臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

原子筆在手寫工作環境中扮演著極重要的角色，但過去並沒有太多針對原子筆書寫工作的研究。雖然隨著電腦的普及化，手寫工作的時間相對減少，但筆仍然是不可或缺的民生用品之一，本次實驗的目的即在於探討不同粗細的原子筆對於人體手部及前臂肌肉的影響。
有二十五位受試者自願參與本次實驗，受試者於實驗前三天禁止高強度的運動，避免肌肉疲勞對實驗結果造成變異；每位受試者皆進行同樣的書寫工作。在寫字的過程中，兩側尺側伸腕肌(ECU)、伸指肌(ED)、上肢橈側屈腕肌(FCR)、屈拇短肌(FPB)、第一背側骨間肌(FDI)和斜方肌(Trap)的肌電流以及手腕姿勢分別由表面電極片以及雙軸角度規採集並紀錄。
本實驗中，我們製作了8mm~16mm五支不同管徑的原子筆，以D8, D10, D12, D14和D16 來代稱，並且也製作了問卷紀錄受測者主觀的喜好供為參考。實驗發現除了斜方肌外，對於其餘五條肌肉12mm的原子筆皆顯現出最小的肌肉活性，因此我們可以合理的推論，以本次實驗的設計而言直徑為12mm的原子筆為最佳之管徑；此外根據問卷的調查也顯示了類似的結果。而角度規紀錄的結果則顯示，本次實驗的管徑分佈並不會對書寫的姿勢有明顯的影響。
根據本實驗的結果，除了個人的書寫習慣，最佳的原子筆管徑應和手指的長短及粗細有著密切關聯，適當的管徑將可以降低手部和前臂因長時間進行書寫工作而造成的不適。這樣的結果將可以作為廠商將來在設計原子筆的依據，或是消費者在購買原子筆時的建議。

Prolonged use of pens may cause musculoskeletal discomfort and symptoms in forearms and shoulders. Writing with different diameter ballpoint pens may have various effects on forearm and finger muscle activity. Each of the twenty-five subjects performed the same writing task with each of the five different diameter pens. Extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, flexor carpi radialis, flexor pollicis brevis, first dorsal interosseous and upper trapezius muscle activity were recorded by surface electromyography. The wrist postures were registered by an electrogoniometer, and then the recorded data were analyzed with the one-way ANOVA. Extensor digitorum, flexor carpi radialis and flexor pollicis brevis muscle activity were lowest when using the ballpoint pen with 12mm diameter. A recommendation resulting from this study for writing work is that using a ballpoint pen with a suitable diameter can provide the user less forearm muscle activity so the risk of musculoskeletal disorders may be reduced. Furthermore, some forearm muscle activity in using the ballpoint pen of 14mm diameter were even lower than that in using the ballpoint pen of 10mm diameter, and therefore the ballpoint pen of 14mm diameter might be another good choice for writing work.

Chinese abstract ……………………… I
English abstract ……………………… II
Table of Contents ……………………… III
List of figures ……………………… IV
List of tables ……………………… VI
Appendix …………………………………… VI

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background…………………………………… p.1
1.2 Aim of the Study…………………………… p.3
1.3 Organization of the Thesis……………… p.6

Chapter 2 Related Works

2.1 Related Works……………………………… p.8

Chapter 3 Procedure and apparatus
3.1 Ballpoint pen Design………… p.12
3.2 Subject Participated………… p.12
3.3 Apparatus……………………… p.14
3.4 Experimental Procedure……… p.16
3.5 Data Acquisition……………… p.22
3.6 Data Analysis………………… p.27

Chapter 4 Results
4.1 Wrist Posture………………… p.31
4.2 EMG Activity………………… p.33

Chapter 5 Discussion……………………… p.36

Chapter 6 Conclusions……………………… p.40

References…………………………………… p.41

List of Figures

Fig. 1-1 The ballpoint pens with different diameters p.5
Fig. 2.1-1 The five different ballpoint pens ………… p.9
Fig. 2.1-2 Conventional Pen and New Pen ……………… p.10
Fig. 3.3-1 BIOPAC Systems MP150 system………………… p.15
Fig. 3.3-2 The bipolar Ag/AgCl surface electrode…… p.15
Fig. 3.3-3 The twin axis electrogoniometers…………… p.16
Fig. 3.4-1 The electrode site of extensor carpi ulnaris and extensor digitorum……………………………………… p.19
Fig. 3.4-2 The electrode site of flexor carpi radialis and flexor pollicis brevis……………………… p.20
Fig. 3.4-3 The electrode site of first dorsal interosseus and upper trapezius…………………………………………… p.21
Fig. 3.5-1 The sample of the text of Chinese words……p.24
Fig. 3.5-2 The Questionnaire…………………………………p.25
Fig. 3.5-3 The procedure of the experiment.…………… p.26
Fig. 4.1-1 The time percentages of the wrist extension/flexion and ulnar/radial deviation……………p.32
Fig. 4.2-1 The mean normalized EMG values of the 25 subjects in terms of the muscles……………………………p.35

List of Tables

Table1 Identification numbers for the 8 pens…………p.10
Table2 Normalized vote by pens……………………………p.11
Table3 Subject data……………………………………………p.13
Table4 Descriptive statistics for all the dependent variable……………………………………………………………p.29
Table5 Significance levels of differences in EMG between the use of different keyboards………………………………p.30
Table6 Questionnaire: Full marks are 5 scores…………p.30

Appendix
Appendix 1 The characteristics of the subjects…………p.47

Aptel, M., Aublet-Cuvelier, A., Cnockaert, J.C., 2002. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb. Joint Bone Spine 69, 546-555.

Baillif R.N., Kimmel D.L., 1945. Structure and Function of the Human Body. Philadelphia Montreal, London.

Bao, S., Mathiassen, S.E., Winkel, J., 1995. Normalizing upper trapezius EMG amplitude: comparison of different procedures. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 5, 251-257.

Buchholz, B., Wellman, H., 1997. Practical operation of a biaxial goniometer at wrist joint. Human Factors 39, 119-129.

Cram, J.R., Kasman, G.S., Holtz, J., 1998. Introduction to surface electromyography. Aspen Publishers, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

Clancy, E.A., Morin, E.L., Merletti, R., 2002. Sampling, noise-reduction and amplitude estimation issues in surface electromyography. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 12, 1-16.

Chan, A.H.S., Lee, P.S.K., 2005. Effects of different task factors on speed and preferences in Chinese handwriting. Ergonomics 48, 38-54.

Fagarasanu, M., Kumar, S., Narayan, Y., 2004. Measurement of angular wrist neutral zone and forearm muscle activity. Clinical Biomechanics 19, 671-677.

Gross, C.M., Lloyd, J.D., Tabler, R.E., 1996. Ergonomic analysis of pen comfort and wrist dynamics while writing. Internet article, drergonomics.com.

Hosokawa, M., 1970. Cases of occupational cervicobrachial disorder etc in clerks. Jap J Ind Health 12, 293-294 (in Japanese).
Harvey, R., Peper, E., 1997. Surface electromyography and mouse use position. Ergonomics 40, 781-789.

Hermens, H.J., Freriks, B., Disselhorst-Klug, C., Rau, G., 2000. Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedure. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 10, 361-374.

Hansson, G.-Å., Nordander, C., Asterland, P., Ohlsson, K., Strömberg, U., Skerfving, S., Rempel. D., 2000. Sensitivity of trapezius electromyography to differences between work tasks - influence of gap definition and normalisation methods. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 10, 103-115.

Konz, S., Oetomo, I., 1989. Pen shapes and sizes. Journal of human ergology 18, 102-104.

Kimata, H., 2006. Hand eczema by rubberized grip of ballpoint pen in patients with atopic eczema. Allergy 61, 1149-1150.

Oksa, J., Ducharme, M.B., Rintamäki, H., 2002. Combined effect of repetitive work and cold on muscle function and fatigue. Journal of Applied Physiology 92, 354-361.

Shigeta, S., 1974. An experimental study of the load by handwriting using gripping pressure and pen point pressures as indicators. Sumitomo Sangyo Eisei 10, 93-101 (in Japanese with English abstract).

Tittiranonda, P., Rempel, D., Armstrong, T., Burastero, S., 1999. Workplace Use of an Adjustable Keyboard: Adjustment Preferences and Effect on Wrist Posture. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 60, 340-348.

Udo, H., Tanida, H., Yoshinaga, F., 1990. Electromyographic study on the optimum grip diameter of ballpoint pens with reduced writing grip pressure. J Science of Labour 66 (1), 24-34 (in Japanese with English abstract).
Udo, H., Yoshinaga, F., 1994. The effect of a reformed mechanical pencil reducing cervicobrachial load (Part 1)—Investigation on the incidence of cervicobrachial disorders and the factors affecting cervicobrachial load in writing. J Science of Labour 70, 145-159 (in Japanese with English abstract).

Udo, H., Otani, T., Udo, A., Yoshinaga, F., 2000. An electromyographic study of two different types of ballpoint pens—investigation of a one hour writing operation. Industrial Health 38, 47-56.

Visser, B., de Korte, E., van der Kraan, I., Kuijer, P., 2000. The effect of arm and wrist supports on the load of the upper extremity during VDU work. Clinical Biomechanics 15, S34-S38.

Winter D.A.,1990. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. United States of America.

Weiss, N.D., Gordon, L., Bloom, T., So, Y., Rempel, D., 1995. Position of the wrist associated with the lowest carpal-tunnel pressure: implications for splint design. The journal of bone and joint surgery 11, 1695-1693.