. C-23, pp. 90-93, Jan. 1974.
[25]Jong-Ho Kim, Byung-Gyu Kim, Chang-Sik Cho, “Fast Inter Mode Decision Algorithm Based on Macroblock Tracking in H.264/AVC Video”, ETRI Journal, vol.29, no.6, pp.736-744., June 2007.
[26]Inchoon Choi, Jeyun Lee, and Byeungwoo Jeon, “Fast Coding Mode Selection with Rate-Distortion Optimization for MPEG-4 Part-10 AVC/H.264”,IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Volume 16, Issue 12, Page(s):1557 – 1561, Dec. 2006.
[27]Zhi Zhou, and Ming-Ting Sun, “Fast Macroblock Inter Mode Decision and Motion Estimation for H.264/MPEG-4 AVC”, International Conference on Image Processing, Vol.2, Page(s):789 – 792, Oct. 2004.
[28]Jong-Ho Kim, Byung-Gyu Kim, and Chang-Sik Cho, “A Fast Block Mode Decision Algorithm Using a Block Correlation in H.264/AVC”, International Symposium on Consumer Electronics , Page:1-5, June 2007.
[29]Byung-Gyu Kim, and Chang-Sik Cho, “FAST INTER-MODE DECISION AlGORITHM FOR P SLICES IN H.264/AVC VIDEO STANDARD”, International Symposium on Consumer Electronics , Page(s):1-5, June 2007.
[30]Liquan Shen, Zhi Liu, Zhaoyang Zhang, and Guozhong Wang, “A novel algorithm to fast mode decision with consideration about video texture in H.264”, International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, Page(s):684 – 687, May 2007.
[31]王文俊 編著，認識FUZZY(第三版)，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，2005。
[32]JVT reference software, JM 12.4, downloaded from http://bs.hhi.de/~suehring/tml.