本實驗目的在探討白蝦飼料中，利用黎豆取代魚粉蛋白質來源對白蝦成長之影響，本實驗黎豆粉取代率分別為25 %、50 %、75 %、100 %。本實驗蝦苗初重為1.37 – 1.41克，每組24隻蝦，實驗組為2重複，養殖在室內循環系統，實驗為期70日，每日投餵2餐，分別在08:00及20:00。
　　
本實驗結果顯示，25 %及50 %取代組與商業飼料及未取代組別在增重率、飼料轉換率及存活率無顯著差異。

　　依照本實驗結果以商業角度分析，取代魚粉25 %、50 %及未取代魚粉飼料投餵飼養１公頃白蝦，得知隨取代魚粉比例增加，蛋白質成本相對降低，但整體而言仍以投餵未取代魚粉飼料可獲得最大收益 NT ﹩260673.47。

根據本實驗結果顯示，對白蝦養殖而言，黎豆為良好植物性蛋白來源，並可減少飼料中魚粉蛋白質使用率及降低白蝦飼料成本。

The increasing economical and environmental concerns regarding the use of fish meal in diets for aquaculture have led to the development of replacement strategies in which plants are seen as a reliable source of lower production costs. This study evaluated a fish meal replacement strategy using a plant protein source in treatment diets for marine white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

The use of mucuna beans was evaluated as a replacement for fish meal in practical diets. Animal protein was replaced with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of mucuna beans meal respectively. Post larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei were reared indoors. Each treatment had a replicate containing groups of 24 shrimps (100/m2) per aquarium arranged in a completely randomized design. Shrimps initial mean weight ranged from 1.37 ± 0.09 and 1.41 ± 0.17. The shrimp were hand fed twice daily at 08:00 and 20:00 for 70 days.

The results showed that mucuna bean is a good alternative source for protein in white shrimp diets and can replace fish meal in levels from 25 % to 50 %. The results also showed no significant different effect in weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate.

From the economic point of view, the partial gross returns for the protein source were compared simulating a 1 hectare culture of white shrimp and using results from the treatment diets that showed no significant differences among them according to final mean weight. The results showed that as more mucuna was replaced on every diet, the protein costs were lowered, but control diet had an increased partial gross return of NT$ 260 673.47 compared to the 25% replacement with NT$ 198 897.26 and the 50% mucuna had NT$ 184 153.84.

According to these results we can have a good usage of the mucuna beans in replacement of the fishmeal especially from the economic point of view since we can reduce the price of the feed, which is the major cost in the culture of most aquatic species and in this case in the white shrimp culture.

In conclusion, the replacement of fish meal with mucuna beans as a plant protein source in white shrimp practical diets is feasible.

Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei; Mucuna pruriens; Fish meal; Shrimp Nutrition

Page
Acknowledgements .................................................................... i
Abstract ……………………………………………………….. iv
Table of contents ……………………………………………... vii
List of tables ………………………………………………….. ix
List of figures ………………………………………………… x
List of annex …………………………………………………. xi
Introduction …………………………………………………... 1
Paper review …………………………………………………. 6
Aquaculture world production ……………………………….. 6
Aquaculture production of species …………………………… 6
Importance of the marine white shrimp in aquaculture ……… 8
Culture of white shrimp ……………………………………… 8
Water quality parameters in shrimp culture ………………….. 9
Nutritional requirements ……………………………………... 9
Protein ………………………………………………………... 10
Shrimp feeds …………………………………………………. 12
Plant protein sources …………………………………………. 13
Mucuna pruriens ……………………………………………... 15
Production and biochemical composition ……………………. 15
Crude protein ………………………………………………… 16
Crude lipid …………………………………………………… 16
Ash content …………………………………………………... 16
Mucuna pruriens feeding trials ………………………………. 17
Anti-nutritional features ……………………………………… 19
L-Dopa ……………………………………………………….. 19
Phytic acid ……………………………………………………. 20
Measurement of growth and weight …………………………. 22
Materials and methods ……………………………………….. 23
Location of the experiment …………………………………... 23
Experimental design …………………………………………. 23
Preparation of the diets ………………………………………. 23
Proximate analysis …………………………………………… 24
Feeding trial and Management ……………………………….. 26
Economic costs of feeds in the diets …………………………. 27
Statistical analysis ……………………………………………. 28
Results ………………………………………………………... 29
Proximate composition of the experimental diets ……………. 29
Biological performance of the diets ………………………….. 30
Final weight ………………………………………………….. 30
Weight gain …………………………………………………... 31
Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) ………………………………... 31
Survival rate ………………………………………………….. 32
Economic results of the diets ………………………………… 32
Discussion ……………………………………………………. 34
Conclusion …………………………………………………… 40
References ……………………………………………………. 41

Adebowale, Y.A., Adeyemi, A., Oshodi, A.A., 2005. Variability in the
physicochemical and antinutritional attributes of six Mucuna species. Food Chemistry 89, 37 – 48.

AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis (15th ed.). Association of
Official Analytical Chemists, Inc. Arlington, VA. USA. pp. 79, 777, 781.

Amaya, E.A., Davis, D.A., Rouse, D.B., 2007. Replacement of fish meal in
practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared under pond conditions. Aquaculture 262, 393 – 401.

Aquacop, Cuzon, G., 1989. Selected ingredients for shrimp feed. Advances
in Tropical Aquaculture 9, 405 – 412.

Balaban, M.O., Teixeira, A.A., 2002. Potencial Home and Industrial
Process Treatments to Reduce L-Dopa in Mucuna Bean. pp: 339-351.

Bautista-Teruel, M., Eusebio, P.S., Welsh, T.P., 2003. Utilization of feed
pea, Pisum sativum, meal as a protein source diets for juvenile tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture 225, 121 – 131.

Bhat, R., Sridhar, K.R., Tomita-Yokotani, K., 2007. Effect of ionizing
radiation on antinutritional features of velvet bean seeds (Mucuna pruriens). Food Chemistry 103, 860 - 866.

Brock, J.A., Main, K.L., 1994. A guide to the common problems and
diseases of cultured Penaeus vannamei. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. pp. 242.

California Aquaculture Association (CAA), 2006. Some Facts About the
Use of Fishmeal and Fish oil in Aquaculture. Rangen Inc. Connatural Service Company.

Camara, A., Toupou, K., Berhe, T., 2002. Potential uses of Mucuna as
human food and animal feed in the Republic of Guinea. Mucuna News 5. pp. 1 – 9.

Camara, A., Toupou, K., Diallo, D., Berhe, T., 2003. Studies on Mucuna
as poultry and pig feed in the Republic of Guinea. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 1, 247 – 251.

Carew, L.B., Hardy, D., Weis, J., Alster, F., Mischler, A.G., Zakrzewska,
E.I., 2003. Heating raw velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) reverses some anti-nutritional effects on organ growth, blood chemistry, and organ histology in growing chickens. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems Volume 1, No. 2 – 3.

Cheng, Z.J., Behnke, K.C., Dominy, W.G., 2002. Effects of Poultry by-
product meal as a Substitute for Fish Meal in Diets on Growth and Body Composition of Juvenile Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 12, 71 – 83.

Colvin, L.B., Brand, C.W., 1977. The protein requirement of penaeid
shrimp at various life cycle stages in controlled environment systems. In: Kureshy, N., Davis, D.A., 2002. Protein requirement for maintenance and maximum weight gain for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 204, 125 – 143.

Davis, D.A., Arnold, C.R., 2000. Replacement of fish meal in practical
diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 185, 291 - 298.

Davis, D.A., Arnold, C.R., McMallum, I., 2002. Nutritional value of feed
peas (Pisum sativum) in practical diet formulations for Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture Nutrition 8, 87 – 94.

De La Cruz, R.T., 2003. Plant protein: The other half to fishmeal for white
shrimps. BAR Digest Research and Development. October – December 2003, Vol. 5 No 4.

Eusebio, P.S., 1991. Effect of de-hulling on the nutritive value of some
leguminous seeds as protein sources for tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon, juveniles. Aquaculture 99, 287 – 308.

Escudero, D.E., 2004. Evaluacion del rendimiento y valor nutritivo del
pasto Mucuna (Stizolobium deeringianum) a lo largo de su periodo vegetativo. Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima – Peru.


Fishmeal Information Network (FIN), 2006. Fishmeal and fish oil facts
and figures. Fishmeal from Managed Resources. Fact sheet. Summer 2006.

Flores, M., Eillita, M., Carsky, R.J., Myhrman, R., Carew, L., 2000.
Food and Feed from Mucuna: Current Uses and the Way Forward. CIDICCO. Honduras. pp. 352 – 375.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2002.
Protein Sources for the Animal Feed Industry. Expert Consultation and Workshop. Bangkok, 29 April – 3 May. pp. 1 – 25.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2004.
Introduction and movements of Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus stylirostris in Asia and the Pacific. RAP Publication 2004. pp. 1 – 40.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2005.
Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Penaeus vannamei. Fisheries and Aquaculture Department.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2006.
State of World aquaculture 2006. Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service. Fishery Resources Division. pp. 1 – 147.



Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2007.
The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Rome 2007. pp. 1 – 180.

Francis, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Becker, K., 2002. Products from little
researched plants as aquaculture feed ingredients.

Forster, I.P., Dominy, W., Tacon, A.G.J., 2002. The Use of Concentrates
and Other Soy Products in Shrimp Feeds. Oceanic Institute, Hawaii – USA. pp. 1 – 14.

Herrera, G., Lotero, J., Crowder, L.V., 1966. Frecuencia de corte en
leguminosas forrajeras tropicales. Agricultura tropical 22, 473 – 483.

Janardhanan, K., Lakshmanan, K.K., 1985. Studies on the pulse, Mucura
utilis: Chemical composition and antinutritional factors. Journal of Food Science Technology 22, 369 – 371.

Josephine, M., Janardhanan, K., 1992. Studies on chemical composition
and antinutritional factors in three germplasm seed materials of the tribal pulse Mucuna pruriens (L) DC. Food Chemistry 43, 13 – 18.

Kureshy, N., Davis, D.A., 2002. Protein requirement for maintenance and
maximum weight gain for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 204, 125 – 143.


Lim, C., 1996. Substitution of cottonseed meal for marine animal protein in
diets for Penaeus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 27, 402 – 409.

Lim, C., Ako, H., Brown, C.L., Hahn, K., 1997. Growth response and fatty
acid composition of juvenile Penaeus vannamei fed different sources of dietary lipid. Aquaculture 151, 143 – 153.

McCallum, I.M., 2004. The Use of Peas in Aquafeeds. Pulse-Canola Feed
Literature Database. Chapter V.

Miles, R.D., Chapman, F.A., 2006. The Benefits of Fish Meal in
Aquaculture Diets. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences 122, 1 – 7.

Mohan, V.R., Wagle, D.S., 1995. Chemical analysis and nutritional
assessment of lesser known pulses of the genus, Mucuna. Food Chemistry 52, 275 – 280.

Molina-Poveda, C., Morales, M.E., 2004. Use of a mixture of barley-based
fermented grains and wheat gluten as an alternative protein source in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone). Aquaculture Research 35, 1158 – 1165.

Myhrman, R., 2002. Detection and Removal of L-Dopa in the Legume
Mucuna. In: Flores, M., M. Eilitta, R. Carsky, R. Myhrman, L. Carew, and J. Rojas (Eds.). Food and Feed From Mucuna: Current Uses and the Way Forward. Proceedings of a workshop held in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, April 26 - 29, 2000. CIDICCO, Honduras.

National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 1979. Tropical legumes: Resources
for the future. National Academy of Sciences. Washington D.C. Vol. 29, No 1, pp. 180-180.

Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J., Kautsky, N., Beveridge,
M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H., Troell, M., 2000. Effect of Aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405, 1017 – 1024.

Pedrazzoli, A., Molina, C., Montoya, N., Townsend, S., Leon-Hing, A.,
Parades, Y., Calderon, J., 1998. Recent Advances on Nutrition Research of Penaeus vannamei in Ecuador. Reviews in Fisheries Science 6 (1 & 2), 143 – 151.

PRODUCE, Ministerio de la Produccion, 2006. Boletin Estadistico
Mensual. Resumen Ejecutivo del Sector Produccion.

Pugalenthi, M., Vadivel. V., Siddhuraju, P., 2005. Alternative Food/Feed
Perspectives of an Underutilized Legume Mucuna pruriens var. Utilis-A Review. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 60, 201 – 218.

Ravindran, V., Ravindran, G., 1988. Nutritional and antinutritional
characteristics of Mucuna (Mucuna utilis) bean seeds. Journal for Science of Food and Agricultura 46, 71 – 74.
Rivas-Vega, M.E., Goytortua-Bores, E., Ezquerra-Brauer, J.M.,
Salazar-Garcia, M.G., Cruz-Suarez, L.E., Nolasco, H., Civera-Cerecedo, R., 2006. Nutritional value of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp) meals as ingredients in diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone). Food Chemistry 97, 41 – 49.

Rosenberry, B., 2006. Shrimp News International: About shrimp farming.
San Diego, California. United States of America.

Samocha, T.M., Davis, D.A., Saoud, I.P., DeBault, K., 2004. Substitution
of fish meal by co-extruded soybean poultry by-product meal in practical diets for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 231, 197 – 203.

Siddhuraju, P., Becker, K., Makkar, H.P.S., 2000. Studies on the
Nutritional Composition and Antinutritional Factors of Three Germsplasm Seed Materials of an Under-Utilized Tropical Legume, Mucuna pruriens Var. Utilis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 6048 – 6060.

Siddhuraju, P., Becker, K., 2001a. Effect of various domestic processing
methods on antinutrients and in vitro protein and starch digestibility of two indigenous varieties of Indian tribal pulse, Mucuna pruriens var. utilis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 3058 – 3067.



Siddhuraju, P., Becker, K., 2001b. Preliminary nutritional evaluation of
Mucuna seed meal (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.): an assessment by growth performance and feed utilization. Aquaculture 196, 105 – 123.

Siddhuraju, P., Becker, K., 2003. Comparative nutritional evaluation of
differentially processed mucuna seeds [Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Var. utilis (Wall ex Wight) Baker ex Burck] on growth performance, feed utilization and body composition in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquaculture Research 34, 487 – 500.

Smith, D.M., Tabrett, S.J., Glencross, B.D., 2007. Growth response of the
black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon fed diets containing different lupin cultivars. Aquaculture 269, 436 – 446.

Smith, D.M., Tabrett, S., Irvin, S., Barclay, M., 2006. Lupins – an
alternative protein source for use in shrimp feeds. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research – Australia. pp. 1 – 12.

South, C., 2004. Clayton’s Health Facts: L-Dopa. Bodybuilding.com, 2026
Silverstone Way, Meridian, ID 83642 USA.

Sudaryono, A., Tsvetnenko, E., Hutabarat, J., Supriharyono, Evans,
L.H., 1999. Lupin ingredients in shrimp (Penaeus monodon) diets: influence of lupin species and types of meals. Aquaculture 171, 121 – 133.

Tidwell, J.H., Webster, C.D., Yancey, D.H., D’Abramo, L.R., 1993.
Partial and total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal and distillers’ by-products in diets for pond culture of the freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Aquaculture 118, 119 – 130.

Treece, G., 2000. Shrimp culture. In: Encyclopedia of Aquaculture. John
Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, pp. 798 – 868.

Vadivel, V., Janardhanan, K., 2000a. Nutritional and antinutritional
composition of velvet bean: An under-utilized food legume in South India. International Journal of Food Science Nutrition 51, 279 – 287.

Vadivel, V., Janardhanan, K., 2000b. Preliminary agrobotanical traits and
chemical evaluation of Mucuna pruriens (itching beans): A less-known food and medicinal legume. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science 22, 191 – 199.

Van Wyk, P., Davis-Hodkins, M., Laramore, R., Main, K.L., Mountain,
J., Scarpa, J., 1999. Farming Marine Shrimp in Recirculating Freshwater Systems. Harbor Branch Aquaculture Division. Training Publications. pp. 1 – 220.

Vijayakumari, K., Siddhuraju, O., Janardhanan, K., 1996. Effect of
different post-harvest treatments on antinutritional factors in seeds of the tribal pulse, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. International Journal of Food Science Nutrition 47, 263 – 272.

Vijayakumari, K., Smitha, K.B., Janardhanan, K., 2002. Biochemical
characterization of the tribal pulse, Mucuna utilis Wall ex. Wight Seeds. Journal of Food Science Technology 39, 650 – 653.

Webster, C.D., Lim, C.E., 2002. Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of
Finfish for Aquaculture. CAB International, New York. pp. 1 – 411.

Worm, B., barbier, E.B., Beaumont, N., Duffy, J.E., Folke, C., Halpern,
B.S., Jackson, J.B.C., Lotze, H.K., Micheli, F., Palumbi, S.R., Sala, E., Selkoe, K.A., Stachowicz, J.J., Watson, R. 2006. Impacts of Biodiversity Loss on Ocean Ecosystem Services. Science 5800, 787 – 790.

Zheng, C.L. 2003. The Effect of Dietary Different Steroids on the Growth
and Physiology of Litopenaeus vannamei. National Taiwan Ocean University. Keelung - Taiwan, page 55.