臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

色調重現目的是去調整或映射高動態範圍影像，調整影像圖素的亮度以及更好的對比度。本論文提出一個完善的彩色影像系統對於在極高動態範圍下場景的影像拍攝。用五張不同曝光的原始影像作融合來拓展動態範圍的概念，搭配色調重現和局部對比增強演算法以重現原始影像的對比和細節。
系統首先融合多張不同曝光的原始影像以獲得更多的動態範圍資訊，融合後原始影像的有效動態範圍可以擴展到256倍，接著對影像在不同亮度下重複抽取邊緣以擷取影像的細節，我們所提出的色調重現演算法將所擷取到的最佳邊緣統計圖作等化以分配到更均勻分佈的區域。最後區域對比增強使影像的細部更明顯。經由實驗結果，我們提出的高動態範圍影像系統能夠在色調重現及色彩鮮明度上得到好的結果。

Tone reproduction attempts to scale or map high dynamic range image data such that the resulting image has preserved the visual brightness and better contrast impression of the original scenes. In this paper, we propose an integrated color imaging system for taking images in extremely high dynamic range scenes.
The system first fuses several differently exposed raw images to acquire more intensity information. The effective dynamic range of the image raw data can be
extended to 256 times if five differently exposed images are fused. Then it runs edge detection iterations to extract the image details in different luminance levels. The proposed tone reproduction algorithm equalizes the histogram of the extracted fine edges which tends to assign larger dynamic range for highly populated regions. Finally, the local contrast enhancement is performed to further refine the image details. The experimental results show that the proposed high dynamic range imaging system has good performance on both tone and color reproduction.

摘 要 i
ABSTRACT ii
致 謝 iii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究動機與背景 1
1.2相關研究概述 2
1.3高動態範圍存在的問題 4
1.4提出的方法 5
1.5論文架構 6
第二章 色調重現相關研究及探討 7
2.1影像相關背景 7
2.1.1高動態範圍與壓縮 7
2.1.2人類視覺系統 8
2.1.3色彩空間 9
2.2彩色影像處理流程 11
2.3色調重現之相關研究 16
2.3.1統計圖等化 16
2.3.2色調重現曲線(TRC) 22
2.3.3色調重現算子(TRO) 32
第三章 色調重現演算法 38
3.1演算法架構 38
3.2多重曝光影像的融合 39
3.3邊緣偵測與色調重現曲線(TRC) 42
3.4區域對比的增強 47
3.5 RGB增益值的調整 48
3.5.1 TRC的增益 48
3.5.2區域對比的增益 50
第四章 實驗結果 51
4.1 概要 51
4.1.1影像來源介紹 51
4.1.2彩色影像格式 52
4.1.3實驗場景 53
4.2單張原始影像與五張融合的比較 54
4.3局部對比增強的結果 55
4.4影像處理流程的結果比較與投票結果 57
第五章 結論與未來工作 64
5.1結論 64
5.2未來工作 64
參考文獻 65

[1] Hsien-Che Lee, “Introduction to color imaging science,”Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[2] Wen-Chung Kao, Chih-Chung Kao, Shou-Hung Chen, Yen-Wei Hung. “The embedded software architecture for real-time video and audio recording,” in Proc. CVGIP 05, Taiwan, ROC, 2005, pp. 1462-1467.
[3] Wen-Chung Kao, Sheng-Hong Wang, Lien-Yang Chen, and Sheng-Yuan Lin, “Design Considerations of Color Image Processing Pipeline for Digital Cameras,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, Nov. 2006.
[4] Wen-Chung Kao, Chien-Chih Hsu, Lien-Yang Chen, Chih-Chung Kao, and Shou-Hung Chen, “Integrating image fusion and motion stabilization for capturing still images in high dynamic range scenes,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 52, no. 3, Aug. 2006.
[5] Wen-Chung Kao, Lien-Yang Chen, and Sheng-Hong Wang, “Tone reproduction in color imaging systems by histogram equalization for macro edges,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 52, no. 2, May 2006.
[6] Wen-Chung Kao, “High dynamic range imaging by fusing multiple raw images and tone reproduction,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 54, no. 1, Feb. 2008.
[7] Wen-Chung Kao and Ying-Ju Chen, “Multistage bilateral noise filtering and edge detection for color image enhancement,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, pp. 1346-1350, vol. 51, no. 4, Nov. 2005.
[8] C. Connolly and T. Fliess, “A study of efficiency and accuracy in the transformation from RGB to CIELab color space,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 6, pp. 1046–1048, July 1997.
[9] G. Ward, H. Rushmeier, and C. Piatko, “A visibility matching tone reproduction operator for high dynamic range scenes,”IEEE Trans. Visualization and computer Graphics, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 291-306 Oct.-Dec. 1997.
[10] G. Qiu, and J. Duan, “An optimal tone reproduction curve operator for the display of high dynamic range images,”in Proc. IEEE Int. Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), pp. 6276-6278, 2005.
[11] J. Duan , and G.. Qiu, “Fast tone mapping for high dynamic range images,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 847-850, 2004.
[12] D. J. Jobson, Z. Rahman, G. A. Woodell, “Properties and Performance of a Center/Surround Retinex,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing. vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 451 – 462, Mar. 1997.
[13] P. Debevec and J. Malik, “Recovering high dynamic range radiance maps from photographs,” in SIGGRAPH 97 Conf. Proc., pp. 369-378, 1997.
[14] S. Nayer, and T. Mitsunaga,“ High dynamic range imaging: Spatially varying pixel exposures,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol. 1, pp. 472-479, Jun. 2000.
[15] D.J. Jobson, Z. Rahman, G. A. Woodell, “A multiscale retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing. vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 965 – 976, Jul. 1997.
[16] Wen-Chung Kao, Hong-Shuo Tai, Chia-Pin Shen, Jia-An Ye, and Hong-Fa Ho, “A Pipelined Architecture Design for Trilateral Noise Filtering,” Accepted for presenting in Proc. IEEE International Symposium Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), United States, May 2007.
[17] F. Durand, J. Dorsey, “Fast bilateral l filtering for the display of high-dynamic-range images,” ACM Tran. Graphics, vol. 21, no. 3, Jul. 2002.
[18] R. Fattal, D. Lischinski, and M. Werman, “Gradient domain high dynamic range compression,”ACM Trans. Graphics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 249-256, 2002.
[19] E. Reinhard, M. Stark, P. Shirley, and J. Ferwerda, “Photographic tone reproduction for digital images,”ACM Trans. Graphics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 267-276, 2002.
[20] J. Tumblin, J.K. Hodgins, B. K. Guenter,“ Two Methods for Display of High Contrast Images,” ACM Tran. Graphics, vol. 18, no.1, Jan.1999.
[21] R.Ramanath, W.E Snyder, Y. Yoo, M.S. Drew, “Color image processing pipeline,” IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 34 – 43, Jan. 2005.
[22] G.Sharma, H.J.Trussell, “Digital color imaging,” IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 901 – 932, Jul. 1997.
[23] Ping-Sing Tsai, Tinku Acharya and Ajay k. Ray, “Adaptive fuzzy color interpolation, ” Journal of Electronic Imaging, vol.11,no.3,July 2002.
[24] K. Devlin, “A review of tone reproduction techniques,”Technical Report CSTR-02-005, Computer Science, Univ. of Bristol, 2002.
[25] H. Zhang, and L. Lucchese, “A fast tone reproduction algorithm for high dynamic range image display,”IEEE 6th Workshop Multimedia on Signal Processing, pp. 275-278, 2004.
[26] J. Duan, and G. Qiu, “Fast tone mapping for high dynamic range images,” Proc. of the 17th International Pattern Recognition, 2004.
[27] J. L. Starck, F. Murtagh, E. J. Candes, and D. L. Donoho, “Gray and color image contrast enhancement by the curvelet transform,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 706 – 717, Jun. 2003.
[28] J. L. Starck, E. Candes, and D. L. Donoho, “The curvelet transform for image denoising,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 11, pp. 131-141, Jun. 2002.
[29] L. Meylan, and A. Susstrunk, “High dynamic range image rendering with a retinex-based adaptive filter,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 2820-2830, Sep. 2006.
[30] S. Kumar, and C. A. Murthy, “Hue-preserving color image enhancement without gamut problem,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 1591-1598, June 2003.
[31] R. Mantiuk, K. Myszkowski, and H. P. Seidel, “A perceptual framework for contrast processing of high dynamic range images,” ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, vol. 3 no. 3, pp. 87-190, July 2006.
[32] Q. Wang, and R. K. Ward, “Fast image/video contrast enhancement based on weighted thresholded histogram equalization,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 757-764, May 2007.
[33] Y. T. Kim, “Contrast enhancement using brightness preserving bi-histogram equalization,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 43, no. 1, pp.1-8, February 1997.
[34] M. A. A. Wadud, M. H. Kabir, M. A. A. Dewan, and O. Chae, “A dynamic Histogram equalization for image contrast enhancement,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 593-600, May 2007.
[35] C. C. Sun, S. J. Ruan, M. C. Shie, and T. W. Pai, “Dynamic contrast enhancement based on histogram specification”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 1300 – 1305, NOVEMBER 2005.
[36] A. Pardo, and G. Sapiro, “Visualization of high dynamic range images,” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 639-647, Jun. 2003.
[37] A. R. V. Koczy, and A. Rovid, “High-dynamic range image reproduction methods,” IEEE Transactions on instrumentation and measurement, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 1465-1472, pp. 1465 – 1472, Aug. 2007.
[38] E. Reinhard, and K. Devlin, “Dynamic range reduction inspired by photoreceptor physiology,” IEEE Transactions on visualization and computer graphics, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 13-24, Jan/Feb. 2005.
[39] B. R. Lim, R. H. Park, and S. Kim, “High dynamic range for contrast enhancement,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 1454-1462, Nov. 2006.
[40] H. T. Chen, T. L. Liu, and T. L. Chang, “Tone reproduction: A perspective from luminance-driven perceptual grouping,” IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition , vol. 2, pp. 369 – 376, Jun. 2005.
[41] Y. Monobe, H. Yamashita, T. Kurosawa, and H. Kotera, “Dynamic range compression preserving local image contrast for digital video camera,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 1-10, Feb. 2005.
[42] Y. H. Tee, and S. Pattanaik, “Segmentation and adaptive assimilation for detail-preserving display of high-dynamic range images,” The Visual Computer, vol.19, no. 7-8, pp. 457-466, Jul. 2003.
[43] E. Land, “Lightness and retinex theory,” J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-11, Jan. 1971.