臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

飲用水配水與蓄水系統一旦生長出細菌、將導致水質的惡化、超出法規標準及增加操作費用。細菌的生長與再生長利用水中殘餘的營養鹽與自身細胞膜抵抗飲用水中添加的消毒劑。影響再生長的要素除營養鹽外亦包含了輸送管路與配水池中的溫度與停留時間和消毒效果。測試水中營養鹽的濃度可確定細菌再生長之潛力。並非所有的有機化合物能被細菌完全的分解。水中的溶解性有機碳提供了細菌生長所需的能量及碳源,生物降解有機碳(BDOC)及生物可利用有機碳(AOC) 量測無法被生物利用之有機碳可輕易的計算測量、亦可作為化工方法與生物鑑定之建議。
在飲用水生產過程中化學與生物污染必須被有效的去除安全與妥善的供給消費者。生物可利用有機碳(AOC)是一種能被生物降解的有機碳部分碳源轉能夠被轉換成細胞質量。本研究中、兩種降解細菌、Psuedomonas fluorescens strain P17和 Spirillum species NOX 在本研究中可以選擇用來測定生物可利用有機碳(AOC)是否存在。結果顯示生物可利用有機碳伴隨著氣候與季節的改變、在夏天生長達到高峰、冬天則生長較少。此外評估對生物濾床填充率料對生物可利用有機碳去除效率、顆粒狀活性碳(GAC)在長期測試觀察中發現其去除效果較佳達72%(年平均)、反衝洗後其去除效率會降至49%。而持續的定期反衝洗亦可維持其較佳的去除效率。測試過程中改變其有機碳含量並觀察其管柱全年生物可利用有機碳之去除情況發現1、2、3及4號管柱去除率分別為48%、70%、83%及77%。總有機碳之進出流濃度分別為334及384μg C/L。之後在出流水中亦會發現氨基酸之存在，因此操作上強烈建議降低水中有機碳之含量以避免微生物利用造成出流水體中氨基酸的增加。在淨水場中微生物可長期附著於顆粒狀活性碳表面生長、其它監測如掃瞄式電子顯微鏡(SEM)、分子重及氨基酸測)、螢光光譜(EEFM)、分子量及胺基酸檢測等數個其餘參數,在經選擇與結合會發射光線在作為過濾原料的活性碳(GAC)與內源微生物特徵這兩者的運作機制之上的生物可利用有機碳(AOC) 、為用於檢測有機汙染物的消除與其對水質帶來的改變。

Growth of bacteria in drinking water distribution and storage systems can lead to the deterioration of water quality, violation of water standards, and increased operating costs. Growth or Regrowth results from viable bacteria surviving the disinfection process and utilizing nutrient in the water and biofilm to sustain growth. Factors other than nutrients that influence regrowth include temperature, residence time in mains and storage units, and the efficacy of disinfection. Tests to determine the potential for bacterial regrowth focus on the concentration of nutrients. Not all organic compounds are equally susceptible to microbial decomposition; the fraction that provides energy and carbon for bacterial growth has been called labile dissolved organic carbon, biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC), or Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC). Easily measured chemical surrogates for AOC are not available now. As alternative to chemical methods, bioassays have been proposed.
Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) is that portion of the biodegradable organic carbon that can be converted to cell mass and expressed as a carbon concentration by means of a conversion factor. In this study, two organisms, namely Psuedomonas fluorescens strain P17 and Spirillum species NOX were selected for the AOC determination. The growth of the bacteria was determined by periodic colony counts with spread plate technique on LLA (Lab-Lemco nutrient agar) cultivation medium until the growth reached maximum (maximum colony count, Nmax). Results showed that AOC follows a trend based on the climatic and seasonal changes (local climate) with peaks in summer and low during winter season and vice versa in term of AOC removing capability. In addition to confirm AOC removal rate in biofiltration bed was evaluated with a test column containing the same filling materials, Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). Long term test showed that GAC would last for forty weeks without any special treatment. Other result showed that biofiltration bed has a better removal efficiency rate 72% (average based on four year), than the test column 49% since it experience frequent back-washing, thus maintaining a healthy removal rate. In the test column change in total organic carbon was quite abnormal. AOC yearly distribution was also studied and differentiated into four stages. AOC removal of each stage was 48%, 70%, 83% and 77%. Total organic carbon concentration was much higher in the effluent 384 than influent 334 μg C/L; later methionine was found in water sample (effluent) which strongly suggests that the indigenous microbes had been reducing organic material such as cystein to methionine thus increasing the organic carbon content of the effluent. The microbial growths inside the GAC test column is entirely based on the long term feed of water at the treatment plant. Several other parameters such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Excitation Emissions Fluorescence Matrix (EEFM), Molecular Weight and Amino acids detection were selected and coupled with the AOC to shed light on the working mechanisms of both GAC as filtration material and characteristics of indigenous microbes towards the removal of organic contaminants and changes they can bring about to the quality of clear water.

Abstract 9
Acknowledgement 12
Chapter One – Introduction 13
1–1 Motivations 15
1–2 Objectives 16
Chapter Two – Literature Overview 17
2–1 Activated Carbon Described 17
2-2 Abilities of Activated Carbon 17
2-3 The Importance of Determining AOC 18
2-4 The Effect of Ozonation on Water Quality in Euthrophic Lake (AOC) 20
Chapter Three – Materials and Methods 22
3-1 Study Flowchart 22
3-2 The Water Treatment Processes of Chen Ching Lake Water Treatment Plant 23
3-2-1 Coagulation and Sedimentation 24
3-2-2 Granular Media Filtration 24
3-2-3 GAC adsorption (column study) 24
3-2-4 Ozone Contactor 25
3-3 Measurement of Parameters 25
3-3-1 Measurement of AOC by Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain P-17, Spirillum Strain NOX Method 25
3-3-1-1 General Discussion 25
3-3-1-2 Apparatus 27
3-3-1-3 Reagents 27
3-3-1-4 Sampling and Storage 28
3-3-1-4-1 Containers 28
3-3-1-4-2 Dechlorination 28
3-3-1-4-3 Sampling Procedures 28
3-3-1-4-4 Sampling and Transport 29
3-3-1-4-5 Sampling Site Selection 29
3-3-2 Scanning Electron Microscope – Pretreatment of Sample 29
3-3-3 Total Bacterial Count (TBC) 30
3-3-4 Excitation and Emission Fluorescens Matrix (EEFM) 30
3-3-5 Biological Organic Matter (BOM) Characterization 31
3-3-6 Molecular Weight Analysis 32
3-3-7 Total Organic Carbon (Non Purgeable Dissolved Organic Carbon) 32
3-3-8 High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) 33
Chapter Four – Results and Discussion 34
4-1 The Effect of Sodium Thiosulfate on AOC measurement 34
4-2 Variation of Organic Matter in Water Treatment Plant 35
4-2-1 Variation of Organic Carbon Concentration (NPDOC) non-Purgeable Dissolved Organic Carbon 35
4-2-2 AOC Yearly Distribution 37
4-2-3 Seasonal Variation 40
4-2-4 AOC Variations between Different Processes 41
4-2-5 NOX and P17 on AOC Contribution 46
4-2-6 AOC Removal Efficiency in Column Test 47
4-2-7 Removal Efficiencies of AOC in Chen Ching Lake Water Treatment Plant 48
4-3 Micro Diversity in Granular Activated Carbon Column and Organic Properties between Influent and Treated Water 52
4-3-1 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Polymerase Chain reeactoin-Denaturing Gel Electrophorosis 52
4-3-2 Molecular Weight Distribution 57
4-3-4 Total Bacterial Count (TBC) 58
4-3-5 Polysaccharides or Amino Acids in the effluent of GAC Column 61
Chapter Five – Conclusions 65
Suggestions 65
References 66
Appendix 74

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