本研究目的分別由土壤與稻草中篩選分離具有分泌聚甘露醣? (mannanase) 能力之菌株，分別純化、分析二分離菌株分泌之聚甘露醣?生化特性。以刺槐豆膠為碳源篩選的菌株經鑑定結果為Paenibacillus cookii 菌屬，以稻草為碳源篩選的菌株經鑑定結果為Bacillus sp.菌屬。Paenibacillus cookii 菌及 Bacillus sp. 菌分別於25及27oC、震盪速率為150 rpm下培養，在第四天可以得到最高聚甘露醣?活性分別為 6.67 及 13 U/mL。分別收集胞外酵素液，經硫酸銨分劃、透析後，進行DEAE- Sepharose Fast Flow 管柱層析及 sephacryl S-100 HR 管柱層析可得到具有活性之聚聚甘露醣? (mannanases P及B)，其比活性分別為 635.4及591.4 U/mg，回收率分別為 6.4及17.2 %，純化倍率分別為51.1及48.5 倍。經Native-PAGE電泳分析呈現單一色帶之純化聚甘露醣?，並由膠體過濾層析得其分子量分別為 77.0及39.0 kDa。經純化之P 及B聚甘露醣?最適反應酸鹼度分別在 pH 5.0 及 7.0，其在 pH 5.0-7.0及 3.0-7.0之間有較佳之安定性，其最適反應溫度都為 50oC，在 10oC-40oC 和 10-50oC 之間安定性較佳。純化之聚甘露醣?的活性會受到 Hg2+、Cu2+ 及 Ni2+ 金屬離子的抑制。P. cookii聚甘露醣?對刺槐豆膠 (LBG) 水解能力最強，推論此聚甘露醣?水解作用以半乳糖與甘露醣 1:4比例之 β-(1,4) 糖?鍵鍵結所形成之刺槐豆膠的水解能力為最強。而純化之Bacillus sp.聚甘露醣?對 konjac powder 的水解能力最強，推論此純化之聚甘露醣?水解作用以葡萄糖與甘露醣 1: 3 比例之β-(1,4) 糖?鍵鍵結所形成之蒟蒻膠水解能力為最強。

Locust bean gum (LBG) and rice straw were used to screen the mannanase-producing bacteria. M-1~M-12 and H1~H7 bacteria, from soil under aerobic condition, were with hydrolysis ability against locust bean gum. Among these bacteria, M-7 and H-1 had the highest hydrolytic ability and identified as Paenibacillus cookii and Bacillus sp., respectively. Different temperatures (25, 27, 30, 37, and 50oC) were used to cultivate the isolated strains. The highest mannanase activity (6.67 and 13.00 U/mL) was observed on samples after 4 days incubation at 27 and 25oC, respectively. After removing the cells by passing through a 0.45 μm membrane, the crude enzymes were concentrated by using Amicon ultrafiltration (cutoff: 10 kDa) and then chromatographed on DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-100 HR gel filtration. About 6.4 and 17.2% mannanase were recovered and 90.2 and 48.5 purification fold were achieved at this stage. It's apparent molecular mass was estimated to be 77.0 and 39.0 kDa, respectively, based on the Sephacryl S-100 HR chromatograph. The optimal pH were 5.0 and 7.0, respectively, while their optimal temperatures were at 50oC. They were stable around pH 5.0~7.0 and 3.0~7.0, and at 10~40oC and 10~50oC, respectively. The purified mannanases were highly inhibited by Hg2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+. They were inhibited by IAA and EDTA, but strongly activated by β-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, cysteine and glutathione. They were, therefore, considered to contain -SH on active site. According to substrate specificity, the purified mannanases had high specificity to LBG and konjac powder, respectively.

名詞縮寫 1
中文摘要 2
英文摘要Abstract 4
壹、研究背景與目的 5
貳、文獻整理 6
1 植物纖維素組成 6
2 半纖維素之種類 8
3半纖維素之應用 9
4甘露聚醣的生理功能及應用 11
4.1 甘露聚醣之物性 11
4.2甘露聚醣之結構與種類 12
4.2.1 軟木類半纖維素之甘露聚醣 12
4.2.2 硬木類半纖維素之甘露聚醣 13
4.3 豆科植物之甘露聚醣 13
4.3.1刺槐豆膠特性及其應用 13
4.3.2 關華豆膠 15
4.4 蒟蒻膠 16
4.4.1 蒟蒻之簡介 16
4.4.2 蒟蒻膠之結構 17
4.4.3 凝膠特性 17
5 機能食品 18
5.1 機能食品之定義與規範 19
6寡醣的生理功能及應用 21
6.1 寡醣的特性 21
6.2 寡醣對腸胃道功能的影響 22
7 甘露寡糖在腸道之作用機制 23
7.1 調節免疫防禦 23
7.2 調節非免疫防禦 23
8聚甘露醣? 24
8.1聚甘露醣?特性 24
8.2 培養基組成對微生物分泌聚甘露醣?活性之影響 24
8.3 影響聚甘露醣?水解甘露聚醣之因素 25
8.4 不同來源的聚甘露醣?之特性 25
9 聚甘露醣?的作用機制 26
10 聚甘露醣?的測定方法 26
11甘露聚醣?在工業上的應用 27
?、材料與方法 29
Ι. 實驗材料 29
1 菌株 29
2 菌株之製備與保存 29
3 藥品與培養基 29
3.1 活化菌株液體培養基的組成 29
3.2 固體培養基的組成 30
3.3 液體培養基的組成 30
3.4 藥品 31
3.5 主要儀器 32
Π. 實驗方法 33
(一) 甘露聚醣分解酵素生產菌株的篩選 33
1 第一次篩菌 33
2 第二次篩菌 33
3 菌株之鑑定 33
4 培養方法 33
4.1 斜面培養 33
4.2 液態培養 34
5 粗酵素液的製備 34
6 聚甘露醣?活性測定 34
7 還原糖標準曲線 34
8 菌數之計數 35
9 pH值之測定 35
(二) 聚甘露醣?的純化 36
1粗酵素液的製備 36
2 硫酸銨劃分 36
3 透析 36
4 超過濾濃縮 37
5 DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow管柱層析 37
6 Sephacryl S-100 HR 膠體過濾層析法 37
頁數
7 純度鑑定 38
8 蛋白質分子量的測定 38
9 蛋白質濃度測定 38
10 蛋白質標準曲線 38
11 聚丙烯醯胺膠體電泳 39
(三) 聚甘露醣?的生化特性試驗 41
1 最適酸鹼度 41
2 酸鹼度安定性 41
3 最適溫度 42
4 熱安定性 42
5 金屬離子的影響 42
6 抑制劑的影響 43
7 基質特異性 44
8 N端定序 44
9 序列比對 44
肆、結果與討論 45
ㄧ、以刺槐豆膠為基質生產聚甘露醣?之菌株篩選及其純化與特性 45
(一) 聚甘露醣?生產菌株之篩選 45
1. 第一次篩選 45
2. 第二次篩選 46
3. 菌株之鑑定 46
(二) P. cookii 生產聚甘露醣?最適培養基之探討 47
1. 培養基組成對菌株分泌聚甘露醣?活性之活化條件影響 47
2. 不同碳源添加量對聚甘露醣?活性之影響 47
3. 不同氮源之組成對聚甘露醣?活性之影響 48
4. 不同培養溫度對聚甘露醣?活性之影響 49
5. 不同比例之兩種氮源對聚甘露醣?活性之影響 49
(三) P. cookii生產聚甘露醣?之純化 50
1 粗酵素液的製備 50
2 硫酸銨劃分 50
3. DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow管柱層析 51
4. Sephacryl S-100 High Resolution 膠過濾層析法 51
5. 純度鑑定 52
6 蛋白質分子量測定 52
(四) P. cookii 生產聚甘露醣?之生化特性 54
1 最適酸鹼度 54
2 酸鹼度安定性 55
3 最適溫度 56
4 熱安定性 57
5 金屬鹽類之影響 58
6 抑制劑之影響 60
7 還原劑之影響 61
8 基質特異性 62
9 N端之胺基酸序列 63
二、以稻草為基質生產聚甘露醣?之菌株篩選及其純化與特性 64
(一) 菌株篩選 64
1第一次篩選 64
2 第二次篩選 64
3 菌株之鑑定 64
(二) 生產聚甘露醣?最適培養基之探討 65
1 不同氮源之組成對聚甘露醣?活性之影響 66
(三) Bacillus sp. 生產聚甘露醣?之純化 66
1 粗酵素液的製備 66
2 硫酸銨劃分 67
3 DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow管柱層析 67
4 Sephacryl S-100 High Resolution 膠過濾層析法 68
5 純度鑑定 68
6 蛋白質分子量測定 69
(四) Bacillus sp. 生產聚甘露醣?之生化特性 69
1 最適酸鹼度 69
2 酸鹼度安定性 71
3 最適溫度 72
4 熱安定性 73
5 金屬鹽類之影響 74
6 抑制劑之影響 76
7 還原劑之影響 77
8 基質特異性 78
9 N端之胺基酸序列 79
伍、結論 81
陸、參考文獻 84

表目錄
表一、M1~M12 菌株之聚甘露醣?活性 98
表二、不同溫度及培養基組成對 M7 菌株聚甘露醣?活性之影響 99
表三、不同溫度及培養基組成對 M9 菌株聚甘露醣?活性之影響 100
表四、分離株 M-7 菌之16S rDNA部分鹼基序列 101
表五、分離株 M-7 菌之 API 鑑定系統分析結果 102
表六、分離株 M-7 菌之 API 分析鑑定系統分析結果 103
表七、不同碳源對P. cookii培養6天其聚甘露醣?活性之影響 104
表八、不同碳源對P. cookii培養6天其pH之變化 105
表九、不同氮源對P. cookii培養6天其聚甘露醣?活性之影響 106
表十、不同氮源對P. cookii培養6天其pH之變化 107
表十一、純化P. cookii聚甘露醣?之硫酸銨分劃表 108
表十二、P. cookii聚甘露醣?之純化表 109
表十三、各種金屬離子對 P. cookii 聚甘露醣?活性之影響 110
表十四、各種抑制劑對 P.cookii聚甘露醣?活性之影響 111
表十五、各種還原劑對 P. cookii聚甘露醣?活性之影響 112
表十六、不同基質對 P. cookii 純化的聚甘露醣??活性之影響 113
表十七、P. cookii 聚甘露醣?N端定序與其他來源之比較 114
表十八、H1~H7 菌株聚甘露醣?活性 115
表十九、不同培養溫度對 H1與 H3 菌株聚甘露醣?活性之影響 116
表二十、分離株 H-1 菌之16S rDNA部分鹼基序列 117
表二十一、分離株H-1之微生物脂肪酸鑑定系統分析結果 118
表二十二、不同氮源培養基對Bacillus sp.在25oC下培養6天其聚甘露醣?活性之影響 119
表二十四、Bacillus sp. 純化的聚甘露醣?之硫酸銨分劃表 121
表二十五、Bacillus sp. 聚甘露醣?之純化表 122
表二十六、各種金屬離子對 Bacillus sp. 純化的聚甘露醣?活性之影響123
表二十七、各種抑制劑對Bacillus sp. 純化的聚甘露醣?活性之影響 124
表二十八、各種還原劑對Bacillus sp. 純化的聚甘露醣?活性之影響 125
頁數
表二十九、不同基質對 Bacillus sp. 純化的聚甘露醣?活性之影響 126
表三十、Bacillus sp. 聚甘露醣?N端定序與其他來源之比較 127
表三十一、 P.cookii及 Bacillus sp. 生產聚甘露醣?之特性比較 128
圖一、植物細胞壁中木質素與多醣的化學結構 129
圖二、半纖維素的主要結構 130
圖三、植物中常見的聚甘露醣結構 131
圖四、關華豆膠與刺槐豆膠之主要結構 132
圖五、蒟蒻的植物圖 133
圖六、蒟蒻粉的製造流程 134
圖七、蒟蒻葡萄糖聚甘露醣之結構 135
圖八、分離株M-7之顯微鏡照片 136
圖九、不同培養基組成對P. cookii甘露糖?活性之變化 137
圖十、不同碳源培養基對P. cookii聚甘露醣?活性之影響 138
圖十一、不同氮源培養基對P. cookii聚甘露醣?活性之影響 139
圖十二、不同培養溫度對P. cookii聚甘露醣?活性之影響 140
圖十三、培養基中混合兩種氮源對P. cookii聚甘露醣?活性之影響 141
圖十四、P. cookii 聚甘露醣?經DEAE sepharose fast flow陰離子交換管柱層析圖 142
圖十五、P. cookii聚甘露醣?經第一次之Sephacryl S-100 HR 管柱層析圖 143
圖十六、P. cookii聚甘露醣?經第二次之Sephacryl S-100 HR 管柱層析圖 144
圖十七、P. cookii聚甘露醣?之原態電泳圖 145
圖十八、P. cookii經膠體過濾層析Sephacryl S-100 HR測定聚甘露醣?分子量之檢量曲線 146
圖十九、P. cookii聚甘露醣?之最適酸鹼度 147
圖二十、P. cookii 聚甘露醣?之酸鹼度安定性 148
圖二十一、P. cookii 聚甘露醣?之最適反應溫度 149
圖二十二、P. cookii聚甘露醣?之溫度安定性 150
圖二十三、分離株H-1之顯微鏡照片 151
圖二十四、Bacillus sp. 純化之聚甘露醣?經DEAE sepharose fast flow陰離子交換管柱層析圖 152
圖二十五、Bacillus sp. 純化聚甘露醣?之Sephacryl S-100 HR 管柱層析圖 153
圖二十六Bacillus sp. 聚甘露醣?之原態電泳圖 154
圖二十七、Bacillus sp. 經膠體過濾層析Sephacryl S-100 HR測定聚甘露醣?分子量之檢量曲線 155
圖二十八、Bacillus sp. 聚甘露醣?之最適酸鹼度 156
圖二十九、Bacillus sp. 聚甘露醣?之酸鹼度安定性 157
圖三十、Bacillus sp. 聚甘露醣?之最適反應溫度 158
圖三十一、Bacillus sp. 聚甘露醣?之溫度安定性 159

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