臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

雷達影像可以全天候的觀測地球環境變化，因此使用合成孔徑雷達影像做資料的分析與蒐集(例如:地物分類，國土監測，地形變遷，海洋污染…等)，有無法取代的優勢。
要分析合成孔徑雷達影像資料，影像的輻射校正與幾何校正是非常重要的步驟。本實驗室目前已分別發展出利用延遲器產生斜距方向移動點，或使用頻移器產生方位方向移動點，來做為影像的幾何校正控制點與輻射校正參考點。
本研究將改良僅能產生上下兩對稱移動點且能量較弱的舊式頻移器，利用耦合效應，改良後的校正器可以得到數十個可靠的方位方向移動點，提供方位方向的幾何校正參考點。獲得到的校正係數K值，可作為精密輻射校正之用。

Synthetic aperture radar(SAR) is capable of observing the changes of Earth surface in all weather. Furthermore, It has a deal of the advantages to analyze and to collect the information about the earth’s environment , such as the geological classification, the territorial defense , the movement of the Earth’s surface , and the ocean polluted extent, to name a few. However, precise geometric and radiometric calibrations will be the vital process. Our team has developed the delay line and the multiplier to introduce shift points at range direction and azimuth directions respectively.
This study devotes to improving old calibrator that produces only two symmetric shift points with weak power returns. Experiments show that the new calibrator can provide many more shift points along the azimuth direction. It demonstrating that if is useful for precise geometric and radiometric calibrations for satellite SAR.

目錄
摘要(中文) i
摘要(英文) ii
致謝 iii
目錄 iv
圖目 v
表目 x
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究目的 1
1.2 文獻回顧 3
1.3 章節介紹 6
第二章 主動式雷達校正器 8
之相關理論分析 8
2.1雷達方程式 8
2.2合成孔徑雷達(Synthetic Aperture Radar SAR) 10
2.1.1方位(Azimuth)處理 11
2.1.1.1 都卜勒變化 12
2.1.1.2都卜勒頻移相關性推導 14
2.1.1.3 脈波重覆頻率PRF(Pulse Repetition Frequency) 17
2.1.2斜距(Range)處理 19
2.1.2.1匹配濾波器(Matched Filter) 20
2.2.1雷達散射系數換算式 21
2.2.2積和方法(Integrated method) 23
2.3 方位角及仰角 24
2.3.1正北、方格北與磁北 24
2.3.2 計算方位角 25
2.3.2計算仰角 27
第三章 可調式都卜勒頻移主動雷達校正器改良與設計 28
3.1 設計目的 28
3.2 設計與改正之考量 29
3.2.1 舊有系統架構 29
3.2.2 舊式主動式雷達校正器之訊號處裡流程 32
3.3 改良後系統架構及內部元件分析 33
3.3.1 調變器原理 34
3.3.2 AD834調變器製作 37
3.3.3 耦合效應 40
3.5 外觀結構及電路佈局設計 43
3.6 主動式雷達校正器野外施測步驟 46
3.6.1主動雷達校正器於實驗場地之架設安裝 46
第四章 可調式都卜勒頻移主動雷達校正器改良之實驗成果 48
4.1 2007/12/20 ERS-2與ENVISAT實驗 48
4.2 2008/1/5 ARC於ERS-2實驗 57
4.3 2008/01/24 ARC於ERS-2實驗 61
4.4 2008/02/28 ARC於ERS-2實驗 66
4.5 2008/04/19 ARC於ERS-2實驗 71
4.6 主動式雷達校正器實驗資料統計 78
第五章 結論與展望 82
5.1 結論 82
5.2 展望 83
參考文獻 86

[1] Daleman P. S., R. K. Hawkins, T.I. Lukowski, “Experience with Active Radar Calibrators for Airborne SAR,” IGARSS ''90, Remote Sensing,College Park, MD, pp. 795 – 798.
[2] Ahne J., K. Sarabandi, F.T. Ulaby, “Design and implementation of single antenna polarimetric active radar calibrators,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, pp.1280-1283, 1993.
[3] 羅俊宏, ”C波段主動式雷達校正器之研製與量測,” 國立中央大學通訊工程研究所碩士論文,2004.
[4] 簡誌宏, ”C波段可調式都卜勒頻移主動校正器研製與性能評估,” 國立中央大學太空科學研究所碩士論文,2007
[5] Ludwig R., P. Bretchko, RF Circuit Design Theory and Applications, Prentice-Hall, 2000.
[6] Peyton Z. ,J. Peebles, Radar principles, Wiley, New York, 1998.
[7] Byron E., RADAR principles, Technology, Applications,
Prentice-Hall, 1993.
[8] Cumming I.G., Wong F. H., Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar data, Artech House, 2005.
[9] Mehrdad S., 1999, Synthetic Aperture Radar signal Processing, John Wiley & SONS ,inc.
[10] Haykin S., B. V. Veen, Signals and Systems, 2nd Edition, John Wiley, New York, 2003.
[11] Shimada M, H. Oaku, M. Nakai, “SAR Calibration Using Frequency-Tunable Active Radar Calibrators”,IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol 37, pp. 564-573, Jan. 1999.
[12] M. Fujita, “An active reflector for SAR calibration having a frequency shift capability,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E75-B, pp. 791-793,Aug. 1992.
[13] David M. Pozar, “Microwave Engineering”, 2nd. Edition, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A 1998.
[14] Chu, A. Kim, Y. Vanzyl, J. Lou, Y. Chapman, B., ”The Interferometric Data Calibration for the AIRSAR PacRim II Mission”, INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM,VOL 3, p2098-p2100,2005.
[15] ERS-2 Satellite replica pulse power correction factor. (http://earth.esa.int/ers/)
[16] Christopher B.,”ASAR EXTERNAL CALIBRATION”,European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC).
[17] Brunfeld D. R., t and F. T. Ulaby, “Active calibrators for radar calibration,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 22, no. 2, 1984.
[18] Freeman A., Y. Chen, and C. L. Werner, “Polarimetric SAR calibration experiment using active radar calibrators,” IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol. 28, pp. 224–240, Mar. 1990.
[19] Ziemer R. E., W. H. Tranter, “Principles of Communications”, 4th . Edition, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A 2002.
[20] Stutzman L. W., G. A. Thiele, “ANTENNA THEORY AND DESIGN”, 2nd . Edition, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A 1998.