臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要目的在於探討製造業市場導向對創新行為之影響；探討吸收能力對市場導向與創新行為關係之干擾作用；探討組織創新氣候對市場導向與創新行為關係之干擾作用。為達成上述目的，本研究以天下雜誌2007年所出版「天下1000大製造業」之公司研發部門員工為母群體，採隨機抽樣的方式選取100家公司做為施測對象，每家發放5份問卷，共回收206份。並進行描述性統計分析、驗證性因素分析（CFA），並採用階層迴歸分析來驗證假設。
研究結果發現製造業市場導向對於創新行為有正向影響；再者，研發人員的吸收能力會增強市場導向對創新行為的影響；且組織創新氣候亦會增強市場導向對創新行為之影響。依據上述結果，企業應注重內外部的市場導向機制與知識的吸收能力，並營造良好的創新氣候，以提升員工的創新行為。

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the market orientation on innovation behavior in manufacturing industry, the interference of the absorptive capability in the relation between market orientation and innovation behavior, and the interference of organizational innovation climate in the relation between market orientation and innovation behavior. In order to achieve the purpose above, the RD personnel in “The World Top 1000 Manufacturing Industries” published by Common Wealth Magazine in 2007 were taken as the population. By random sampling, 100 companies became the objects of the research. Five questionnaires were delivered to each of the companies, and 206 questionnaires were recollected. The data of the investigation were analyzed by Descriptive Statistic and Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Hierarchical Regression.
Finding of the research is that there is a positive influence of market orientation on innovation behavior in manufacturing industry; in addition, the absorptive capability of the RD personnel can reinforce the influence of market orientation on innovation behavior, and organizational innovation climate can also reinforce the influence of market orientation on innovation behavior as well. According to the results above, the industry should emphasize the system of market orientation and the absorptive capability of knowledge, and construct good innovation climate to encourage innovation behavior of employees.

Key words : market orientation, innovation behavior,
absorptive capability, organizational innovation climate

摘 要 I
Abstract III
謝 誌 V
目 錄 VII
圖 次 XI
表 次 XIII
第一章　緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第三節 研究步驟 5
第四節 研究範圍 8
第五節 名詞解釋 9
第二章　文獻探討 11
第一節 製造業產業之現況與發展 11
第二節 市場導向理論與內涵 26
第三節 吸收能力理論與內涵 37
第四節 組織創新氣候理論與內涵 42
第五節 創新行為理論與內涵 50
第六節 相關研究 56
第三章　研究設計與實施 61
第一節 研究架構與假設 61
第二節 研究對象 67
第三節 研究工具 68
第四節 研究實施 77
第五節 資料分析方法 78
第四章　資料分析與討論 81
第一節 基本資料分析 81
第二節 製造業現況內涵分析 86
第三節 市場導向與創新行為之關係 91
第四節 市場導向、吸收能力與創新行為之關係 94
第五節 市場導向、組織創新氣候與創新行為之關係 103
第六節 研究發現 112
第五章 結論與建議 119
第一節 結論 119
第二節 研究建議 123
參考文獻 127
中文部分 127
英文部分 133
附錄一 專家審查名單 149
附錄二 專家問卷 151
附錄三 正式問卷 161
圖 次
圖1-1 研究流程 7
圖2-1 Narver and Slater（1990）市場導向概念 30
圖2-2 市場導向的五個衡量構面 34
圖2-3 KEYS：評鑑工作環境創造力量表架構 45
圖3-1 研究架構 62
表 次
表2-1 製造業受雇員工數與工資摘要 15
表2-2 我國製造業產值占GDP 的結構變動情形 16
表2-3 2007 年製造業銷售變動概況 17
表2-4 我國製造業生產年增率 17
表2-5 核准華僑及外國人投資製造業情形 19
表2-6 因應國內投資環境變遷業者所採取之策略 20
表2-7 核准對外投資製造業情形 21
表2-8 最主要的海外技術來源 22
表2-9 我國主要海外事業經營方式 24
表2-10 市場導向衡量構面 35
表2-11 吸收能力衡量構面 40
表2-12 KEYS 量表各構面之定義 46
表2-13 組織創新氣候之衡量構面 48
表3-1 市場導向之驗證性因素分析 70
表3-2 吸收能力之驗證性因素分析 72
表3-3 組織創新氣候之驗證性因素分析 74
表3-4 創新行為之驗證性因素分析 76
表4-1 樣本資料描述 84
表4-2 各研究變項之相關係數 85
表4-3 市場導向之平均數與排序 87
表4-4 吸收能力之平均數與排序 88
表4-5 組織創新氣候之平均數與排序 89
表4-6 創新行為之平均數與排序 90
表4-7 市場導向對創新行為之階層迴歸 91
表4-8 顧客導向對創新行為之階層迴歸 92
表4-9 競爭者導向對創新行為之階層迴歸 93
表4-10 跨部門協調對創新行為之階層迴歸 93
表4-11 吸收能力對市場導向與探索行為之階層迴歸 95
表4-12 吸收能力對市場導向與構思行為之階層迴歸 97
表4-13 吸收能力對市場導向與研究行為之階層迴歸 98
表4-14 吸收能力對市場導向與推動行為之階層迴歸 100
表4-15 吸收能力對市場導向與應用行為之階層迴歸 101
表4-16 組織創新氣候對市場導向與探索行為階層迴歸 104
表4-17 組織創新氣候對市場導向與構思行為階層迴歸 106
表4-18 組織創新氣候對市場導向與研究行為階層迴歸 107
表4-19 組織創新氣候對市場導向與推動行為階層迴歸 109
表4-20 組織創新氣候對市場導向與應用行為階層迴歸 110
表4-21 研究假設與結果彙整 116

中文部分
方世榮、方世杰（2004）。關係資本、市場導向、組織學習對新產品開發績效之影響。交大管理學報，24（2），61-86。
王連杰（2007）。組織創新氣候、知識分享動機與企業經營績效之研究以桃園地區工商企業為例。萬能商學學報，245-256。
行政院主計處（2006）。中華民國統計資訊網-第C大類製造業。2008年2月4日，取自 www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp? xItem=14437&ctNode =1309
行政院主計處（2007）。受雇員工薪資調查與生產力統計。2008年3月20日，取自http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Attachment/832410435271.doc
行政院主計處（2008）。重要社經指速報。2008年2月3日，取自http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/842217272371.xls
行政院主計處（2001）。中華民國行業標準分類。臺北：行政院主計處。
林雅萍（2007）。高科技產業吸收能力對組織創新能力影響之研究：以知識慣性、執行力為干擾變項。國立彰化師範大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，彰化。
林義屏（2001）。市場導向、組織學習、組織創新與組織績效間關係之研究－以科學園區資訊電子產業為例。國立中山大學企業管理學系博士論文，未出版，高雄。
林義屏、黃俊英、董玉娟（2003）。市場導向、組織學習、組織創新與組織績效間關係之研究：以科學園區資訊電子產業為例。管理評論，23（1），101-134。
邱皓政（2000）。組織創新環境的概念建構與測量工具發展。國科會整合型計畫，創新與創造力-技術創造力的涵義與開發研討會論文集。
邱皓政（2003）。結構方程式。台北：雙葉。
俞靖嫺（2002）。組織創新氣候與企業運用網際網路於知識管理之分析。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，桃園。
陳玉川（2005）。台電公司組織創新氣候量表之發展。國立交通大學經營管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹。
陳佑成、李張合、吳進安、楊竹生、葉麗華（2001）。生活科技（2th）。臺北：仁林。
陳怡如（2003）。跨國公司海外市場進入模式與知識轉換關係之研究。大同大學事業經營研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
陳淑芬（2000）。策略型態、市場導向、創新能力與績效關係之研究。國立雲林科技大學企業管理系碩士論文，未出版，雲林。
黃浚源（2006）。高科技產業專利管理、組織創新氣候、組織執行力與組織創新績效關係之研究。國立彰化師範大學工業教育與技術學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化。
楊嘉雯（2003）。吸收能力、整合能力對知識創新及持久性競爭優勢影響之研究。國立屏東科技大學企業管理學系碩士論文，未出版，屏東。
經濟部統計處（2007a）。製造業國內投資實況調查報告。2008年2月3日，取自http://2k3dmz2.moea.gov.tw/gnweb/publication/pub01/pub01.aspx?page=nonline03.html&menu+6#
經濟部統計處（2007b）。96年製造業對外投資調查結果摘要分析。2008年2月4日，取自http://2k3dmz2.moea.gov.tw/GNWEB/news/hot_files/gnHot_131.doc
經濟部統計處（2008a）。公司登記。2008年3月20日，取自http://2k3dmz2.moea.gov.tw/GNWEB/Indicator/Indicator01.aspx?rptcod=E03
經濟部統計處（2008b）。我國產業結構變動。2008年3月20日，取自http://2k3dmz2.moea.gov.tw/GNWEB/Indicator/reports/ B03.xls
經濟部統計處（2008c）。製造業主要行業生產指數年增率。2008年2月3日，取自http://2k3dmz2.moea.gov.tw/GNWEB/Indicator/Indicator01.aspx?rptcod=D02
經濟部統計處（2008d）。核准華僑及外國人投資-按行業別分。2008年2月3日，取自http://2k3dmz2.moea.gov.tw/ GNWEB/Indicator/ Indicator01.aspx?rptcod=E19
經濟部統計處（2008e）。核准對外投資-按行業別分。2008年2月4日，取自http://2k3dmz2.moea.gov.tw/GNWEB/Indicator/Indicator01.aspx?rptcod=E06
蔡啟通（1997）。組織因素、組織成員整體創造性與組織創新之關係。國立台灣大學商學研究所博士論文。未出版，台北。
蔡啟通、高泉豐（2004）。動機取向、組織創新氣候與員工創新行為之關係：Amabile動機綜效模式之驗證。管理學報，21（5），571-592。
蔡啟通、高泉豐、黃國隆（2001）。動機取向、組織創新氣候與個人創新行為：Amabile動機綜效模型之驗證。中國心理學會年會，嘉義：國立中正大學。
蔡啟通、黃國隆、高泉豐（2001）。組織因素、組織成員整體創造性與組織創新之關係。管理學報，18（4），527-566。
賴英娟（2006）。以結構方程模式檢驗國中生動機信念與創新支持對創新行為和創意表現之影響。國立台灣科技大學技術及職業教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
謝詠鎗（2006）。知識吸收能力對新產品開發速度影響之研究－以紡織公司為例。南華大學資訊管理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義。
鍾一先（主編）（2002）。生活科技（2）。臺南：翰林。
簡俊成、洪清德（2003）。外部知識轉換之研究-以台灣上市上櫃製造業公司為例。管理學報，20（5），929-964。
魏聖忠（2002）。當代行銷觀念新思維-市場導向理論的回顧與評價。管理評論，21(4)，129-153。
頼士葆（1996）。商學總論。台北：麥田。

英文部分
Afuah, A. (1998). Innovation management: Strategies, implementation, and profits. NY: Oxford University Press.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (pp. 123-167). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Amabile, T. M. (1995). KEYS: Assessing the climate for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1159.
Amabile, T. M., Conti, R., Coon, H., Lazenby, J., & Herron, H. (1996). Assessing the worenvironment for creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 39(5), 1154-1184.
Arbussà, A., & Coenders, G. (2007). Innovation activities, use of appropriation instruments and absorptive capacity: Evidence from Spanish firms. Research Policy, 36, 1545-1558.
Atuahene, G. K. (1995). An exploratory analysis of the impact of market orientation on new product performance. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 12, 275-293.
Augusto, M., & Coelho, F. (2007). Market orientation and new-to-the-world products: Exploring the moderating effects of innovativeness, competitive strength, and environmental forces. Industrial Marketing Management, 1-15. In Press, Proof, Available online 13 November.
Bain, P. G., Mann, L., & Priola-Merlo, A. (2001). The innovation imperative: The relationships between team climate, innovation, and performance in research and development teams. Small Group Research, 32(1), 55-73.
Bantel, K. A., & Jackson, S. E. (1989). Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal, 10, 107-124.
Bellamy, A. R. (2003). An exploratory analysis of the influence of new technology planning and implementation on the perceptions of new technology effectiveness. The Midwest Academy of Management. Omaha: University of Nebraska.
Bharadwaj, S., & Menon, A. (2002). Making innovation happen in organizations: Individual creativity mechanisms, organization creativity mechanisms or both? Journal of Production Innovation Management, 17, 424-434.
Caloghirou, Y., Kastelli, I., & Tsakanikas, A. (2004). Internal capabilities and external knowledge sources: Complements or substitutes for innovative performance? Technovation, 24, 29-39.
Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128-152.
Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: A meta analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 555-590.
Dawes, J. (2000). Market orientation and company profitability: Further evidence incorporating longitudinal data. Australian Journal of Management (September), 25(2), 173-200.
Day, G. S. (1994). The capabilities of market-driven organizations. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 37-52.
Deng, S., & Dart, J. (1994). Measuring market orientation: A multi-factor, ulti-item approach. Journal of Marketing Management, 10, 725-742.
Deshpande, R., & Farley, J. U. (1999). Corporate culture and market orientation: Comparing Indian and Japanese firms. Journal of International Marketing, 7, 111-127.
Deshpande, R., Farley, J. U., & Webster F. E. (1993). Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness in Japanese firms: A quadrant analysis. Journal of Marketing, 57, 23-37.
Drucker, P. F. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship: Practice and principles. London: Heinemann.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Garćia, N., Sanzo, M. J., & Trespalacios, J. A. (2008). New product internal performance and market performance: Evidence from Spanish firms regarding the role of trust, interfunctional integration, and innovation type. Technovation, 1-13, Available online 11 March.
Gatignon, H., & Xuereb, J. M. (1997). Strategic orientation of the firm and new product performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 34, 77-90.
George, G., Zahra, A. S., Wheatley, K. K., & Khand, R. (2001). The effects of portfolio characteristics and absorptive capacity on performance a study of biotechnology firms. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 112, 205-226.
Gray, B., Matear, S., Boshoff, C., & Matheson, P. (1998). Developing a better measure of market orientation. European Journal of Marketing, 32(9/10), 884-903.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tathem, R., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis with readings (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Harris, L. C. (2002). Measuring market orientation: Exploring a market oriented approach. Journal of Market-Focused Management, 5, 239-270.
Hill, C. W. L., & Jones, G. R. (1998). Strategic management: An integrated approach. 4th Ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Holt, K. (1988). The role of the user in product innovation. Technovation.
Hooley, Gr., Lynch, J., & Shepherd, J. (1990). The marketing concept: Putting the theory into practice. Europearn Journal of Marketing, 24(9), 7-23.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to under parameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Hunt, S. D., & Morgan, R. M. (1995). The competitive advantage theory of competition. Journal of Marketing, 59, 1-15.
Hurt, H., Joseph, K., & Cook, C. (1997). Scales for the measurement of innovativeness. Human Communication Research, 4, 58-66.
International Labour Organization, ILO (2004). International standard industrial classification of all economic activities, ISIC. Retrieved March 4, 2008, from International Labour Organization Web site: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/342bureau/ stat/class/isic.htm.
Ivancevich, J. M. (2004). Human resource. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Jackson, D. (1976). Jackson personality inventory manual., Goshen, NY: Research Psychologists press.
Jansen, J. J. P., Van Den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2005). Managing potential and realized absorptive capacity: How do organizational antecedents matter? Academy of Management Journal, 48(6), 999-1015.
Janssen, O. (2000). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships between job demands, and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1039-1050.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Mooresille, IN: Scientific Software.
Kanter, R. (1988). When a thousand flowers bloom: Structural, collective, and social conditions for innovations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings(Eds.), Research in Organization Behavior, 10, 163-211.
Kim L. (1998). Crisis construction and organizational learning: Capability building in catching-up at Hyundai Motor. Organization Science, 9, 506-521.
Kirkman, B. L., & Rosen, B. (1999). Beyond self-management: Antecedents and consequences of team empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 42(1), 58-74.
Kleysen, R. F., & Street, C. T. (2001). Toward a multi-dimensional measure of individual innovative behavior. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2(3), 284-296.
Kohli, A. K., & Jaworski, B. J. (1990). Market orientation: The construct, research propositions, and managerial implications. Journal of Marketing, 54, 1-18.
Lado, N., Olivares, A. M., & Rivera, J. (1998). Measuring market orientation in several populations- A structural equations model. European Journal of Marketing, 32(1/2), 23-39.
Laforet, S. (2008). Size, strategic, and market orientation affects on innovation. Journal of Business Research, 61, 753-764.
Lane, P. J., & Batkin, M. (1998). Relative absorptive capacity and interogranizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, 19, 461-477.
Lane, P. J., & Koka, B. R. (2006). The reification of absorptive capacity: A critical review and rejuvenation of the construct. Academy of Management Review, 31(4), 833-863.
Litwain, G. L., & Stringer, R. A. (1968). Motivation and organizational climate. Graduate school of business administration, Harvard University. Boston, MA: Division of Research.
Liu, H. (1995). Market orientation and firm size: An empirical examination in UK firms. European Journal of Marketing, 29(1), 57-71.
Minbeava, D., Pederse, T., Björkman, I., Fey, C. F., & Park, H. J. (2003). MNC knowledge transfer, subsidiary absorptive capacity, and HRM. Journal International Business Studies, 34, 586-599.
Mizik, N., & Jacobson, R. (2003). Trading off between value creation and value appropriation. The Financial Implications of Shifts in Strategic Emphasis, 59, 63-76.
Mowery, D. C., & Oxley, J. E. (1995). Inward technology transfer and competitiveness: The role of national innovation systems. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 19, 67-93.
Narver, J. C., & Slater, S. F. (1990). The effect of a market orientation on business profitability. Journal of Marketing, 54, 20-35.
Nonaka, I., & Konno, N. (1998). The concept of “Ba”: Building a foundationf for knowledge creation. California Management Review, 4, 40-54.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. UK: Oxford University Press.
Nystrom, P. C., Ramamurthy, K., & Wilson, A. L. (2002). Organization context, climate and innovativeness: Adoption of imaging technology. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 19, 221-247.
Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior oerformance. NY: Free Press.
Ruekert, R. W. (1992). Developing a market orientation: An organizational strategy perspectives. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 9, 225-245.
Saleh, S. D., & Wang, C. K. (1993). The management of innovation: Strategy, structure, and organization Climate. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 40(1), 14-20.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinanats of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580-607.
Shapiro, B. P. (1998). What the hell is market orientation? Harvard Business Review, 66(4), 119-125.
Siegel, S. M., & Kaemmerer, W. F. (1978). Measuring the perceived support for innovation in organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 553-562.
Siguaw, J. A., Simpson, P. M., & Baker, T. L. (1998). Effects of supplier market orientation on distributor market orientation and the channel relationship: The distributor perspective. Journal of Marketing, 62, 99-111.
Singh, S., & Ranchhod, A. (2004). Market orientation and customer satisfaction: Evidence from British machine tool industry. Industrial Marketing Management, 33, 135-144.
Sinkula, J. M. (1994). Market information processing and organizational learning. Journal of Marketing, 1(58) 35-45.
Slater, S. F., & Narver, J. C. (1995). Market orientation, customer value, and superior performance. Business Horizons, 37, 22-28.
Tagiuri, R., & Litwin, G. H. (1968). Organizational climate: Exploration of a concept. Boston, MA: Harvard University.
Tesluk, P. E., Farr, J. L., & Klein, S. R. (1997). Influences of organizational culture and climate on individual creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 31(1), 27-41.
Tripasas, M. (1997). Surviving radical technological change through dynamic capability：Evidence from the typesetter industry. Industrial and Corporate Change, 6, 341-377.
Tushman, M., & Nadler, D. (1986). Organizing of innovation. California Management Review, 28(3), Spring.
Uncles, M. (2000). Market orientation. Australian Journal of Management, 25, 1-9.
Van de Ven, A. (1986). Central problem in the management of innovation. Management Science, 32, 590-607.
Vazquez, R., Santos, M. L., & Alvarez, L. I. (2001). Market orientation, innovation and competitive strategies in industrial firms. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 9, 69-90.
West, M. (1987). A measure of role innovation at work. British Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 83-105.
Wong, P. K., & He, Z. L. (2005). A comparative study of innovation behaviour in Singapore’s KIBS and manufacturing fims. The Service Industries Journal, 25(1), 23-42.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 193-321.
Zahra A. S., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, recoceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203.
Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-696.