臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，藥物及個人保健用品在環境中造成的汙染漸漸受到重視，且逐漸成為一項專門的議題 ”新興汙染物”。雖然這類的汙染物於環境中被偵測到的濃度非常低 (ng/L~μg/L等級) 且不會對人體造成立即的影響，但我們還是不可忽略這類污染物未來可能造成的影響與危害。為了對這類污染物持續監測並思考改正的辦法，建立一套標準且可信賴的分析方法是勢在必行的。在這份研究中，分析方法是建立於以固相萃取法(SPE)濃縮汙染物後再以高效液相層析質譜質譜分析儀(HPLC-MS/MS)來分析新店溪中是否有目標汙染物的存在，而我的目標藥物包括五種非類固醇類消炎止痛藥(acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and diclofenac)，三種雌激素(estrone, 17α-ethylnylestradiol and 17β-estradiol)，一種抗癲癇藥(propranolol)及一種降血脂劑(gemfibrozil)。實驗方法的精確度及準確度都被控制在 ±20%以內。Acetaminophen, propranolol及 gemfibrozil的最低偵測極限(MDL)是0.2 ng/L，naproxen是2 ng/L，ketoprofen及diclofenacand是5 ng/L，estrone, 17α-ethylnylestradiol, 17β-estradiol 及 ibuprofen則是10 ng/L。對於目標藥物在表面水中的環境風險評估是以評估其風險商數RQ值(risk quotient)來決定，預測的環境濃度(PEC)與已偵測的環境濃度(MEC)的比較則是為了評估這套方法的可行性及可信度。結果顯示大部分的藥物PEC及MEC值都不會差很多，而雌激素(estrone, 17α-ethylnylestradiol and 17β-estradiol)及抗癲癇藥(propranolol)的風險商數>1， 對於環境水體具有潛在的風險。

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have recently received significant attentions and become emerging chemicals of concern despite the detected environmental concentrations were generally low (in the ng/L to μg/L range). In order to monitor and later remediate this contamination, this study developed an analytical method using solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry ( HPLC-MS/MS) to monitor the occurrence of the five non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and diclofenac), three estrogens (estrone, 17α-ethylnylestradiol and 17β-estradiol), an anti-hypertensive (propranolol) and a lipid regulator (gemfibrozil) in the Sin-Dian River in Taiwan. Precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated, and the method detection limits (MDLs) were 0.2 ng/L for acetaminophen, propranolol and gemfibrozil, 2 ng/L for naproxen, 5 ng/L for ketoprofen and diclofenac, and 10 ng/L for estrone, 17α-ethylnylestradiol, 17β-estradiol and ibuprofen. The measured concentrations were later compared with the predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) in order to evaluate the validity of the prediction procedures. Environmental risk assessment of the target compounds in surface waters was performed by examining the risk quotient (RQ), and the results indicated the potential risk of estrone, 17α-ethylnylestradiol, 17β-estradiol and propranolol in our aquatic environment.

誌謝 I
摘要 II
Abstract III
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background/Problem Statements 1
1.2 Aims and objectives 2
Chapter 2 Literature Review 3
Chapter 3 Experimental Methods 10
3.1 Description of the sampling site 10
3.2 Sample collection and storage 13
3.3 SPE and HPLC-MS/MS analysis 13
3.3.1 Materials 13
3.3.2 Solid phase extraction 14
3.3.3 HPLC-MS/MS analysis 14
3.4 PEC calculations 19
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 24
4.1 Significance of the sampling points 24
4.2 Optimization of HPLC-MS/MS analysis 24
4.3 Method recovery, Method detection limits, Quality control and Quality assurance 34
4.4 Occurrences of selected compounds 39
4.5 Environmental risk assessments 56
Chapter 5 Conclusion 61
Reference 64
Appendix The trend of every compound in different points by day and night of each week 68

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