跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(18.97.9.171) 您好!臺灣時間:2024/12/13 20:31
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

我願授權國圖
: 
twitterline
研究生:李瑞敏
研究生(外文):Jui-Min Li
論文名稱:以組織學習促成文化變革:一個縱貫性個案研究
論文名稱(外文):Organizational Learning Initiates Organizational Culture Change:A Longitudinal Case Study
指導教授:楊仁壽楊仁壽引用關係
指導教授(外文):Jen-shou Yang
學位類別:博士
校院名稱:國立雲林科技大學
系所名稱:企業管理博士班
學門:商業及管理學門
學類:企業管理學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2008
畢業學年度:96
語文別:中文
論文頁數:308
中文關鍵詞:個案研究人力資源管理組織文化縱貫法質性研究組織學習靈性文化變革
外文關鍵詞:SpiritualityHuman Resources ManagementCase StudyOrganizational CultureQualitative ResearchLongitudinal ResearchOrganizational LearningOrganizational Culture Change
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:5
  • 點閱點閱:1160
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:0
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:3
有一家百貨公司因為領導者個人經歷因素,以靈性啟發方式發起組織學習,至今已超過六年。因為個案公司正在進行組織學習,同時改變了文化。然而文化對組織學習是脈絡或是結果,本研究企圖透過這個個案長時間的研究,回答這個仍懸而未決的議題。
本論文主要以縱貫法進行質性研究、再以量化資料佐證研究發現。質性資料共取得57人的訪談、226份觀察紀錄與內外部等文件;資料分析參考紮根理論的概念,利用NVivo 7.0軟體分析349個電子檔案,共計1456頁的文件內容。譯碼時交互採用開放性譯碼與主軸性譯碼,以形成理論架構。為了增加質性研究的可信性,於進行每階段研究前撰寫個案計畫書、請關鍵資料提供者檢視分析結果,以建立信度與效度。同時本文採用資料、研究者、理論與方法論的三角驗證,其中方法論的三角驗證採用問卷調查法,驗證質性資料的研究發現,問卷共有四份,三年內共發放了八次,其中顧客面有916人次的有效問卷,員工部分有4,024人次的有效問卷。
分析質性與量化資料後,本文除提出組織學習促成文化變革的模式,以及幾項結論:第一,靈性啟發是達成組織學習的有效方式;第二,組織學習過程依序是取得、內化、擴散、詮釋、反學習、整合;第三,組織學習會促成文化變革;第四,文化變革有助於人力資源管理績效;第五,文化變革會改變個人心智模式與正面情感,其中心智模式包括反學習、反思、多面向思考、與正面思考;第六,改變個體心智模式與正面情感會促進組織中的個人學習;第七,組織學習與文化變革是動態的循環系統,因此文化是組織學習的結果也是脈絡因素。
最後,說明個案公司的脈絡因素、研究結論、與管理意涵,同時提出未來研究方向。
Is organizational culture the context factor of organizational learning (OL), the results of OL, or both? This study selected a department store to explore this topic, because of personal experience factors of the department store leader; he promoted OL with spiritualization for more then six years. The researchers were able to obtain interviews, observations, documents, and questionnaire survey information. Because certain factors: the company in the case study underwent relevant organization learning topics, an adequate amount of research time, the richness of information collected, the special nature of the motives for promoting OL, and the uniqueness of the means of intervention, allowed it to be a suitable research subject for the study.
This paper was based mainly on qualitative research, and supplemented by quantitative research. For qualitative information, 56 subjects were interviewed, 226 observation records and internal and external documents were obtained. The information was analyzed with the grounded theory concept, using NVivo 7.0 software and the alternate use of open coding and axial coding to form a theoretical framework. To increase the credibility of the qualitative research, before each phase of research, the case study plan was written, and the results were given to the main informant to examine, in order to establish credibility and validity. At the same time this paper used the triangulation of the methodology: the researchers, theory, and information; among them the methodological triangulation used the survey method. The verification of the qualitative information research found that there were a total of four questionnaires; they were distributed eight times in three years, including a number of 916 valid questionnaires from customers, and 4,024 valid questionnaires from the staff.
After qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data, this paper proposes that the OL results in cultural change. In addition, it proposes several other conclusions: first, spiritualization is an effective way to reach OL; second, the process of OL is acquiring, internalizing, distribution, interpreting, unlearning, and integrating; third, OL can contribute to cultural change; fourth, culture change contributes to human resources management; fifth, cultural change will change the mental model and positive emotions of individuals, which include the mental models of unlearning, reflection, multi-oriented thinking, and positive thinking; sixth, the changes of the individual mental model and affect will facilitate individual learning in the organization; seventh, OL and cultural changes are a dynamic circulatory system. So in conclusion, culture is the result and context factor of OL.
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………..i
英文摘要……………………………………………………………………….ii
致謝……………………………………………………………………………iii
目錄……………………………………………………………………………iv
表目錄……………………………………………………………………….vii
圖目錄……………………….……………………………………………….viii
一、緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 2
1.3 研究問題 5
二、 文獻探討 6
2.1 靈性 6
2.2 組織學習 9
2.2.1 組織學習、學習型組織與訓練的定義 9
2.2.2 組織學習的衡量 15
2.2.3 組織學習的類型 19
2.2.4 組織學習的過程 25
2.2.5 組織學習的結果 37
2.2.6 組織學習的影響脈絡因素 38
2.3 組織學習與組織文化 45
2.3.1 組織文化是組織學習的脈絡因素 45
2.3.2 文化也是組織學習的結果 46
2.3.3 組織學習與組織文化是相互影響 47
2.4文化變革 48
2.4.1 組織文化可以被管理嗎? 48
2.4.2 文化變革的定義 49
2.4.3 產生變革的原因 50
2.4.4 文化變革的過程 52
2.4.5 文化變革的結果 55
三、 研究方法 59
3.1 個案公司描述 59
3.1.1 組織概況與組織架構 60
3.1.2歷史沿革 61
3.1.3 為何要推動靈性啟發改變組織文化? 63
3.1.4 實施靈性啟發的三階段 68
3.2 研究定位 76
3.2.1 質性為主,量化為輔的研究取向 76
3.2.2 採用縱貫法的原因 79
3.3 質性研究方法 80
3.3.1 資料蒐集 80
3.3.2 資料分析 83
3.3.3 可信性 92
3.3.4 研究者的角色與狀態 94
3.4 量化研究方法 96
3.4.1 使用問卷調查的背景 96
3.4.2 衡量與操作型定義 99
3.4.3 問卷發放與回收 104
3.4.4 基本特性 105
3.4.5 共同方法變異的防範與補救 110
3.5 倫理議題 112
3.6研究限制 113
四、 研究發現 115
4.1 質性資料的研究發現 115
4.1.1 組織學習的定義與內容 116
4.1.2 組織學習的過程 122
4.1.3 組織學習的結果 130
4.1.4 文化變革的成效 150
4.1.5 文化變革對個體的影響 162
4.1.6 變革方式 180
4.2 量化資料的分析結果 183
4.2.1 2004年閱讀會評估報告 183
4.2.2 2005-2007年共識營回饋問卷 184
4.2.3 2005-2006年服務品質與滿意度 186
4.2.4 2006年評估靈性啟發問卷 187
4.3小結 191
五、 討論 193
5.1 靈性啟發是組織學習或是訓練? 193
5.2 組織學習的過程 196
5.2.1 組織學習的六個過程 196
5.2.2 進行組織學習可由群體擴展到組織與個人層級 200
5.3 組織學習促成文化變革 203
5.4 文化變革的成效會展現在人力資源管理績效 205
5.5 文化變革對個體成員的影響 207
5.5.1 文化會影響組織成員的心智模式 207
5.5.2 文化會影響組織成員的正面情感 209
5.5.3 改變個人心智模式與正面情感會促進個人學習 211
5.6 綜合討論 212
5.6.1 方法論 212
5.6.2 研究結果產生模式的整體評論 213
5.6.3 個案的脈絡分析 216
六、 結論 219
6.1 研究結論 219
6.2 管理意涵 220
6.2.1理論意涵 221
6.2.2實務意涵 221
6.3 未來研究方向 222
參考文獻 223
附錄 243
附錄一 個案研究企劃書 243
附錄二 問卷與相關矩陣係數表 260
附錄三 訪談時間與大綱 278
附錄四 觀察時間與紀錄 283
附錄五 NVivo分析電子檔案一覽表 285
1.Ackroyd, S., & Crowdy, P. (1990). Can Culture be Managed? Working with “Raw” Material: The Case of the English Slaughterman. Personnel Review, 19(5), 3–13.
2.Akgün, A. E., Lynn, G. S., & Byrne, J. C. (2003). Organizational learning: A socio-cognitive framework. . Human Relations, 56(7), 839-869.
3.Anand, V., Manz., C. C., & Glick, W. H. (1998). An organizational memory approach to information management. Academy of Management Review, 23, 795-809.
4.Andrews, K. M., & Delahaye, B. L. (2000). Influences Of Knowledge Process In Organizational Learning: The Psychosocial Filter. Journal of Management Studies, 37(6), 797-810.
5.Anthony, P. D. (1990). The Paradox of the Management of Culture or “He Who Leads is Lost”. Personnel Review, 19(4), 3–8.
6.Argote, L. (1999). Organizational Learning: Creating, Retaining & Transferring Knowledge. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
7.Argyris, C. (1967). Today''s problems with tomorrow''s organizations. Jounal of Management Studies, 1, 31-55.
8.Argyris, C. (1976). Single-loop and double-loop models in research on decision making. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 363-377.
9.Argyris, C. (1977). Double Loop Learning in Organizations. 55(5), 115-125.
10.Argyris, C. (1993). Actionable Knowledge: Changeing the Status Quo. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
11.Argyris, C. (1993). Knowledge for Action: A guide to overcoming barriers to organizational change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
12.Argyris, C. (1999). On Organization Learning. Oxford: Blackwel.
13.Argyris, C., & Schön, D. (1978). Organisational learning: A theory of action perspective. Mass: Addison Wesley.
14.Armenakis, A., Harris, S., & Feild, H. (1999). Paradigms in organizational change: Change agent and change target perspectives, In R. Golembiewski(Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior. New York: Marcel Dekker.
15.Armenakis, A. A., & Bedeian, A. G. (1999). Organizational Change: A review of theory and research in the 1990s. Journal of Management, 25(3), 293-315.
16.Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations, 30(6), 203-213.
17.Arthur, J. B., & Aiman-Smith, L. (2001). Gainsharing And Organizational Learning: An Analysis Of Employee Suggestions Over Time. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 737-754.
18.Audi, R. (1998). Epistemology: A contemporary introduction to the theory of knowledge. New York: Routledge.
19.Ayas, K., & Zeniuk, N. (2001). Project-based Learning: Building Communities of Reflective Practitioners. Management Learning, 32(1), 61-76.
20.Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliff, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
21.Banks, R. (1980). Health and the spiritual dimentions :Relationships and implications for professional preparation programs. Journal of School Health, 50(4),195.
22.Banks, R. L., Poehler, D. L. & Russell, R. D. (1984). Spirit and human-spiritual interaction as a factor in health and in health education. Health Education, 15(5),16-18.
23.Bapuji, H., & Crossan, M. (2004). From Questions to Answers: Reviewing Organizational Learning Research Management Learning, 35(4), 397-417.
24.Barrett, F. J. (1998). Creativity and improvisation in jazz and organizations: Implications for organizational learning. Organization Science, 9, 605-622.
25.Bartunek, J. M. (1984). Changing interpretive schemes and organizational restructuring: The example of a religious order. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29, 355-372.
26.Bate, P. (1994). Strategies for Cultural Change. Oxford: Butterworth- Heinemann.
27.Bateson, G. (1992). Okologie des Geistes:Anthropologische, psychologische,biologische and epistmologische Perspektiven. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
28.Beck, N., & Kieser, A. (2003). The Complexity of Rule Systems, Experience and Organizational Learning. Organization Studies, 24(5), 793-815.
29.Becker, T. (1992). Foci and base of commitment: Are they distinctions worth making? Academy of Management Journal, 35, 232-244.
30.Becker, T., Billings, R., Eveleth, D., & Gillbert, N. (1996). Foci and bases of employee comitment: Implications for job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 464-482.
31.Beckhard, R., & Pritchard, W. (1992). Changeing in Essence:The Art of Creating and Leading Fundamental Change in Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
32.Benjamin, P., and Looby, J. (1998), “Defining the Nature of Sirituality in the Context of Maslow''s and Rogers'' Theories,” Counseling & Values, 42(2) , 99-100.
33.Bensley, R.J.(1991). Defining spiritual health: a review of the literature. Journal of health Education, 22(5), 287-290.
34.Bettis, R. A., & Prahalad, C. K. (1995). The dominant logic: Retrospective and extension. Strategic Management Journal, 16, 5-12.
35.Blackler, F. H. M., & Brown, C. A. (1981). A new philosophy of management: Shell revisited. Personnel Review, 10(1), 15-21.
36.Block, N. (1995). The mind as the software of the brain. In E.E. Smith & D.N. Osherson(Eds),Thinking. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 377-425.
37.Bonthous, J. M. (1996). Intelligence as learning. Competitive Intelligence Review, 7, S49-S59.
38.Bontis, N., Crossan, M. M., & Hulland, J. (2002). Managing An Organizational Learning System By Aligning Stocks and Flows. Journal of Management Studies, 39(4), 437-469.
39.Bowman, C., & Faulkner, D. (1997). Competitive and Corporate Strategy. London: Irwin.
40.Brief, A. P., & Weiss, H. M. (2002). Organizational behavior; Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307.
41.Brown, A. (1995). Organizational Culture. London: Pitman Publishing.
42.Brown, A. D. (2000). Organizational identity and learning: A psychodynamic perspective. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 102-120.
43.Burke, W., & Litwin, G. (1992). A casual model of organizational performance and change. Journal of Management, 18(4), 523-545.
44.Callan, V. (1993). Individual and organization strategies for coping with organization change. Work & Stress, 7, 63-75.
45.Callroll, J. (1998). Organization learning activities in high-hazard industries: The logics underlying self-analysis. Jounal of management Studies, 35(6), 699-717.
46.Calori, R., Johnson, G., & Sarnin, P. (1992). French and British Top Managers'' Understanding of the Structure and the Dynamics of Their Industries: A Cognitive Analysis and Comparison. British Journal of Management, 3, 61-78.
47.Cangelosi, V. E., & Dill, W. R. (1965). Organizational Learning: Observations Toward a Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10(2), 175-204.
48.Cantor, N. (1990). From Thought to Behavior: "Having" and "Doing" in tbe Study of Personality and Cognition. American Psychologist, 45, 735-750.
49.Carmines, E.G., & Zeller, R.A.(1979). Reliability and Validity assessment, Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
50.Cavaleri, S., & Fearon, D. (1996). Managing in Organizations that Learn. Cambridge: Blackwell.
51.Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective On Learning And Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128-152.
52.Cook, S. D. N., & Yanow, D. (1993). Culture and Organizational Learning. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2(4), 373-390.
53.Coopey, J., & Burgoyne, J. (2000). Politics and organizational learning. Journal of Management Studies, 37(6), 869-885.
54.Crossan, M., & Bedrow, I. (2003). Organizational Learning And Strategic Renewal. Strategic Management Journal, 24(11), 1087-1106.
55.Crossan, M., & Hulland, J. (1997). Measuring Organizational Learning.Unpublished manuscript, Boston, MA, Ivey Working Paper.
56.Crossan, M., Lane, H. W., & White, R. E. (1999). An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution. The Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 522-538.
57.Crossan, M., Lane, H. W., White, R. E., & Djurfeldt, L. (1995). Organizational Learning: Dimensions for a Theory. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 3(4), 337-360.
58.Crossan, M. M., Lane, H., W., White, R. F., & Klus, L. (1996). The improvising organization: Where planning meets opportunity. Organizational Dynamics, 20, 20-35.
59.Cumming, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (1997). Organization development and change. St. Paul: West Publishing.
60.Cyert, R. M., & March, J. G. (1963). A Behavioral Theory of the Firm Englewood New York: Prentice-Hall.
61.Czarniawska, B. (2001). Anthropology and organizational learning. In M. Dierkes, A. B. Antal, J. Child & I. Nonaka (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge (pp. 118-136). New York: Oxford University Press.
62.Dabholkar, P. A., Thorpe, D. I., & Rentz, J. O. (1996). A Measure of Service Quality for Retail Stores: Scale Development and Validation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(1), 3-26.
63.Daft, I. L., & Huber, G. P. (1987). How Organizations Learn: A Communications Framework. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 5, 1-36.
64.Daft, R. L., & Weick, K. E. (1984). Toward a Model of Organizations as Interpretation Systems. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 284-295.
65.Dawson, P. (1994). Organizational Change: A Processual Approach. London: Chapman.
66.Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
67.Dean, J., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organization cynicism. Academy of Management Review, 23, 341-352.
68.Denison, D. R. (1990). Corporate Culture and Organisational Effectiveness. New York: Wiley.
69.Deshpande, R., Webster, J., & Frederick, E. (1989). Organizational Culture and Marketing: Defining the Research Agenda. Journal of Marketing,, 53(1), 3-15.
70.Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York: Collier.
71.DiBella, A. J. (1995). Developing Learning Organizations: A Matter of Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 287-290.
72.DiBella, A. J., Nevis, E. C., & Gould, J. M. (1996). Understanding Organizational Learning Capability. Jounal of Management Studies, 33(3), 361-379.
73.Dixon, N. (1994). The Organizational Learning Cycle. How we can learn collectively, . London: McGraw-Hill.
74.Dixon, N. M. (1992). Organizational learning: A review of literature with implications for HRD professionals. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 3, 29-49.
75.Dodgson, M. (1993). Organizational Learning:A Review of Some Literatures. Organization Studies, 14(3), 375-394.
76.Domagalski, T. A. (1999). Emotions in organizations: Main currents. Human Relations, 52(833-52).
77.Donahue, M. J. (1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness:review and meta- analysis. J Pers Soc Psychol, 48, 17-400.
78.Donaldson, G. (1994). Corporate Restructuring Managing the Change Process from Within. Boston, Mass.ú: Harvard Business School Press.
79.Douglas, M. (1986). How institutions think. Syracuse. NY: Syracuse University Press.
80.Drucker, P. F. (1992). The new society of organizations. Harvard Business Review, 70(5), 95-104.
81.Duncan, R., & Weiss, A. (1979). Organizational Learning: Implications For Organizational Design. Research in Organizational Behavior, 1, 75-124.
82.Duncan, R. B. (1974). Modifications in decision structure in adapting to the environment design. Research in organizational behavior, 75-123.
83.Durkheim, F. (1938). The rules of social method. New York: The Free Press.
84.Easterby-Smith, M., Burgoyne, J., & Araujo, L. (1999). Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization. London: Sage.
85.Easterby-Smith, M., Crossan, M., & Nicolini, D. (2000). Organizational learning: Debates past, present and future. The Journal of Management Studies, 37(6), 783-794.
86.Edmondson, A., & Moingeon, B. (1998). From organizational learning to the learning organization. Management Learning, 29(1), 5-20.
87.Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14( 4), 532-551.
88.Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, J. K., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., and Saunde-rs C., (1988) “Toward a Humanistic-Phenomenological Spirituality: Definition, Description, and Measurement,” Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28( 4), 5-18.
89.Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (2002). An Examination of Managers'' Beliefs about their Roles as Facilitators of Learning. Management Learning, 33(2), 147-180.
90.Emmons, R. A. (2000). Is Spirituality an Intelligence? Motivation, Cognition, and the Psychology of Ultimate Concern. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 10(1), 3-26.
91.Etzioni, A. (1963). The epigenesis of political communities at the international level. Amerlcan Journal of Socioiogy, 68, 407-421.
92.Fineman, S. (1993). Emotion in organizaiton. London: Sage.
93.Finger, M., & Brand, S. B. (1999). The concept of the “learning organization” applied to the transformation of the public sector’. In M. Easterby-Smith, L. Araujo & J. Burgoyne (Eds.), Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization. London: Sage.
94.Fiol, C. M., & Lyles, M. (1985). Organizational learning. Academy of Management Review, 10, 803-813.
95.Fisher, J. W., Francis, L. J. & Johnson, P. (2000). Assessing spiritual health via four domains of spiritual wellbeing: The SH4DI. Pastoral Psychology, 49(2), 133-145.
96.Flesch, R. (1951). The art of clear thinking. New York: Harper & Row.
97.Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (Eds.). (1994). Interviewing: The Art of Science. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
98.Ford, J., & Baucus, D. A. (1987). Organizational Adaptation to Performance Downturns: An Interpretation-based Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 12, 366-380.
99.Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The affect infusion model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117(1), 39-56.
100.Forgas, J. P. (2001). Affective Influences on Judgments and Behavior in Organizations: An Information Processing Perspective. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 3-34.
101.Freud, S. (1943). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York: Washington square Press.
102.Friedrichs, J., & Ludtke, H. (1974). Participant Observation: Theory and Practice. Westneadm UK:Saxon House.
103.Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 693–727.
104.Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S., & Cedillo, M. (2005). Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 835–862.
105.Fulmer, R. M., Gibbs, P., & Keys, J. (1998). The Second Generation Learning Organizations: New Tools for Sustaining Competitive Advantage. Organizational Dynamics, Autum, 7-20
106.Gagliardi, P. (1986). The Creation and Change of Organizational Cultures: A Conceptual Framework. Organization Studies, 7(2), 117-134.
107.Garratt, B. (1990). Creating a Learning Organisation: A Guide to Leddership,Learning and Developmant. Cambridge: Director Books.
108.Gartner, J., Larson, D. B., & Allen, G. D. (1991). Religious commitment and mental health: a review of the empirical literature. J Psychol Theory, 19, 6-25.
109.Garvin, D. A. (1993). Building a learning organization. Harvard Business Review, 71(4), 78 –91.
110.Garvin, D. A. ( 2000). Learning in action: A gude to putting the learning organization to work, Cambridge. MA: Harvard Business School.
111.Glynn, M. A. (1996). Innovative genius: A framework for relating individual and organizational intelligence to innovation. A cademy of Management Review, 21, 1081-1111.
112.Gnyawali, D. R., & Stewart, A. C. (2003). A Contingency Perspective on Organizational Learning: Integrating Environmental Context, Organizational Learning Processes, and Types of Learning. Management Learning, 34(1), 63-89.
113.Goldman, A. I. (1986). Epistemology and cognition. Cambridge. MA: Harvard University Press.
114.Goldstein, T. L. (1993). Training in Organization:Needs Assessment, Development and Evaluation. CA:Brooks: Cole.
115.Goodstein, ELeonord, D., & Burke, W. W. (1995). “Creating successful organization change”, In Managing Organizational Change, Burke, W. W. (ed). New York: American Management Association.
116.Grønholdt, L., Martensen, A., & Kristensen, K. (2000). The relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty: cross-industry differences. Total Quality Management, 11 (4-6), 509-514.
117.Greeno, J. G., James, C., & Dapolito, F. J. (1971). A cognitive interpretation of negative transfer and forgettign of paired associates. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 331-345.
118.Griffin, J. (1995). Customer Loyalty How to Earn It, How to Keep It. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.
119.Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrated review. Review of General Psychology, 3, 271-299.
120.Haines, S. G., & McCOY, K. (1995). Sustaining High Performance: The Strategic Transformation to a Customer-Focused Learning Organization. Delray Beach: St Lucie Press.
121.Halbwachs, M. (1980). The collective memory. New York: Harper Colophon Books.
122.Halpern, D. F. (1998). Teaching critical thinking for transfet across domains. American Psychologist, 53, 449-455.
123.Hambrick, D., & Pettigrew, A. (2001). Upper echelons: Donald Hambrick on executives and strategy. Academy of Management Executive Excellence, 15(3), 36–44.
124.Harris, R. C., Dew, M. A., & Lee, A. (1995). The role of religion in hearttransp; ant recipients’ long-term health and well-being. Journal Religion Health, 34, 17-31.
125.Harris, L. G., & Ogbonna, E. (1998). A three perspective approach to understanding organizational culture in retail organizations. Personnel Review, 27(2), 104-123.
126.Harvey, C., & Denton, J. (1999). To come of age: The antecedents of organizational learning. The Journal of Management Studies, 36(7), 897-918.
127.Hedberg, B. (1981). How organizations learn and unlearn. In P. C. Nystrom & W. H. Starbuck (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Design (Vol. 1, pp. 3-27). New York: Oxford University Press.
128.Hel, Z.-L. (2004). Exploration vs. Exploitation: An empirical Test of the Ambidexterity Hypothesis. Organization Science, 15(4), 481-495.
129.Hendry, C. (1996). Understanding and Creating Whole Organizational change Through Learning theory. Human Relations, 49(5), 621-641.
130.Hitt, M. A. (2000). Partner selection in emerging and developed market contexts: Resource-based and organizational learning perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 449-467.
131.Hopfl, H., Smith, S., & Spencer, S. (1992). Values and Valuations: Corporate Culture and Job Cuts. Personnel Review, 21(1), 24–38.
132.Howden, J. W. (1992). Development and psychometric characteristics of the spirituality assessment scale. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,Denton: Texas Woman,s University.
133.Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures. Organization Science, 2(1), 88-115.
134.Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of bebavior. New York: Appleton- Century-Crofts.
135.Hult, G., Hurley, R. F., Giunipero, L. C., & Nichols, E. L. J. (2000). Organizational Learning in Global Purchasing: A Model and Test of Internal Users and Corporate Buyers. Decision Sciences, 31(2), 293-325.
136.Hult, G., Tomas, M., & Ferrell, O. C. (1997). Global Organizational Learning Capacity in Purchasing: Construct and Measurement. Journal of Business Research, 40(2), 97-111.
137.Hult, G., Tomas, M., Ferrell, O. C., & Hurley, R. F. (2002). Global organizational learning effects on cycle time performance. Journal of Business Research, 55(5), 377-387.
138.Hult, G., Tomas, M., Ferrell, O. C., & Schul, P. L. (1998). The effect of global leadership on purchasing process outcomes. European Journal of Marketing, 32(11/12), 937-959.
139.Hunter, J. E. (1986). Cognitive abiltiy, cognitive aptitudes, job knowledge, and job performance. Journal of Vocational bebavior, 29, 340-362.
140.Idler, E., Kasl, S. (1992). Religion, disability, depression, and timing of death.Am J Sociol, 97. 79-1052.
141.Inkpen, A. C., & Crossan, M. M. (1995). Believing is Seeing: Joint Ventures and Organization Learning. Journal of Management Studies, 32, 595-618.
142.J.W., A., & Hasher, L. (1983). Is memory schematic? Psychology Bulletin, 93, 203-231.
143.Jastrow, J. (1931). Managing your mind. New York: Grenlerger.
144.Jarvis, P. (2001). Learning in Later Life: An Introduction for Educators and Carers. London: Kogan Page.
145.Jick, T. D. (1983). Mixing qualitative Methods:Triangulation in Action. In J. V. M. B. Hills (Ed.), Qualitative Methodolgy. CA: Sage.
146.Jones, G. R. (2001). Organizational theory, design, and change:text and case (4 ed.). Prentice Hall: pearson education.
147.Jones, M., Moore, M., & Snyder, R. (1988). Inside Organisations. CA:Newbury Park: Sage.
148.Jones, T. O., & Sasser Jr., W. E. (1995). Why Satisfied Customers Defect. Harvard Business Review, 73(6), 88-101.
149.Kiernan, M. J. (1993). The new strategic architecture: Learning to compete in the twenty-first century. Academy of Management Executive, 7, 7-21.
150.Kilmann, R. W. (1982). Getting control of the corporate culture. Manaing 12, 11-17.
151.Kilmann, R. W., & Saxton, M. (1983). TheKilmann-Saxton Culture Gap Survey. PA:Pittsburgh: Organisaitonal Design Consultants.
152.Kim, D. H. (1993). The link between individual and organizational learning. Sloan Management Review, 35(1), 37-50.
153.Kirkpatrick, C. L. (1959). Technique for evaluating training programs. Training and Development Journal, 13(11), 3-9.
154.Kirkpatrick, D. (1996). Great ideas revisited: Revisiting Kirpatricks''s four-level model. Training & Development, 50(1), 54-57.
155.Klimecki, R., & Lassleben, H. (1998). Modes of Organizational Learning. Indications from an empirical study. Management Learning, 29(4), 405-430.
156.Kline, P., & Saunders, B. (1993). Tio steg mot en lärande organization. Brain Books AB: Jongköping.
157.Koffka, K. (1935). Principles of gestalt psychology. New York: Brace.
158.Kofman, F. (1992). Lecture slides. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Sloan School of Management.
159.Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning:Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
160.Kotter, J. P., & Heskett, J. L. (1992). Corporate Culture and Performance. New York: Free.
161.Kunda, G. (1992). Engineering Culture. Philadelphia.: Temple University Press.
162.Lähteenmäki, S., Toivonen, J., & Mattila, M. (2001). Critical Aspects of Organizational Learning Research and Proposals for Its Measurement. British Journal of Management, 12(2), 113-129.
163.López, S. P., Peón, J. M. M., & Ordás, C. J. V. (2006). Human Resource Management as a Determining Factor in Organizational Learning. Management Learning, 37(2), 215-239.
164.Lau, C.-M., Tse, D. K., & Zhou, N. (2002). Institutional Forces and Organizational Culture in China: Effects on Change Schemas, Firm Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Jounal of international business studies, 33(3), 533-550.
165.Laughlin, R. (1995). Empirical research in accounting: alternative approaches and a case for middle-range thinking. Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, 8(1), 6387-6398.
166.Lawrence, T. B., Mauws, M. K., & Dyck, B. (2005). The Politics of Organizational Learning: Integrating Power Into The 4I Framework. Academy of Management Review, 30(1), 180-191.
167.Lee, S., Courtney, J., & O''Keefe, R. (1992). A system of organizational learning using cognitive maps. International Journal of Management Science, 20.
168.Legge, K. (1994). Managing Culture: Fact or Fiction. In K. Sisson (Ed.), Personnel Management: A Comprehensive Guide to Theory and Practice in Britain (pp. 397–433). Oxford: Blackwell.
169.Levine, J. M., Resnick, L. B., & Higgings, E. T. (1993). Social foundations of cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 585-612.
170.Levinthal, D. A. (1997). Adaptation on rugged landscapes. Management Science, 43(7), 934-951.
171.Levinthal, D. A., & March, J. G. (1993). The Myopia Of Learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14(8), 95-113.
172.Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988). Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 319-340.
173.Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper& Row.
174.Liu, S., & Vince, R. (1999). The cultural context of learning in international joint ventures. The Journal of Management Development, 18(8), 666-674.
175.Lugton,J. & Kindlen, M.(1999) Palliative care:The nursing role, Nork:Churchill Livingstone.
176.Lundberg, C. C. (1989). On organizational learning: Implications and Oppportunities for Expanding Organizational Development. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 3, 61-82.
177.Mahoney, J. T. (1995). The Management of Resources and the Resources of Management. Journal of business research, 33, 91-101.
178.March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87.
179.March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1975). Organizational learning under ambiguity. European Journal of Policy Review, 3(2), 147-171.
180.March, J. G., & Simon, H. (1958). Organizations: Blackwell Business.
181.March, J. G., & Simon , H. A. (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley.
182.March, J. G., Sproull, L., & Tamuz, M. (1991). Learning from Samples of One or Fewer. Organization Science, 2, 1-13.
183.Marchington, M. (1996). Sbopping down different aisles: a review of the literature on buman resource management in food retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 3(1), 21-32.
184.Marques, D. J. (2005). HR’s Crucial Role in the Establishment of Spirituality in the Workplace. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 7(2), 27-31.
185.Marsick, V. J. (1990). Action learning and reflection in the workplace. In J. Mezirow & Associates (Eds), Fostering critical reflection in adulthood. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 23-47.
186.Martin, J. (1993). Cultures in organization: Three perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
187.Martin, J. ((1985). ). Can Organizational Culture be Managed? In P. J. Frost, L. F. Moore, M. R. Louis, C. C. Lundburg & J. Martin (Eds.), Organizational Culture. London: Sage.
188.Mattews, D. A, Koenig, H. G, Thoresen, C., & Freidman, R. (1998). Physical healte. In: Larson, D. B., Swyers, J. P., & McCollough, M. E. eds. Scientific Research on Spirituality and Health: A Consensus Report. Washington DC : National Institute for Health-care Research, 31-54.
189.Maykut, P., & Morehouse, R. (1994). Beginning Qualitative Research-A Philosophic and Practical Guide. PA: The Falmer Press.
190.McDougall, M., & Beatie, R. (1998). The Missing Link? Understanding the Relationship Betwen Individual and Organizational Learning. Intenational Journal of Training and Development, 2(4), 288-299.
191.McGill, M., & Slocum, J. (1993). Unlerning the Organization. Organizational Dynamics, 22(2), 67-79.
192.McKinlay, A., & Starkey, K. (1988). Gompetitive strategies and organizational change. Organization Studies, 9(4), 555-571.
193.McMaster, M. D. (1996). The intelligence advantage: Organizing for complexity. Newton. MA: Butterworth-Heninemann.
194.McSherry, W. (1998). Nurses'' perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Nursing Standard,13(4),36-40.
195.Merton, R. (1968). Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press.
196.Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A Three-Component Conceptualization Of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
197.Meyerson, D., & Martin, J. (1987). Cultural Change: An Integration of Three Different Views. Journal of management Studies, 24(6), 624-646.
198.Miner, A. S., & Mexias, S. J. (1996). Ugly Duckling NO More: Past and Futures of Organizational Learning Research. Organization Science, 7(1), 88-99.
199.Moorman, C. (1995). Organizational market information processes: Culture antecedents and new product outcomes. Journal of Marketing Research, 32, 318-335.
200.Moorman, C., & Miner, A. S. (1997). The impact of organizational memory on new product performance and creativity. Journal of Marketing Research, 34, 91-106.
201.Moorman, C., & Miner, A. S. (1998). The convergence of planning and execution: Improvisation in new product development. Journal of Marketing 62, 1-20.
202.Morgan, G. (1986). Images of Organization. Calif.: Sage.
203.Mueller, P. S., Plevak, D. J., & Rummans, T. A. (2001). Religious involvement, spirituality, and medicine: Implications for clinical practice.Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 76(12), 1225-1235.
204.Nadler, D., Gerstein, M., & Shaw, R. (1992). Organizational Architecture: Designs for Changing Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
205.Nadler, D., & Shaw, R. (1995). Discontinuous Change: Leading Organizational Transformation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
206.Nelson, R. R., & Winter, S. G. (1982). The Schumpeterian Tradeoff Revisited. American Economic Review, 72( 1), 114-133.
207.Nelson, T. L. (1997). An exploration of emotional well-being from acoping perspective. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University ofVictoria. Canada.
208.Nicolini, D., & Meznar, M. B. (1995). The social construction of organizational learning: conceptual and practical issues in the field. Human Relations, 48(7), 727-746.
209.Nonaka, I. (1996). The Knowledge Creating Company. In I. K. Starkey (Ed.), How Organizations Learn, pp. 18–42.International Thompson Business Press. London.
210.Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Create the Dynamics of Innovation New York: Oxford University Press.
211.O’Brien, M. F., (1982) “Religious Faith and Adjustment to Long-term Haemo-dialysis,” Journal of Religious Health, 21(1), 68-80.
212.Ogbonna, E. (1993). Managing Organizational Culture: Fantasy or Reality? Human Resource Management Journal, 3(2), 42–54.
213.Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. G. (1998). Managing organizational culture: compliance or genuine change? British Journal of Management, 9, 273-288.
214.Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. G. (2002). Organizational Culture: A Ten Year,Two-Phase Study of Change In The UK Food Retailing Sector. Jounal of Management Studies, 39(5), 673-606.
215.Ogbonna, E., & Wilkinson, B. (1988). Gorporate strategy and corporate culture: the management of change in the UK supermarket industry. Personnel Review, 17(6), 10-14.
216.Ogbonna, E., & Wilkinson, B. (1990). Corporate Strategy and Corporate Culture: The View from the Checkout Personnel Review, 19(4), 9–15.
217.Ogbonna, E., & Wilkinson, B. (2003). The False Promise of Organizational Culture Change: A Case Study of Middle Managers in Grocery Retailing. Journal of Management Studies, 40(5), 1151-1178.
218.Olivera, F. (2000). Memory Systems In Organizations: An Empirical Investigation Of Mechanisms For Knowledge Collection, Storage And Access. Journal of Management Studies, 37(6), 811-832.
219.Ornish, D., Brown, S. E., Scherwiz, L. W. (1990). Effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer.Lancet, 14, 91-888.
220.Ortenblad, A. (2002). A Typology of the Idea of Learning Organization. Management Learning, 33(2), 213-230.
221.Pak, C., & Snell, R. S. (2003). Programmed, Autonomous-Formal and Spontaneous Organizational Learning. British Journal of Management, 14(3), 275-289.
222.Parsons, R. (1951). The social system. New York: Free Press.
223.Pawlowsky, P. (2001). The treatment of organizational learning in management science. In M. Dierkes, A. B. Antal, J. Child & I. Nonaka (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge (pp. 61-88). New York: Oxford University Press.
224.Pentland, B. (1995). Information systems and organizational learning: The social epistemology of organizational knowledge systems. Accounting, Management and Information Tecb-nologies, 5(1-21).
225.Peters, T., & Waterman, R. (1982). In Search of Excellence. New York: Random House.
226.Poole, P. P., Gray, B., & Gioia, D. A. (1990). Organizational Script Development Through Interactive Communication. Group & Organization Studies, 15, 271-289.
227.Postman, L., Keppel, G., & Stark, K. (1965). Unlearning as a function of the relationship between successive response classes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 111-118.
228.Powell, W. W., Koput, K. W., & Smith-Doerr, L. (1996). Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(1), 116-145.
229.Prerry, L. T. (1991). Strategic improvising: How to formulate and implement compectitve strategies in concert. Organizational Dynamics, 19, 51-64.
230.Preskill, H., & Torres, R. T. (1999). Building capacity for organizational learning through evaluative inquiry. Evaluation, 5(1), 42-60.
231.Preston, A. (1991). Improvising ordec. In I.L. Mangham(Ed.), Organization analysis and development. New York :Wiley, 81-102.
232.Prietula, M. J., & Simon, H. A. (1989). The experts in your midst. Harvard Business Review, 61(January-February), 120-124.
233.Quiñones, M. A. (1995). Pretraining Context Effects: Training Assignment as Feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(2), 226-238.
234.Quinn, R. E. (1988). Beyond rational management: Mastering the paradoxes and competing demands of high performance. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
235.Ray, W. S. (1967). The experimental psychology of original thinking. New York: Macmillan.
236.Reed, P. G. (1991). Spirituality and mental health in older adults:Extant knowledge for nursing. Family Community Health, 14(2), 14-25.
237.Reed,P.G. (1992). An emerging paradigm for the investigation of spirituality in nursing.Research in Nursing & Health, 15, 349-357.
238.Regan, W. J. (1963). The service revolution. Journal of Marketing, 47(7), 57-62.
239.Reilly, C. A., Snyder, R. C., & Boothe, J. (1995). Effects of Executive Team Demography on Organizational Change. In G. P. Huber & W. H. Glick (Eds.), Organizational Change and Redesign (pp. 147-175). NY: Oxford.
240.Rifkin, W., & Fulop, L. (1997). A review and case study on learning organizations The Learning Organization 4(4), 135 - 148
241.Robbins, S. P. (1990). Organization Theory: Structure, Design, and Applications. NJ, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
242.Rosenthal, P., Hill, S., & Peccei, R. (1997). Ghecking out service: evaluating excellence, HRM and TQM in retailing. Work, Employment and Society, 11(3), 481-503.
243.Sadler, P. (2001). Leadership and organizational learning. In M. Dierkes, A. B. Antal, J. Child & I. Nonaka (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge: Oxford University Press.
244.Scheeres, H., & Rhodes, C. (2006). Between cultures: values, training and identity in a manufacturing. Journal of Organizational Change Management 19(2), 223-236.
245.Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco,CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
246.Schein, E. H. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
247.Schein, E. H. (1997). Organizational Culture and Leadership (2 ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
248.Scherer, K. R., & Tran, V. (2001). Effects of emotion on the process of organizational learning. In M. Dierkes, A. B. Antal, J. Child & I. Nonaka (Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge (pp. 369-392). New York: Oxford University Press.
249.Schon, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in cation. New York: Basic Books.
250.Schulz, M. (2001). The Uncertain Relevance Of Newness: Organizational Learning And Knowledge Flows. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 661-682.
251.Schwab, D.P., 2005. Research Methods for Organizational Studies, (2nd ed.) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
252.Schwartz, H., & Davis, S. (1981). Matching Corporate Culture and Business Strategy. Organizational Dynamics, 2, 30–48.
253.Schwartz, N. (1990). Feeling as information: Informational and motivational functions of affective states. On Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior. New York: Guildford.
254.Schwarz, N. (1995). Social cognition: Information accessibility and use in social judgment. In E.E. Ssmith&D.N. Osherson(Eds),Thinking. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 345-376.
255.Schwab, D.P., 2005. Research Methods for Organizational Studies, (2nd ed.) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
256.Scott, W. R. (1995). institutions and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
257.Seaward, B. L. (1991). Spiritual wellbeing: a health education model. Journal of health education, 22(3), 166-169.
258.Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: the art and practice of the learning organization. London: Doubleday Currency.
259.Senge, P. N. (1990). The fifth discipline. New York: Double Day.
260.Shrivastava, P. (1983). A typology of organizational learning systems. Jounal of management Studies, 20(1), 7-28.
261.Silverzweig, S., & Allen, R. F. (1976). Changing Corporate Culture. Sloan Management Review, 17, 33–49.
262.Simon, H. A. (1991). Bounded rationality and organizational learning. Organization Science, 9, 125-133.
263.Simonin, B. L. (1997). The importance of collaborative know-how: An empirical test of the learning organization. Academy of Management Journal, 40(5), 1150-1174
264.Sinkula, J. M., E., W., & Noordewier, T. (1997). A Framework for Market-Based Organizational Learning: Linking Values, Knowledge, and Behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(4), 305-318.
265.Slater, S. F., & Narver, J. C. (1995). Market orientation and the learning organization. Journal of Marketing, 59(3), 63-74.
266.Smircich, L. (1983a). Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(3), 339–358.
267.Smircich, L. (1983b). Studying organizations as cultures. In G. Morgan (Ed.), Beyond Method: Strategies for Social Resea. London: Sage.
268.Soken, K.L., & Carson, V.J. (1987). Responding to the spiritual needs of the chronically ill. Nursing Clinics of North America, 22(3),603-611.
269.Starbuck , W. H., & Hedberg, B. L. T. (1977). Saving an Organization from a Stagnating Environment. In Strategy + Structure = Performance (pp. 249-258). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
270.Starbuck, W. H., & Milliken, F. J. (1988). Executives’ Perceptual filters: What they notice and how they make sense. In D.C. Hambrick(Ed.), The executive effect: Concepts and metbods for studying top managers. Greenwich, CT: JAI, 36-65.
271.Stata, R. (1989). Organizational Learning--The Key to Management Innovation. Sloan Management Review, 30(3), 63-74.
272.Stein, E. W. (1995). Organizational Memory: Review of concepts and recommendations for manage-ment. International Journal of Management, 15, 17-32.
273.Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
274.Sun, H.-C. (2003). Conceptual clarifications for ''organizational learning'',''learning organization'' and ''a learning organization''. Human Resource Development International, 6(2), 153-166.
275.Sutton, R. I., & Staw, B. M. (1995). What Theory Is Not. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 371–384.
276.Swanson, R. A. (1995). Human resource development: Performance is the key. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 62(2), 207-213.
277.Swanson, R. A., & Holton, E. F. (2001). Foundations of Human Resource Development. Berrett Koehle.
278.Swieringa, J., & Wierdsma, A. (1992). Becoming a Learning Organization: Beyond the Learning Curve. M.A: Addison-Wesley.
279.Tanyi, R. A. (1992). “Towards Clarification of the Meaning of Spirituality,” Journal of Advanced Nursing, 39(5), 500-509.
280.Taylor,E.J. (2001).Spirituality,culture,and cancer. Seminars in Oncology Nursing,17(3),97-205.
281.Templeton, G. F., Lewis, B. R., & Snyder, C. A. (2002). Development of a Measure for the Organizational Learning Construct. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(2), 175-219.
282.Thompson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
283.Trice, H., & Beyer, J. (1984). Studying organizational cultures through rites and ceremonies. Academy of Management Review, 9, 685-718.
284.Trice, H., M., & Beyer, J. M. (1993). Organizational passages and cultural continuity. The cultures of work organizations. Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice-Hall.
285.Trompenaars, F., & Woolliams, P. (2003). A new framework for managing change across cultures. Journal of Change Management, 3(4), 361–376.
286.Tsang, E. W. K. (1997). Organizational Learning and the Learning Organization: A Dichotomy Between Descriptive and Prescriptive Research. Human Relations, 50(1), 73-89.
287.Tushman, M. L., & Anderson, P. (1986). Technological discontinuities and organizational environ-ments. Administrative Science Ouarterly, 31, 439-465.
288.Tushman, M. L., & O’relly III, C. A. (1996). Ambidextrous Organizations:Manageing Evolurionary anf Revolutionary Change. California Management Review, 38(4), 8-30.
289.Tu Wei-ming(1985). Culture and self:Asian and western perspectives. New York : Tavistock Publications.
290.Van de Ven, A. H., & Poole, M. S. (1995). Explaining Development and Change in Organizations. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 510-540.
291.Vanhaverbeke, W., Beerkens, B., & Duysters, G. (2004). Explorative and Exploitative Learning Strategies in Technology-based Alliance Networks. Academy of Management Proceedings, J1-J6.
292.Vera, D., & Crossan, M. (2004). Strategic Leadership and Organizational Learning, Academy of Management Review. Academy of Management Review, 29(2), 222-240.
293.Vince, R. (2001). Power and emotion in organizational learning. Human Relations, 54(10), 1325-1352.
294.Vince, R., & Saleem, T. (2004). The Impact of Caution and Blame on Organizational Learning. Management Learning, 35(2), 133-154.
295.Virkkunen, J., & Kuutti, K. (2000). Understanding organizational learning by focusing on activity system. Accounting, Management and Information Technologies, 10, 291-319.
296.von Zedtwitz, M. (2002). Organizational learning through post–project reviews in R&D R & D Management,, 32(3), 255-268.
297.W., D., & Mugny, G. (1984). The social development of the intellect (trans. A. St James-Emler, N. Emler & D. Mackie). Oxford: Pergamon.
298.Walsh, J. p., & Ungson, G. R. (1991). Organizational memory. . Acdademy of Management Review, 16, 57-91.
299.Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1993). Sculpting the Learning Organization:Lessons in the Art and Science of Systemic Change. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
300.Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (1996). In Action: Creating the learning organization. Alexandria,VA: American Society for Training and Development.
301.Watson, J. (1985). Nursing: human science and human care. Norwalk, CN: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
302.Watson J., (1989). Watso''s Philosophy and Theory of Human Caring in Nursing. In Conceptual Models for Nursing Practice, (3rd ed.), NY: Jones and Bartlett.
303.Weick K.F. (1995). Sensemaking in organizations. Thousand Oaks. CA: Sage.
304.Weick, K. F., . (1993). Organizational redesign as improvisation. In G.P. Huber & W.H. Glick(Eds), Organizational change and readesign. New York: Oxford University Prss, 346-374.
305.Wess, H., & Corpanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory : a theornetical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organization behavior, 18, 1-74.
306.West, G. P. I., & Meyer, G. D. (1997). Communicated knowledge as a learning foundation. . The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 5, 25-58.
307.Wilkinson, M., Fogarty, M., & Melville, D. (1996). Organizational culture change through training and cultural imme. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 9(4), 69-81.
308.Williams, A. P. O. (2001). A belief-focused process model of organizational learning. Journal of Management Studies, 38(1), 67-85.
309.Woiceshyn, J. (2000). Technology Adoption: Organizational Learning in Oil Firms. Organization Studies 21(6), 1095-1118.
310.Worthington, E. L., Kurusu, T. A., McCullough, M. E., & Sandage, S. J. (1996). Empirical research on religion and psychotherapeutic processes and outcomes: a 10-year review and research prospectus. Psychol Bull, 119, 87-448.
311.Yang, B., Watkins, K. E., & Marsick, V. J. (2004). The Construct of the Learning Organization: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(1), 31-56.
312.Yin, R. K. (1981). The Case Study Crisis: Some Answers. Administrative Science Quarterly;, 26(1), 58-63.
313.Yin, R. K. (1994). Case Study Research: Design And Mthods: Sage Publications, Inc.
314.Zietsma, C., Winn, M., Branzei, O., & Vertinsky, I. (2002). The War of the Woods: Facilitators and Impediments of Organizational Learning Processes. British Journal of Management, 13(3), S61-S74.
315.任鷹等譯,馬塞勒著(1990),文化與自我,台北:遠流。
316.吳宗祐. (2003),工作中的情緒勞動:概念發展、相關變項分析、心理歷程議題研究, 國立台灣大學。
317.吳欣席、 李瑞敏 與 楊仁壽. (2006), 不同服務分類下服務人員職能差異之分, 2006年中華商管科技學會年會暨學術研討會。
318.吳芝儀與李奉儒譯 (1996),Patton, M. Q., &. 質的評鑑與研究,台北: 遠流。
319.吳芝儀與廖梅花譯.(2001), Strauss, A., & Corbin原著,紮根理論研究方法: 濤石文化。
320.李素卿譯(2003),Eysenck, M. W., & M. Keane原著, 認知心理學,台北: 五南。
321.施良方. (1996), 學習理論, 高雄:麗文文化事業股份有限公司。
322.陳千玉譯, 鄭伯壎審訂(2005), H. E. Shein原著, 組織文化與領導 (二 版), 台北:五南。
323.陳向明(2002), 社會科學質的研究, 台北:五南。
324.張春興(2000),張氏心理學辭典 ,台北:東華書局。
325.彭台光 、高月慈、林鉦棽(2004),管理研究中的共同方法變異:問題本質、影響、測試和補救,管理學報, 21(1),47-62。
326.楊仁壽(2004), 學習型組織,陳沁怡編著編著, 訓練與發展 (pp. 265-290). 台北: 雙葉書廊有限公司.
327.楊仁壽、洪雅雯、陳瓊羿、蘇哲緯(2005),企業推動學習型組織之個案研究,國立雲林科技大學企業管理系專題論文。
328.楊仁壽、許碧芬與俞慧芸譯(2005),Gareth R. Jones原著, 組織理論與管理-理論與個案(四版),台北:雙葉。
329.簡貞玉譯. (2002),Noe, R. A. 原著, 員工訓練與能力發展,台北:五南。
330.劉仲矩(1999),企業組織靈性管理之初探,台灣大學商學研究所博士論文。
331.蔡敦浩、陳可杰(2002), 質化研究在管理研究上的應用─三個個案的說明. 商管科技季刊, 3(1), 43~ 55。
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top