臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文以聚苯乙烯及苯乙烯二乙烯基苯膠體粒子當作理想的膠體膠凝沈降系統，來探討不同粒徑的膠體粒子，以等比例粒子濃度混合後，再加入不同濃度的聚丙烯醯胺（PAM），當作助凝劑來進行沉降實驗，並探討再加入不同濃度的一價電解質氯化鈉（NaCl）時，對其穩定度的影響大小。並且利用蘭謬等溫吸附方程式，找出聚丙烯醯胺在這些膠體表面上的最大飽和吸附濃度。
　　由實驗結果發現當添加聚丙烯醯胺於膠體溶液中時，其穩定度值會隨所添加PAM 濃度的增加而降低，而再添加電解質NaCl可以幫助並加強膠體溶液的凝集效率，但若加入的是高濃度的NaCl電解質，其膠體溶液的穩定度值將不隨添加的PAM濃度增加而改變。我們亦由Langmuir的等溫吸附實驗知道，添加NaCl可以幫助PAM吸附量的增加，隨著膠體粒子粒徑的增加，達到最大飽和吸附量所需的PAM濃度越少。

The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate the effects of polyacrylamide (PAM) and NaCl electrolyte concentration on the stability ratio (the coagulation rate) of the colloidal solution of the polystyrene and styrene divinylbenzene latexes, at equal electrolyte concentration but with different particle sizes. The Langmuir adsorption model is applied to analyze the adsorption behavior of PAM onto those particles.
The stability ratio of colloidal suspension will decrease with the increase of PAM concentration, and decrease much more with the addition of the NaCl solution. From the result of the Langmuir adsorption experiment, we know that the adsorption behavior of PAM onto the particles is increased with addition of NaCl when the particle size is bigger.

第一章 緒論
第二章 文獻回顧
2-1 膠體發展回顧
2-2 膠體系統的分類
2-3 膠體的形狀
2-4 膠體分散溶液
2-5 親媒性及疏媒性膠體系統
2-6 膠體的表面電荷
2-7 電雙層理論
2-8 固定電位及固定電荷
2-9 膠體懸浮液的穩定性和DLVO
2-10 膠體系統中的作用力
2-10.1 電雙層排斥力
2-10.2 凡得瓦爾吸引力
2-10.3 短距離排斥力
2-11 有機高分子助凝劑
第三章 基本原理
3-1 凝聚理論
3-1.1 電雙層交互作用能
3-1.2 膠體粒子間之倫敦-凡得瓦爾作用能
3-2 膠體凝聚之動力理論
3-2.1凝聚理論
3-2.2 快速凝聚理論
3-2.3 慢速凝集理論－穩定度比例理論式
3-2.4 濁度分析
3-3 蘭謬等溫吸附方程式
第四章 凝聚沉降實驗
4-1 實驗目的
4-2 實驗材料
4-3 實驗儀器及設備
4-4 溶液的配製
4-5 實驗步驟
第五章 結果與討論
5-1　單一粒徑膠體溶液穩定度的實驗值比較
5-2　不同粒徑膠體混合溶液穩定度的實驗值比較
5-3　表面電位對膠體溶液穩定度的影響
5-4　Langmuir等溫吸附圖和聚丙烯醯胺最大飽和吸附量
第六章 結論
參考文獻
附錄

[1]Von Smoluchowski, M, “Versuch Einer Mathematischen Theorie der Koagulationshinptik Kolloder Losungen, “Z. Physik. Chem., 92, 129 (1917)
[2]Derjaguin, B. V, and Landua, L., “Theory of the stability of Strongly Charged Lyophobic Sols and of the Adhesion of Strongly Charged Particles in Solution of Electrolytes, “Acta. Physiochim. , 14, 633 (1941)
[3]Verway, E.J.W., and Overbeek, J. Th. G. , Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, (1948)
[4]Hirtzel, C.S., and Rajagopalan, R., Colloid Phenomena, Noyes Publications, New Jersey, p.17 (1985)
[5]Ninham, B. W., and Parsegian, V. A., J. Theory. Biol., 31, 405 (1971)
[6]Herly, T. W., and White, L. R., Adv . Colloid Interface Sci., 9,303-45 (1978)
[7]Rajagopalan, R. and Kim, J. S., “adsorption of Brownian Particles in the Presence of Potential Barriers: Effect of Different Models of Double-Layer Interaction, “ J. Colloid interface Sci., 83, 428] (1981)
[8]Gouy, G., J. Phys., 9, 457 (1910)
[9]Chapman, D. L., Phil. Mag., 25, 475 (1913)
[10]Stern, O., Z. Elektrochem., 30, 508 (1924)
[11]Grahame, D. C., Chem. Rev., 41, 441 (1947)
[12]Allen J. Bard and Larry R.Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods, John Wiley and Sons, Canada, p.9 (1980)
[13]Hamaker, H.C.,” The London van der Waals Attration Between Spherical Particles,” Physic., 4, 1059 (1937)
[14]Reerink, H., and Overbeek, J. Th. G.,” The Rate of Coagulation as a Measure of the Stability of Silver Iodide Sols,” Discuss. Faraday Soc., 18, 74 (1954)
[15]Ruckenstein, E.,” Reversible Rate of Adsorption or Coagulation of Brownian Particles-Effect of Shape of the InteractionPotential,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 66, 531 (1978)
[16]楊萬發譯, “水及廢水處理化學”, 茂昌圖書公司, 1987
[17]Hogg, R., Healy, T.W., and Fuerstenau, D.W., “ Mutual Coagulation of Colloidal Dispersions,” Trans. Faraday Soc., 62, 1638 (1966)
[18]Hamaker H.C., Physica, 4, 1058 (1937)
[19]張有義, 郭蘭生編譯, “膠體及界面化學入門”, 高力圖書有限公司, 第七、八章, 民國八十八年修訂板
[20]Overbeek, J.Th.G.,” Kinetics of flocculation”, in reference 8, Vol. 1, pp. 278-301
[21]Reerink, H. and Overbeek, J.Th.G., Discuss. Faraday Soc., 18, 74 (1954)
[22]Melik, and David Harry, “Flocculation in Quiescent Media”, PH.D, 1984, Univ of Michigan
[23]Derjaguin, B.V., “A Theory of the Heterocoagulation, Interaction and Adhesion of Dissimilar Particles in Solutions of Electrolytes, ”Disc. Faraday Soc., 18, 85（1954）
[24]Lichtenbelt, J.W.TH., Ras H.J.M.C., and Wiersema, P.H., “Turbidity of Coagulating Lyophobic Sols,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 46, 522（1974）
[25]Violeta Uricanu, John R. Eastman, and Brian Vicent,” Stability in Colloid Mixtures Containing Particles with a Large Disparity in size,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 233, 1-11 (2001)
[26]von Smoluchowski, M., Phys. Z. 17, 557 (1916)
[27]von Smoluchowski, M., Phys. Z. 17, 585 (1916)
[28]von Smoluchowski, M., Z. Phys. Chem. 92,129 (1917)
[29]王敏智, “不同粒徑膠體粒子的膠凝沈降實驗” , 東海大學, 化學工程研究所碩士論文, 2003
[30]王英齡 “不同粒徑膠體粒子在多價電解質溶液的膠凝沈降實驗” , 東海大學,化學工程研究所碩士論文, 2006
[31]Angus McFarlane, Kristen Bremmell, Jonas Addai-Mensah, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 293, 116-127 (2006)