臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

大氣中的生物性成份（即生物氣膠）相當複雜，包括了真菌孢子、花粉、微生物，以及源自於生物的碎片、毒素、廢棄物等等，高濃度的暴露可能會造成過敏性呼吸道疾病的產生與惡化。本研究針對大台北地區大氣中生物性微粒進行為期一年的監測，以了解生物氣膠之特性，並評估可能的健康危害。
本研究在大台北地區新莊運動公園及台北市信義區分別進行為期一年的大氣中生物性成份監測，監測項目包括真菌孢子、真菌過敏原以及細菌內毒素，並評估可能的健康危害。針對環境採樣部分，真菌孢子於每月最後一週進行連續七天採樣，過敏原與內毒素則於每季進行兩週密集採樣。健康危害評估部份於信義區進行，利用鄰近教學醫院的門診及急診就醫資料，了解大氣中真菌孢子的可能健康危害。根據研究結果發現，大台北地區的總真菌孢子平均濃度為1659 spores/m3，其中優勢真菌為Basidiospores（擔孢子）、Ascospores（子囊孢子）、Cladosporium（分枝孢子菌）及Aspergillus/Penicillium（麴黴屬/青黴菌屬），平均濃度皆高於100 spores/m3，出現頻率大於95%。在真菌過敏原部份，Alt a 1在粗微粒及細微粒中的平均濃度分別為0.0008 ng/m3及0.0003 ng/m3、Asp f 1為0.0007 ng/m3及0.0013 ng/m3、Cla h 1則為0.2219 ng/m3及0.0963 ng/m3。內毒素在粗、細微粒中的平均濃度分別為0.17 EU/m3及0.10 EU/m3。利用統計模式分析生物性微粒與環境因子的相關性，結果指出真菌及內毒素濃度與氣象因子（如溫度、相對濕度、風速、大氣壓力）及大氣汙染物（如PM10、SO2等）間有顯著的相關性。根據多變項回歸模式分析結果發現，過敏性疾病就診人次與多種真菌孢子（如Alternaria、Aspergillus/Penicillium、Botrytis、Drechslera/Helminthosporium等）、氣象因子（如溫度、風速、相對濕度等），以及大氣汙染物（如PM10、O3、THC等）有顯著相關，而環境因子對過敏性疾病除了立即的影響外，亦有延遲效應。
本研究提供大台北地區大氣中生物性微粒的長期監測資料、評估與其他大氣環境因子間的相關性，並瞭解對過敏性疾病患者的可能危害。未來應更進一步瞭解真菌孢子引起呼吸道疾病發病的機制，以及確認其因果關係，並同時評估其他生物性微粒（如內毒素）的可能健康危害。

The composition of ambient biological particulates (bioaerosols) is complex, including fungal spores, pollens, microorganisms, and fragments, toxins and particulate wastes originating from various organisms. Exposure to high levels of bioaerosols may result in development or exacerbation of allergic respiratory diseases. We conducted a one-year monitoring study to assess the characteristics and health impacts of ambient biological particulates.
We conducted one-year environmental sampling in both Shin-Jhuang and Taipei city to monitor ambient fungal spores, fungal allergens and endotoxin. Fungal spores were collected in the last week of every month during the study period. Fungal allergens and endotoxin were monitored 2 weeks every season. Assessment of health impact was conducted in Taipei city only. We collected outpatient and emergency visit data of a nearby teaching hospital to evaluate the potential health effects of ambient fungal spores. According to the study results, the average concentration of total fungal spores was 1659 spores/m3, and the predominant fungal taxa included Basidiospores, Ascospores, Cladosporium, and Aspergillus/Penicillium, with average concentrations higher than 100 spores/m3 and present in more than 95 % of the samples. The average fungal allergen concentrations in coarse (2.5-10 ?慆) and fine particles (<2.5?慆) were 0.0008 ng/m3 and 0.0003 ng/m3 for Alt a 1, 0.0007 ng/m3 and 0.0013 ng/m3 for Asp f 1, and 0.2219 ng/m3and 0.0963 ng/m3 for Cla h 1. The mean levels of endotoxin in coarse and fine particles were 0.17 EU/m3 and 0.10 EU/m3, respectively. According to the results of regression analyses, we found the concentrations of measured bioaerosols were associated with meteorological parameters (e.g., temperature, relative humidify, wind speed and barometric pressure) and air pollutants (e.g., PM10 and SO2). According to multivariate analyses, hospital visits due to allergic diseases were related to several fungal spores (e.g., Alternaria, Aspergillus/Penicillium, Botrytis and Drechslera/Helminthosporium) and environmental parameters (e.g., temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, PM10 and ozone ). Environmental factors also showed delayed effects on allergic diseases.
This study provided the characteristics of ambient particulates in Taipei, Taiwan, and evaluated the relationships between ambient particulates, environmental parameters, and health impacts. Futures studies should scrutinize the mechanism that fungal spores trigger the onsets of respiratory diseases, as well as investigate the health impacts of other biological particulates (e.g., endotoxin).

第一章 前言 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
第一節 真菌 4
壹、特性 4
貳、影響真菌濃度之環境因素 5
參、分佈 17
肆、健康效應 17
第二節 細菌內毒素 22
壹、特性 22
貳、影響內毒素濃度之之環境因素 23
參、分佈 24
肆、健康效應 27
第三節 其他大氣環境因子 29
第三章 材料與方法 31
第一節 研究架構 31
第二節 採樣地點 31
第三節 大氣中生物氣膠的採集 33
壹、真菌孢子 33
貳、真菌過敏原及細菌內毒素 33
第四節 樣本分析 35
壹、真菌孢子 35
貳、真菌過敏原 45
參、細菌內毒素 47
第五節 氣象因子與大氣汙染物資料 48
第六節 健康資料 48
第七節 統計分析 50
第八節 品質保證與控制 51
壹、採樣過程 51
貳、樣本分析 51
參、資料建檔 53
第九節 試劑與藥品 54
壹、真菌孢子 54
貳、真菌過敏原 54
參、細菌內毒素 55
第四章 結果 56
第一節 真菌孢子 56
壹、真菌孢子種類及濃度分佈 56
貳、真菌孢子與其他環境因子之相關性 71
第二節 真菌過敏原 78
壹、真菌過敏原濃度分佈 78
貳、真菌過敏原與其他環境因子之相關性 83
第三節 細菌內毒素 85
壹、細菌內毒素濃度分佈 85
貳、細菌內毒素與其他環境因子之相關性 85
第四節 健康資料 87
壹、就診人次之特性 87
貳、就診人次與環境因子之相關性 90
第五章 討論 95
第一節 真菌 95
第二節 細菌內毒素 98
第三節 健康資料 99
第六章 結論 100
參考文獻 102
英文文獻 102
中文文獻 112
附錄 114
壹、Alternaria alternata過敏原分析步驟 114
貳、Aspergillus fumigatus過敏原分析步驟 115
參、Cladosporium Herbarum過敏原分析步驟 116
肆、內毒素分析原理及步驟 117

表目錄
表2-1-1、氣象因子相關文獻－溫度 10
表2-1-2、氣象因子相關文獻－相對濕度 13
表2-1-3、氣象因子相關文獻－降雨 14
表2-1-4、氣象因子相關文獻－風速 15
表2-1-5、氣象因子相關文獻－光照 15
表2-1-6、氣象因子相關文獻－大氣壓力 16
表2-1-7、常見真菌分佈情形以及可能導致之疾病 18
表2-2-1、不同職業場所內毒素濃度分佈 25
表3-4-1、鑑定真菌類別特徵 36
表4-1-1、新莊真菌孢子採樣日期 57
表4-1-2、台北市真菌孢子採樣日期 57
表4-1-3、採樣期間真菌孢子出現頻率及濃度分佈 59
表4-1-4、採樣期間新莊及台北市真菌孢子出現頻率及濃度分佈 61
表4-1-5、兩地同時採樣期間(2007/5-12)各真菌濃度的差異 63
表4-1-6、真菌孢子採樣期間新莊及台北市氣象因子及大氣汙染物分佈 72
表4-1-7、真菌孢子與氣象因子間相關性 73
表4-1-8、真菌孢子與大氣汙染物間相關性 74
表4-1-9、總真菌孢子多變項回歸模式 75
表4-1-10、新莊地區總真菌孢子多變項回歸模式 75
表4-1-11、台北市總真菌孢子多變項回歸模式 75
表4-1-12、Basidiospores多變項回歸模式 76
表4-1-13、Ascospores多變項回歸模式 76
表4-1-14、Cladosporium多變項回歸模式 76
表4-1-15、Aspergillus/Penicillium多變項回歸模式 77
表4-1-16、Fusarium多變項回歸模式 77
表4-1-17、Arthrinium多變項回歸模式 77
表4-2-1、真菌過敏原及內毒素密集採樣日期 79
表4-2-2、各粒徑過敏原濃度描述性分佈 79
表4-2-3、真菌過敏原及內毒素採樣期間氣象因子及大氣汙染物分佈 83
表4-2-4、真菌過敏原及內毒素與氣象因子及大氣汙染物相關性 84
表4-3-1、內毒素濃度描述性分佈 85
表4-4-1、採樣期間每日門診平均就診人次 88
表4-4-2、採樣期間每日急診平均就診人次 89
表4-4-3、氣象因子和大氣汙染物於就診期間分佈情形 91
表4-4-4、急性結膜炎門診人次多變項回歸模式 92
表4-4-5、急性結膜炎急診人次多變項回歸模式 92
表4-4-6、過敏性鼻炎門診人次多變項回歸模式 92
表4-4-7、過敏性鼻炎急診人次多變項回歸模式 93
表4-4-8、氣喘門診人次多變項回歸模式 93
表4-4-9、氣喘急診人次多變項回歸模式 93
表4-4-10、外因性過敏性肺泡炎門診人次多變項回歸模式 94
表4-4-11、呼吸窘迫症候群門診人次多變項回歸模式 94
表4-4-12、呼吸窘迫症候群急診人次多變項回歸模式 94

圖目錄
圖2-2-1、格蘭氏陰性菌細胞壁結構 22
圖2-2-2、脂多醣結構 23
圖3-2-1、新莊超級測站外觀 32
圖3-2-2、北醫教研大樓頂樓外觀 32
圖3-3-1、Burkard連續性孢子採樣器 34
圖3-3-2、轉輪及採樣器內部構造 34
圖3-3-3、高流量懸浮微粒採樣器 34
圖3-3-4、細微粉塵分徑器 34
圖3-4-1、冷凍乾燥機 46
圖3-4-2、ELISA Reader 46
圖3-4-3、LAL試劑 47
圖3-6-1、北醫、國泰、松山測站地理位置圖 49
圖4-1-1、採樣期間新莊及台北市總真菌孢子濃度季節變化 58
圖4-1-2、2007年新莊地區Ascospores濃度分佈 65
圖4-1-3、2007年新莊地區Basidiospores濃度分佈 65
圖4-1-4、2007年新莊地區Cladosporium濃度分佈 66
圖4-1-5、2007年新莊地區Aspergillus/Penicillium濃度分佈 66
圖4-1-6、2007年新莊地區Arthrinium濃度分佈 67
圖4-1-7、2007年新莊地區Fusarium濃度分佈 67
圖4-1-8、2007~2008年台北市Basidiospores濃度分佈 68
圖4-1-9、2007~2008年台北市Ascospores濃度分佈 68
圖4-1-10、2007~2008年台北市Cladosporium濃度分佈 69
圖4-1-11 2007~2008年台北市Aspergillus/Penicillium濃度分佈 69
圖4-1-12 2007年台北市Fusarium濃度分佈 70
圖4-1-13 2007年台北市Periconia濃度分佈 70
圖4-2-1、採樣期間Alt a 1粗微粒(PM10-2.5)濃度分布 80
圖4-2-2、採樣期間Alt a 1細微粒(PM2.5)濃度分布 80
圖4-2-3、採樣期間Asp f 1粗微粒(PM10-2.5)濃度分布 81
圖4-2-4、採樣期間Asp f 1細微粒(PM2.5)濃度分布 81
圖4-2-5、採樣期間Cla h 1粗微粒(PM10-2.5)濃度分布 82
圖4-2-6、採樣期間Cla h 1細微粒(PM2.5)濃度分布 82
圖4-3-1、採樣期間內毒素粗微粒(PM10-2.5)濃度分布 86
圖4-3-2、採樣期間內毒素細微粒(PM2.5)濃度分布 86

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