本研究主要目的在探討癌末病患家屬面臨喪慟因應行為、人際依附型態與預期性哀慟反應的相關性，並以性別、年齡、宗教信仰、健康情形與社會支持等影響喪慟之因素作為背景變項，以了解其對癌末病患家屬預期性哀慟反應之差異情形。本研究以高雄市三家醫院安寧病房家屬為對象，使用「人際依附風格量表」、「簡明因應量表 (Brief COPE)」、「悲傷經驗量表修訂版 (RGEI)」作為評量工具，所得142份有效問卷資料以次數分配、百分比、平均數、標準差、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析與皮爾森積差相關等統計方法進行分析。本研究結果之重點摘要如下：
　一、癌末病患家屬的預期性哀慟反應平均而言為中等偏低程度，但仍可見少數高程度哀慟反應者。
　二、癌末病患家屬面臨喪慟之因應行為以正向因應行為使用頻率較高，負向因應行為較少使用。
　三、與癌末病患家屬之預期性哀慟反應有顯著差異之喪慟相關因素為：性別、健康情形、社會支持來源與特殊情感關係。
　四、不同人際依附型態癌末病患的家屬在「作計劃」、「正向重建」、「宗教」、「否認」、「行為逃避」之面臨喪慟因應行為有顯著差異。
　五、不同人際依附型態的癌末病患家屬在「存在關注」、「憂鬱」、「身體症狀」之預期性哀慟反應有顯著差異。
　六、癌末病患家屬預期性哀慟反應與「主動因應」、「正向重建」、「接受」、「工具性支持」和「發洩」因應行為呈現顯著的負相關，與「否認」、「行為逃避」和「自責」因應行為呈現顯著的正相關。
　　
　　根據以上研究結果，研究者對安寧照護人員提出具體建議，以作為國內對癌末病患家屬喪親服務之參考。

　　The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationships of coping behaviors with bereavement, attachment styles, and anticipatory mourning reactions among families of terminal cancer patients, and to understand the differences between anticipatory mourning reactions and bereavement-related factors, such as sex, age, religion, health condition and social support. The subjects of this study were 142 families in Kaoshiung Hospice. The subjects were evaluated by Attachment Style Scale, Brief COPE Scale, and RGEI Scale. The data were analyzed by percentile rank, mean, deviation, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe’s posterior comparison and Pearson product-moment correlations.
The results were summarized as follows:
　1. The mean level of anticipatory mourning reactions among subjects was moderately low, but
high level of answers was still seen in few subjects.
　2. The frequencies of positive coping behaviors were higher than negative coping behaviors with bereavement among subjects.
　3. The anticipatory mourning reactions among subjects were significantly effected by sex, health condition, sources of social support, and relationship quality, such as conflict or dependence .
　4. Attachment styles were significantly related with the differences in "planning", "positive reframing", "religion", "denial", and "behavioral disengagement" of coping behaviors with bereavement.
　5. Attachment styles were significantly related with the differences in "existential concerns", "depression", and "physical distress" of anticipatory mourning reactions.
　6. The anticipatory mourning reactions among subjects correlated negatively with coping behaviors of "active coping", "positive reframing", "acceptance", "using instrumental support", and "venting", whereas positively with coping behaviors of "denial","behavioral disengagement", and "self-blame".
　　
　　Suggestions were proposed in accordance with the study result.

第一章 緒論............................................1
第一節 研究背景與動機……………………………………………1
第二節 研究目的……………………………………………………4
第三節 研究問題……………………………………………………5
第四節 名詞界定……………………………………………………6
第五節 研究範圍與限制……………………………………………10
　　
第二章 文獻探討........................................11
第一節 預期性哀慟之意涵與相關研究……………………………11
第二節 喪慟因應之理論模式與相關研究…………………………16
第三節 依附型態對喪慟因應與喪慟反應之相關研究……………23
第四節 影響喪慟之相關因素………………………………………27
　　
第三章 研究方法........................................31
第一節 研究架構……………………………………………………31
第二節 研究假設……………………………………………………32
第三節 研究設計……………………………………………………33
第四節 研究對象……………………………………………………33
第五節 研究工具……………………………………………………34
第六節 研究程序……………………………………………………37
第七節 資料處理與分析……………………………………………38
　　
第四章 結果分析與討論..................................39
第一節 癌末病患家屬之喪慟相關因素、人際依附型態、面臨喪慟因應行為及預期性哀慟反應的描述性統計…………………………39
第二節 不同喪慟相關因素在預期性哀慟反應之差異……………45
第三節 不同人際依附型態在面臨喪慟因應行為及預期性哀慟反應之差異…………54
第四節 預期性哀慟反應與面臨喪慟因應行為之相關性…………57
第五節 綜合討論……………………………………………………58
　　
第五章 結論與建議......................................63
第一節 結論…………………………………………………………63
第二節 建議…………………………………………………………65
　　
參考文獻................................................67
中文部份………………………………………………………………67
英文部份………………………………………………………………68
　　
附錄
附錄一 研究同意書…………………………………………………80
附錄二 個人資料表…………………………………………………81
附錄三 「人際依附風格量表」原編製者使用同意書………………82
附錄四 Professor Carver同意授權 Brief COPE 量表中文化之e-mail記錄…………83
附錄五 Professor Lev同意授權 RGEI 量表中文化之e-mail記錄……84

中文部分
　
王慶福 (1995)。大學生愛情徑路模式之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文：未出版。
　
王慶福 (2000)。當男孩愛上女孩：人際依附風格類型搭配、愛情關係與關係適應之研究。中華輔導學報，8，177-201。
　
王慶福、林幸台、張德榮 (1997)。人際依附風格、性別角色取向與人際親密能力之評量。測驗年刊，44(2)，63-77。
　
行政院衛生署 (2006)。94年台灣死因統計結果摘要。2006年10 月11日，取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/stastistic/data/死因摘要/94年/94htm.
　
何長珠 (2006)。悲傷影響因素之初探研究。載於第六屆現代生死學理論建構學術研討會。嘉義：南華大學。
　
林明傑、黃志中、陳慧女、張詩吟 (2004)。婚姻暴力加害人依附型態之研究。行政院衛生署疾病管制局93年度科技研究發展計畫 (計畫編號：DOH93-TD-M-113-008)。
　
邱泰源、胡文郁、鄧錦惠、鄭逸如、莊榮彬、陳慶餘 (2002)。癌末病人之照護體系 – 台灣安寧緩和醫療文獻之回顧。台灣醫學，6(3)，332-339。
　
陳麗糸 (1989)。預期性哀傷導因及定義性特徵之臨床效度的初步測定。國立台灣大學護理研究所碩士論文：未出版。
　
張雅媜 (2005)。安寧病房癌末病患家屬預期性悲傷之情緒轉換因子探討。東海大學社會工作學系碩士班碩士論文：未出版。
　
劉乃誌 (2003)。台灣的喪親服務與安寧療護。安寧療護。安寧療護雜誌，8(4)，402-409。
　
劉乃誌、李英芬、劉景萍、賴允亮 (2005)。安寧療護與預期性悲傷。安寧療護雜誌，10(3)，286-296。
　
賴允亮、張玉仕、李英芬、劉景萍、劉乃誌、韓麗年 (2004)。本土安寧療護團隊喪親服務模式建立之研究。國民健康局92年度科技研究發展計畫 (計畫編號：DOH92-HP-1509)。
　
英文部分
　
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Ealbaum.
　
Aldrich, C. (1974). Some dynamics of anticipatory grief. In B. Schoenberg, A. C. Carr, A. Kutscher, D. Peretz & I. K. Goldberg (Eds), Anticipatory grief . New York: Columbia University Press.
　
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and stastistical manual of mental disorders (4th Eds.). Washington, DC: Author.
　
Amirkhan, J. H. (1990). A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The Coping Strategy Indicator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1066-1075.
　
Amirkhan, J. H. (1994). Criterion validity of a coping measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 242-261.
　
Bananno, G., & Kaltman, S. (1999). Toward an integrative perspective on bereavement. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 760-776.
　
Bananno, G. A., Keltner, D., Holen, A., & Horowitz, M. J. (1995). When avoiding unpleasant emotions may not be such a bad thing: Verbal-autonomic response dissociation and midlife conjungal bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 975-989.
　
Barrett, T. W., & Scott, T. B. (1989). Development of the Grief Experience Questionnaire. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 19, 201-215.
　
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
　
Bartholomew, K., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Methods of assessing adult attachment. Do they converge? In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 25-45). New York: Guilford Press.
　
Benight, C. C., Flores, J., & Tashiro, TY. (2001). Bereavement coping self-efficacy in cancer widow. Death Studies, 25, 97-125.
　
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
　
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and Anger. New York: Basic Books.
　
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss: Sadness and Depression. New York: Basic Books.
　
Burnett, P., Middleton, W., Raphael, B., & Martnek, N. (1997). Measuring core bereavement phenomena. Psychological Medcine, 27, 49-57.
　
Capps, L., & Bonanno, G. A. (2000). Narrating bereavement: Thematic and grammatical predictors of adjustment to loss. Discourse Process, 30, 1-25.
　
Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the Brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 92-100.
　
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 267-283.
　
Carver, C. S., Pozo, C., Harris, S. D., Noriega, V., Scheier, M. F.,Robinson, D. F., Ketcham, A. S., Moffat, F. L., Jr., & Clark, K. C. (1993). How coping mediates the effect of optimism on distress: A study of women with early stage breast cancer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 375-390.
　
Chentsova-Dutton, Y., Shucter, S., Hutchin, S., Stause, L., Burns, K., Dunn, L., Marci, M., Zisook, S. (2003). Depression and grief reactions in hospice caregivers: from pre-death to 1 year afterwards. Journal of Affective Disorders, 69, 53-60.
　
Chapman, K. J., & Pepler, C. (1998). Coping, hope, and anticipatory grief in family members in palliative home care. Cancer Nursing, 21(4), 226-234.
　
Clukey, L. (2002). Anticipatory mourning: Transitional processes of expected loss. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado.
　
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357.
　
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644-663.
　
Cook, A., & Oltjenbrun’s, K. (1998). Dying and Grieving: Lifespan and family perspectives. Ft. Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.
　
Dise-Lewis, J. E. (1988). The Life Events and Coping Inventory: An assessment of stress in children. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 484-499.
　
Duke, S. (1998). An exploration of anticipatory grief: the lived experience of people during their spouses’ terminal illness and in bereavement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28(4), 829-839.
　
Dutton, Y. C., & Zisook, S. (2005). Adaptation to bereavement. Death Studies, 29, 877-903.
　
Elison, J. C. K. (1991). Reactions to spousal death resulting from cancer: A descriptive study of anticipatory grief and the cognitive appraisal of the loss of a spouse. (Doctoral dissertation, College of William and Mary, May, 1992) Dissertation Abstracts International, 52/11, AAC 9212337.
　
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS): Manual. Toronto: Multi-health systems.
　
Faschingbauser, T. R. (1981). Texas Revised Inventory of Grief Manual. Houston, TX: Honeycomb.
　
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. B. Sperling & W. H. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and development perspectives (pp. 128-152). New York: Guilford.
　
Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological state and coping with severe stress. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 1207-1221.
　
Folkman, S. (2001). Revised coping theory and the process of bereavement. In M. Stroebe, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: consequences, coping, and care. (pp. 563-584). Washington, DC : American Psychological Association.
　
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
　
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. (2000). Positive affect and the other side of coping. American Psychologist, 55, 647-654.
　
Fraley, C. R., & Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Attachment and loss: A test of three competing models on the association between attachment-related avoidance and adaptation to bereavement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(7), 878-890.
　
Fraley, C. R., & Shaver, P. R. (1997). Loss and bereavement: Bowlby’s theory and recent controversies concerning grief work and the nature of detachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment theory and research. New York : Guilford Press.
　
Fraley, C. R., Davis, K. E., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Dismissing-avoidance and the defensive organization of emotion, cognition and behavior. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rhodes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 249-279). New York: Guilford Press.
　
Freud, S. (1953). Premonitory Dream Fulfilled. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud: Vol. 5. London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1899)
　
Freud, S. (1957). On transience. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud: Vol. 14. London: Hogarth. (Original work published 1917)
　
Fulton, R., & Gottesman, D. J. (1980). Anticipatory grief: A psychosocial concept of reconsidered. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 45-54.
　
Futterman, E. H., Hoffman, I., & Sabshin, M. (1972). Parental anticipatory mourning. In B. Schoenberg, A. C. Carr, D. Peretz, & A. H. Kutscher (Eds.), Psychosocial aspects of terminal care. New York: Columbia University Press.
　
Gamino, L. A., Sewell, K. W., & Easterling, L. W. (1998). Scott & White Grief Study: An empirical test of predictors of intensified mourning. Death studies, 22, 333-355.
　
Gerber, I. (1974). Anticipatory bereavement. In B. Schoenberg, A. C. Carr, A. Kutscher, D. Peretz & I. K. Goldberg (Eds), Ancipitatory grief . New York : Columbia University Press.
　
Gilliland, G., & Fleming, S. (1998). A comparison of spousal anticipatory grief and conventional grief. Death Studies, 22, 541-569.
　
Goodkin, K., Lee, D., Molina, R., Zheng W., Frasca, A., O’Mellan, S., Asthana, D., Shapshak, P., & Khamis, I. (2005-2006). Complicated bereavement: Disease state or state of being? Omega, 52(1), 21-36.
　
Griffin, D., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430-445.
　
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 511-524.
　
Henderson, J. M., Hayslip, B. Jr., & King, J. K. (2004). The relationship between adjustment and bereavement-related distress: A longitudinal study. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26(2), 98-124.
　
Hogan, N. S., & Greenfield, D. B. (1991). Adolescent sibling bereavement symptomatology in a large community sample. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 97-112.
　
Hogan, N., Morse, J. M., & Tason, M. C. (1996). Toward an experiential theory of bereavement. Omega, 33(1), 43-65.
　
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39, 413-431.
　
Horowitz, M. (1986). Stress response syndromes. Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
　
Jacobs, S. (1993). Pathological grief: Maladaptation to loss. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
　
Jacobs, S., Kasl, S., Schaefer, C., & Ostfeld, A. (1994). Concious and unconscious coping with loss. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 557-563.
　
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York: Fress Press.
　
Kalish, R. A. (1985). Death, grief and caring relationship. Monterey, CA: Books/Cole Publishing Company.
　
Kaminer, H., & Lavie, P. (1993). Sleep and dreams in well-adjusted and less adjusted Holocaust survivors. In M. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of Bereavement: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 331-345). New York : Cambridge University Press.
　
Kelly, A. E., & McKillop, K. J. (1996). Consequences of revealing personal secrets. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 450-465.
　
Kelly, B., Edwards, P., Synott, R., Neil, C., Baillie, R., & Battistutta. (1999). Predictors of bereavement outcome for family carers of cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 8, 237-249.
　
Keltner, D., & Bananno, G. (1997). A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 687-702.
　
Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: MacMillan.
　
Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
　
Lebow, G. H. (1976). Facilitating adaption in anticipatory mourning. Social Casework, 57, 458-465.
　
Lepore, S. J., Silver, R., Wortman, C., & Wayment, H. A. (1996). Social constraints, intrusive thoughts, and depressive symptoms among bereaved months. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 271-282.
　
Lev, E., Munro, B. H., & McCorkle, R. (1993). A shortened version of an instrument measuring bereavement. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 30(3), 213-226.
　
Levy, L. H. (1991). Anticipatory grief: Its measurement and proposed reconceptualization. The Hospice Journal, 7(4), 1-28.
　
Levy, L. H., Martinkowski, K. S. & Derby, J. F. (1994). Differences in patterns of adaption in conjugal bereavement: their sources and potential significance. Omega, 29(1), 71-87.
　
Lindermann, E. (1994). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, (6, suppl), 155-160. (Original work published 1944)
　
Lindstrom, T. C. (1997). Immunity and health after bereavement in relation to coping. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38, 253-259.
　
Martin, T. L., & Doka, K. J. (1996). Masculine grief. In K. L. Doka (Ed.), Living with grief after sudden loss. (pp.161-171). Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.
　
Martin, T. L., & Doka, K. J. (2000). Men don’t cry…women do: Transcending gender stereotypes of grief. Philadelphia: Brunner Mazel.
　
Meuser, T. M., & Marwit, S. J. (1999-2000). An integrative model of personality, coping and appraisal for the prediction of grief involvement in adults. Omega, 40(2), 375-393.
　
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1998). The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rhodes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 143-165). New York: Guilford Press.
　
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Weller, A. (1993). Attachment styles, coping stratigies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Isreal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 817-826.
　
Mikulincer, M., & Nachshon, O. (1991). Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 321-331.
　
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology: Vol. 35 (pp. 56-152). San Diego: Academic Press.
　
Mok, E., Chan, F., Chan, V., & Yeung, E. (2003). Family experience caring for terminally ill patients with cancer in Hong Kong. Cancer Nursing, 26(4), 267-275.
　
Neimeyer, R. (1998). The lessons of loss: A guide to coping. Raleigh, NC: McGraw-Hill.
　
Neimeyer, R., Keesee, N., & Fortner, B. (1998). Loss and measuring reconstruction: Propositions and procedures. In S. Rubin, R. Malkinson, & E. Witztum (Eds.), Traumatic and non-traumatic bereavement (pp. 5-40). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
　
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Ruminative coping and adjustment to bereavement. In M. Stroebe, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: consequences, coping, and care (pp. 545-562). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
　
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. D. (1999). Thanks for sharing that: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801-814.
　
Nolen-Hoekesema, S., & Larson, J. (1999). Coping with loss. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
　
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991). A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115-121.
　
Nolen-Hoekesema, S., Parker, L. E., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92-104.
　
Parkes, C. M. (1996). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
　
Parkes, C. M. (2001). A historical overview of the scientific study of bereavement. In M. Stroebe, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: consequences, coping, and care (pp. 25-45). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
　
Patterson, J. M., & McCubbin, H. I. (1987). Adolescent coping style and behavior. Journal of Adolescence, 10, 163-186.
　
Pennebaker, J. W. (1995). Emotion, disclosure, and health. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
　
Pennekaker, J., Mayne, T. J., & Francis, M. E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 863-871.
　
Piper, W. E., Ogrondniczuk, J. S., Joyce, A. S., Mccallum, M., Weideman, R., & Azim, H. F. (2001). Ambivalence and other relationship predictors of grief in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(11), 781-787.
　
Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P., Newson, J., Reynolds, C. F., Brierhals, A. J., Miller, M., Fasiczka, A., Doman, J., & Houck, P., R. (1995). Inventory of Complicated Grief: A scale to measure maladaptive symtoms of loss. Psychiatry Research, 59, 65-79.
　
Rabins, P. V., Fitting, M. D., Eastham, J., & Fetting, J. (1990). The emotional impact of caring for the chronically ill. Psychosomatics, 31, 331-336.
　
Rando, T. A. (1986). Loss and anticipatory grief. Lexington, MA: D. C. Health and Company.
　
Rando, T. A. (1988). Anticipatory grief: The term is a misnomer but the phenomenon exists. Journal of Palliative Care, 4, 70-73.
　
Rando, T. A. (2000). Clinical dimensions of anticipatory mourning: theory and practice in working with the dying, their loved ones and their caregivers. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
　
Raphael, B. (1983). The Anatomy of Beareavement. London: Hutchinson.
　
Raphael, B., & Martinek, M. (1997). Assessing traumatic bereavement and PTSD. In J. P. Wilson, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 373-395). New York: Guilford.
　
Richardson, V. E. & Balaswamy, S. (2001). Coping with bereavement among elderly widowers. Omega, 43(2), 129-144.
　
Rubin, S. (1981). A two-track model of bereavement: Theory and application in research. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 51, 101-109.
　
Rubin, S., & Schechter, N. (1997). Exploring the social construction of bereavement: Perceptions of adjustment and recovery for bereaved men. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67, 279-289.
　
Sable, P. (1989). Attachment, anxiety, and loss of a husband. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(4), 550-556.
　
Sable, P. (1991). Attachment, loss of spouse, and grief in elderly adults. Omega, 23(2), 129-142.
　
Sanders, C. M. (1993). Risk factors in bereavement outcome. In M. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, & R. O. Hansson (Eds.), Handbook of Bereavement: Theory, research and intervention (pp. 255-267). New York: Cambridge University Press.
　
Sanders, C. M., Mauger, P. A., & Strong, P. N. (1979). A manual for the grief experience inventory. Tampa, FL: University of Florida.
　
Sanders, C. M., Mauger, P. A., & Strong, P. N. (1985). A manual for the grief experience inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
　
Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (2001). Bereavement experiences and personal growth. In M. Stroebe, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: consequences, coping, and care (pp. 145-167). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
　
Schooler, S. F. (1993). Anticipatory grief in spouses/partners of persons diagnosed with cancer. (Master’s, thesis, University of Alberta, Feb, 1995) Masters Abstracts International, 33/01, AAT MM65663.
　
Schulz, R., Beach, S., Lind, B., Martire L., Zdaniu, B., Hirsch, C., Jackson, S., & Burton L. (2001). Involvement in caregiving and adjustment to death of a spouse. Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 3123-3129.
　
Schut, H. & Stroebe, M S. (2005). Interventions to enhance adaption to bereavement. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 8(1, suppl), 140-147.
　
Shapiro, E. R. (1996). Family bereavement and cultural diversity: A social developmental perspectives. Family Process, 35, 313-332.
　
Shaver, P. R., & Tancredy, C. M. (2001). Emotion, attachment, and bereavement: A conceptual commentary. In M. Stroebe, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: consequences, coping, and care (pp. 63-88). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
　
Shimai, S. (2003-2004). Bereavement experience in the general population: incidence, consequences, and coping in a national sample of Japan. Omega, 48(2), 137-147.
　
Sidmore, K. V. (2000). Parental bereavement: Levels of grief as affected by gender issues. Omega, 40, 351-374.
　
Slaby, A. E. (1988). Cancer’s impact on caregivers. Advances in Psychosomatic medicine, 15, 135-153.
　
Smith, S. H. (2002). “Fret no more my child… for I’m all over heaven all day”: Religious beliefs in the bereavement of Africa American, middle-aged daughters coping with the death of an elderly mother. Death Studies, 26, 309-323.
　
Steinfeld, A. J. (1989). Anticipatory grief: A needs assessment of family members and significant others when a loved one has been diagnosed with a life-threatening illness. (Master’s, thesis, The University of Arizona, Spring, 1990) Masters Abstracts International, 28/01, AAT 1337489.
　
Stilson, K. M., Lasker, J. N., Lohmann, J., & Toedter, L. J. (1992). Parent’s grief following pregnancy loss: A comparison of mothers and fathers. Family Relations, 41, 218-223.
　
Stroebe, M. S. (2002). Paving the way: from early attachment theory to contemporary bereavement research. Mortality, 7(2), 127-138.
　
Stroebe, M. S., Folkman, S., Hansson, R., & Schut, H. (2006). The prediction of bereavement outcome: Development of an integrative risk factor framework. Social Science & Medicine, 63(9), 2440-2451.
　
Stroebe, M. S., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: Rationale and description. Death Studies, 23, 197-224.
　
Stroebe, M. S., & Schut, H. (2001). Models of coping bereavement: A review. In M. Stroebe, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: consequences, coping, and care (pp. 375-403). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
　
Stroebe, M. S., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2006). Who benefits from disclosure? Exploration of attachment style differences in the effects of expressing emotions. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 66-85.
　
Stroebe, M. S., Stroebe, W., & Abakoumkin, G. (2005). The broken heart: Suicidal ideation in bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(11), 2178-2180.
　
Stroebe, M. S., Stroebe, W., & Hansson, R. (1993). Handbook of Bereavement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
　
Stroebe, W., & Stroebe, M. S. (1987). Bereavement and health: The Psychological and Physical Consequences of Partner Loss. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
　
Stroebe, W., & Schut, H. (2001). Risk factors in bereavement outcome: A methodological and empirical review. In M. Stroebe, et al. (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: consequences, coping, and care (pp. 349-372). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
　
Stroebe, W., Schut, H., & Stroebe, M. S. (2005). Grief work, disclosure and counseling: Do they help the bereaved ? Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 395-414.
　
Stroebe, W., Zech, E., Stroebe, M. S., & Abakoumkin, G. (2005). Does social support help in bereavement? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(7), 1030-1050.
　
Theut, S. K., Jordan, L., Deutsch, S. I., & Ross, L. A. (1991). Caregiver’s anticipatory grief in dementia: A pilot study. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 33(2), 113-118.
　
van Doorn, C., Kasl, S. V., Beery, L. C., Jacobs, S. C., & Prigerson, H. G. (1998). The influence of marital quality and attachment styles on traumatic grief and depressive symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186(9), 566-574.
　
Walter, T. (1996). A new model of grief: Bereavement and biography. Mortality, 1, 7-25.
　
Wayment, H. A., & Vierthaler, J. (2002). Attachment style and bereavement reactions. Journal of loss and trauma, 7, 129-149.
　
Worden, J. W. (1982/1991). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. New York: Springer.