臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

農業水域常是兩棲類的棲地，使用水田除草劑可能對兩棲類成體與幼體的生態與生理造成影響。本研究在於了解目前台灣常用的除草劑丁拉免速隆對於澤蛙蝌蚪存活、生長、發育與變態特徵的影響。將蝌蚪處理在不同濃度的丁拉免速隆四天，發現其存活率隨濃度增加而下降，而且在田間推薦用量下會造成蝌蚪於兩天內全數死亡。由於丁拉免速隆是一種混合劑型，係由丁基拉草與免速隆兩種除草劑混合，本研究再單獨以不同濃度免速隆與丁基拉草處理，結果顯示免速隆不會造成蝌蚪死亡，而丁基拉草則會造成蝌蚪死亡。生長發育試驗中發現蝌蚪處理在高濃度的丁拉免速隆與丁基拉草都無法存活達到變態，在低濃度下存活的蝌蚪其達到變態的時間與體型則大致相似，而免速隆對蝌蚪的存活、成長、發育與達到變態的體型及時間都沒有造成影響。以上結果顯示丁基拉草可能是造成蝌蚪致死的主要因素，本研究進一步進行試驗找出丁基拉草造成蝌蚪死亡的機制。前人研究指出丁基拉草是造成神經毒物質，本研究檢測其對蝌蚪乙醯膽鹼酯酶活性的影響，但是結果顯示丁基拉草對乙醯膽鹼酯酶活性並無影響，似乎沒有神經毒性的效果。接下來以鹼性單細胞膠體電泳(彗星試驗)檢測丁基拉草對蝌蚪的基因毒性，結果顯示其造成蝌蚪顯著的DNA損傷。本研究結果證實除草劑對澤蛙蝌蚪生理有負面的影響；在台灣還有許多其他兩生類物種都以農業區域作為生殖場所，除草劑對成體與蝌蚪在生理與生態上更深入的研究不僅非常有趣，而且對台灣產兩生類保育也是極為重要。

Agricultural areas are important habitats for amphibians, but the use of herbicides potentially affect the ecology and physiology of amphibian adults and larvae. I evaluated the effects of a herbicide, butachlor-bensulfuron, on the survival, growth, development, and metamorphosis of Rana limnocharis tadpoles. Tadpoles were treated with different concentrations of butachlon-bensulfuron for four days, and the survival of tadpoles was dose respondence. Recommended concentration of the herbicide caused 100% mortality in just two days. Butachlor-bensulfuron is a mix of butachlor and bensulfuron. The separate effects of bensulfuron and butachlor were evaluated by treating tadpoles with different concentration of each herbicide, and results showed bensulfuron did not but butachlor did cause tadpole mortality. In the growth and development experiments, tadpoles under high concentrations of butachlor-bensulfuron and butachlor were dead, and the survived tadpoles at the lower concentrations have reached metamorphosis at similar time and size. There was no effect of bensulfuron on tadpole survival, growth, development, size, or time at metamorphosis. From these results, butachlor was the most possible reason for differences in survival on tadpoles. Because butachlor is a neurotoxic compound, I measured the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of tadpoles that treated with herbicides. The results showed that butachlor had no effects on AChE activity, suggesting neurotoxic effects of butachlor is absent. I then used the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) to measure the genotoxicity of butachlor on tadpoles. Results showed that butachlor caused significant DNA damages in tadpoles. In summary, results of this study confirmed the effects of herbicides on the physiology of anuran tadpoles in Taiwan. There are many other anuran species also breed in the agricultural areas, thus further studies of the effects of herbicides on adults and tadpoles are not only ecological and physiological interesting, but also important for anuran conservation in Taiwan.

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材料與方法---------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
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討論------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
參考文獻------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
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