本研究目的在於探討五種意象使用型態(特定認知意象、一般認知意象、特定動機意象、一般精熟動機意象、一般喚醒動機意象)對狀態自信心與焦慮的預測力，以了解在增進自信心與抗焦慮上，是否有不同的適用意象型態，以利實際應用上，能夠分別針對運動員的自信心或焦慮問題，提供適切的意象使用型態參考。本研究之研究對象以大專排球聯賽特優級排球選手為研究參與者，男146人、女生134人，合計280人，平均年齡21.5歲。研究工具包括「運動意象量表中文修訂版」、「修訂版賽前狀態焦慮量表」。資料蒐集完成後，以簡單相關分析、逐步迴歸分析進行統計分析，得到以下幾點發現：

一、一般精熟動機意象正向預測狀態自信心、認知焦慮方向性及身體焦慮方向
性，而對認知焦慮強度呈現負向預測。
二、一般喚醒動機意象正向預測認知焦慮強度；特定動機意象正向預測認知焦
慮強度及身體焦慮強度，負向預測狀態自信心及認知焦慮方向性。
三、一般認知意象正向預測狀態自信心、認知焦慮方向性以及身體焦慮方向
性，而對認知焦慮強度和身體焦慮強度呈現負向預測。

本研究依據理論架構及過去研究對於上述的結果進行討論，並針對實際應用和未來研究方向提出一些具體。

This study examine the predictability of the five types of imagery use (cognitional general, cognitional specific, motivational specific, motivational general-arousal, and motivational general-mastery) to pre-competitive self-confidence, and intensity and direction of anxiety. The study’s goals were searching the fitting type of imagery use, in order to advance self-confidence and reduce on anxiety, and hoping to provide the appropriate type of imagery use for the athlete had the questions about self-confidence or the anxiety.
Participants were 280 volleyball player (males=146, females=134) aged 21.5years recruited from the teams joined the level-one game of University Basketball Association. Instruments used to collect date were “Chinese Version of Sport Imagery Questionnaire”, “Modified Chinese Version of Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2”. Data obtained in this study were analyzed by correlate analysis, stepwise regression analysis and the major findings were as follows：
1. Motivational general-mastery positively predicted state self-confidence, the
direction of cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety. Motivational general-mastery
also negatively predicted the intensity of cognitive anxiety.
2. Motivational general-arousal positively predicted intensity of cognitive anxiety.
Motivational specific positively predicted intensity of cognitive anxiety and
somatic anxiety. Motivational specific also negatively predicted state
self-confidence and the direction of cognitive anxiety.
3. Cognitional general positively predicted state self-confidence, the direction of
cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety. Cognitional general also negatively
predicted the intensity of cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety.
Discussions are provided in term of the findings and theoretical framework. Practical implication and future research directions are also recommended.

謝誌 －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－I
中文摘要 － －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－II
英文摘要 －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－III
目次 －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－V
表次 －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ －VIII
圖次 －－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ －－－－－－－－－－IX

第壹章 緒論－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ 1
第一節 問題背景－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ 1
第二節 研究問題－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ 4
第三節 研究假設－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ 4
第四節 名詞操作型定義－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ 5
第二章 文獻探討－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ 7
第一節 意象研究模式與相關理論基礎－－－－－－－－ 7
第二節 意象使用型態與自信心相關研究－－－－－－－14
第三節 意象使用型態與焦慮相關研究－－－－－－－－18
第三章 研究方法與步驟－－－－－－－－－－－－－－21
第一節 研究對象－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－21
第二節 研究工具－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－21
第三節 研究步驟－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－23
第四節 資料處理－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－23
第四章 結果－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－24
第一節 基本描述統計和簡單相關 －－－－－－－－－ 24
第二節意象使用型態對狀態自信心的預測 －－－－－－26
第三節 意象使用型態對狀態焦慮強度的預測－－－－－28
第四節 意象使用型態對狀態焦慮方向性的預測－－－－31
第五章 討論－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－34
第一節意象使用型態對狀態自信心的預測 －－－－－－34
第二節 意象使用型態對狀態焦慮強度的預測－－－－－36
第三節 意象使用型態對狀態焦慮方向性的預測－－－－39
第四節 綜合討論－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－41
第六章 結論與建議－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－46
第一節 結論－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ －－－－46
第二節 建議－－－－－－－－－－－－－－ －－－－48
參考文獻－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－51
附錄－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－59
附錄一 意象基本介紹－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－59
附錄二 參與者同意書－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－60
附錄三 運動意象量表中文修訂版－－－－－－－－－－－61
附錄四 修訂版賽前狀態焦慮量表－－－－－－－－－－－67
附錄五 中介變項的定義與構成條件－－－－－－－－－－68
附錄六 多元迴歸分析表－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－69

林啟賢(2004)。意象使用型態、意象能力再不同自信心的運動員之差異探討—檢驗運動員-知覺的意象功能。未出版博士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
陳正昌(2000)。行為及社會科學統計學：統計軟體應用。臺北：巨流。
陳由平、季力康（1997）。以大災難模型探討焦慮與籃球跳投表現的關係。體育學報，24，217-228。
黃英哲（1994）：運動動機氣候、自覺能力、賽前狀態焦慮和滿足感的相關研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
黃英哲(2002)。運動成就目標與賽前狀態焦慮的關係：以目標涉入為主軸之研究。未出版博士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
黃英哲(2006)。目標涉入和其動機型前置變項、賽前狀態焦慮及比賽表現的相關研究。臺北：文景書局。
謝雨生、鄭宜仲(1993)。多元迴歸分析的假定與實例檢討－多元線性重合現象的診斷與處理。農業推廣學報，10，189-213。
蕭玉琴(2003)。大專女子排球運動員之賽前狀態焦慮、領導信任、自評表現與團隊績效之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
簡曜輝、季力康、卓俊伶、洪聰敏、黃英哲、黃崇儒、廖主民、盧俊宏(譯)(2002)。競技與健身運動心理學。臺北市：臺灣運動心理學會。(Robert, S. W.,& Daniel, G., 1999)
Abma, C. L., Fry, M. D., Li, Y., & Relyea, G. (2002). Differences in imagery content and imagery ability between high and low confident track and field athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 67-75.
Ahsen, A. (1984). ISM: The triple code model for imagery and psychophysiology. Journal of Mental Imagery, 8, 15-42.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Burton, D. (1988). Do anxious swimmers swim slower Re-examining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 45-61.
Callow, N., & Hardy, L. (2001). Type of imagery associated with sport confidence in netball players of varying skill levels. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 1-17.
Callow, N., Hardy, L., & Hall, C. (1998). The effect of a motivational-mastery imagery intervention on the sport confidence of three elite badminton players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10, S135.
Callow, N., Hardy, L., & Hall, C. (2001). The effect of a motivational general-mastery imagery intervention on the sport confidence of high level badminton players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 72, 389-400.
Carpenter, W. B. (1894). Principles of mental physiology. NewYork : Appleton.
Caserta, R. J. (2002). Sport-confidence as related to performance in male and female tennis players. Unpublished master thesis, Springfield College, Massachusetts.
Denis, M. (1985). Visual imagery and the use of mental practice in the development of motor skills. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10, 4S-16S.
Edwards, T., & Hardy, L. (1996). The interactive effects of intensity and direction of cognitive and somatic anxiety, and self-confidence upon performance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 296-312.
Feltz, D. L., & Landers, D. M. (1983). The effect of mental practice on motor skill learning and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal Sport Psychology, 5, 25-57.
Feltz, D. L., & Riessinger, C. A. (1990). Effects of in vivo emotive imagery and performance feedback on self- efficacy and muscular endurance. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 12, 132-143.
Garza, D. L., & Feltz, D. L. (1998). Effects of selected mental practice techniques on performance ratings, self-efficacy, and state anxiety of competitive figure skaters. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 1-15.
Gayton, W. F., & Nickless, C. J. (1987). An investigation of the validity of the trait and state sport-confidence inventories in predicting marathon performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65(2), 481-482.
Gould, D., Weiss, M., & Weinberg, R. (1981). Psychological characteristics of successful and nonsuccessful Big Ten wrestlers. Journal of Sport Psychology, 3, 17-29.
Gregg, M., Hall, C., & Nederhof, E. (2005). The imagery ability, imagery use, and performance relationship. The Sport Psychologist, 19, 93-99.
Hall, C. R. (1998). Measuring imagery abilities and imagery use. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 165-172). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
Hall, C. R. (2001). Imagery in sport and exercise. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 529-549). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Hall, C. R., Buckolz, E., & Fishburne, G. J. (1992). Imagery and the acquisition of motor skills. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 17(1), 19-27.
Hall, C. R., Mack, D. E., Paivio, A., & Hausenblas, H. A. (1998). Imagery use by athletes: Development of the sport imagery questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology , 29, 73-89.
Hanin, Y. L. (1999a). Individual zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model. In Y. L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 65-89). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Hanin, Y. L. (1999b). Successful and poor performance and emotions. In Y. L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 157-187). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Hardy, L., & Callow, N. (1999). Efficacy of external and internal visual imagery perspectives for the enhancement of performance on tasks in which form is important. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21, 95-112.
Harwood, C., Cumming, J., & Hall, C. (2003). Imagery use in elite youth sport participants: Reinforcing the applied significance of achievement goal theory. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 292-300.
Isaac, A. (1992). Mental practice – Does it work in the field. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 192-198.
Jones, G., (1995). More than just a game: Research developments and issues in competitive anxiety in sport. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 449-478.
Jones, G., & Hanton, S. (1996). Interpretation of competitive anxiety symptoms and goal attainment expectancies. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 144-157.
Jones, G., & Swain, G. (1992). Intensity and direction of competitive state anxiety and relationships with competitiveness. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 467-472.
Jones, G., & Swain, G. (1995). Predispositions to experience facilitative and debilitative anxiety in elite and non-elite performers. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 201-211.
Jones, G., Swain, A., & Hardy, L. (1993). Intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety and relationships with performance. Journal of Sports Sciences,11,533-542.
Klavora, P. (1977). An attempt to derive inverted-U curves based on the relationship between anxiety and athletic performance. In D. M. Landers & R. W. Cristina (Eds.), Psychology of motor behavior and sport-1977 (pp. 369-377). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Lang, P. J. (1977). Imagery in therapy: An informational processing analysis of fear. Behavior Therapy, 8, 862-886.
Lang, P. J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495-512.
Mahoney, M. J., Gabriel, T. J., & Perkins, T. S. (1987). Psychological skills and exceptional athletic performance. The Sport Psychologist, 1, 181-199.
Martens, R., & Gill, D. L. (1976). State anxiety among successful an unsuccessful competitors who differ in competitive trait anxiety. Research Quarterly, 47, 698-708.
Martin, K. A., & Hall, C.R. (1995). Using mental imagery to enhance intrinsic motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17, 54-69.
Martin, K. A., Moritz, S. E., & Hall, C.R. (1999).Imagery use in sport: A literature review and applied model. The Sport Psychologist, 13, 245-268.
Moritz, S. E., Hall, C.R., Martin, K. A., & Vadocz, E. (1996). What are confident athletes imaging - An examination of image content. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 171-179.
Munroe, K. J., Giacobbi, P. R., Hall, C., & Weinberg, R. S. (2000). The four Ws of imagery use: Where, when, why, and what. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 119-137
Murphy, S. M. (1990). Models of imagery in sport psychology: A review. Journal of Mental Imagery, 14, 153-172.
Murphy, S. M. (1994). Imagery interventions in sport. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26, 486-494.
Murphy, S. M., & Jowdy, D. P. (1992). Imagery and mental practices. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp. 221-250). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Murphy, S. M., & Martin, K. A. (2002). The use of imagery in sport. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 405-439). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Munroe-Chandler, K. J., & Hall, C. R. (2004). Enhancing the collective efficacy of a soccer team through motivational general-mastery imagery. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 24(1), 51-67.
Ng, J. K., Cheung, S. Y., & Fung, L. (2001). Role of trait sport-confidence and state sport-confidence in affecting competitive track and field performances. Journal of the International Counsil for Health Physical Education Recreation Sport and Dance, 37 (3), 35-38.
Ntoumanis, N., & Biddle, S. (1998). The relationship between competitive anxiety, achievement goals, and motivational climates. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 69, 176-187.
Orlick, T. ＆ Partington, J. (1988). Mental links to excellence. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 105-130.
Orlick, T. (1990). In pursuit of excellence: How to win in sport and life through mental training (2nd ed.), Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Paivio, A. (1985). Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 10(4), 22-28.
Richardson, A. (1967a). Mental practice: A review and discussion(Part 1). Research Quarterly, 38, 95-107.
Richardson, A. (1967b). Mental practice: A review and discussion(Part 2). Research Quarterly, 38, 263-273.
Sackett, R. S. (1934). The influences of symbolic rehearsal upon the retention of a maze habit. Journal of General Psychology, 13, 113-128.
Sackett, R.S. (1935). The relationship between amout of symbolic rehearsal and retention of a maze habit. Journal of General Psychology,13, 113-128.
Salmon, J., Hall, C., & Haslsm, I. (1994). The use of imagery by soccer player. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6, 116-133.
Smith, R. E. (1996). Performance anxiety, cognitive interference, and concentration enhancement strategies in sports. In I. G. Sarason, G. R. Pierce, & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Cognitive interference: Theories, methods, and findings (pp. 261-283). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Spielberger, C. D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In C. D. Spielberger (Ed.), Anxiety and behavior (pp. 3-22). New York: Academic.
Strachan, L., & Munroe-Chendler, K. J.(2006). Using imagery to predict self-confidence and anxiety in young elite athletes. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity, 1(1), Article 3. Available at: http://www.bepress.com/jirspa/voll/iss1/art3
Swain, A., & Jones, G. (1996). Explaining performance variance: The relative contribution of intensity and direction dimensions of competitive state anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 9, 1-18.
Tenenbaum, G., & Milgram, R. M. (1978). Trait and state anxiety in Israeli student athlete. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 691-693.
Tenute, A. J. (2001). Examination of the relationship between self-efficacy for mental imagery and self-reported imagery skills. Unplublished master thesis, University Michigan State, Michigan.
Vadocz, E., Hall, C. R., & Moritz, S. E. (1997). The relationship between cometitive anxiety and imagery use. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 241-253.
Vealey, R. S. (1986). Conceptualization of sport confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 221-246.
White, A., & Hardy, L. (1998). An in-depth analysis of the use of imagery by high-level slalom canoeists and artistic gymnasts. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 387-403.