跳到主要內容

臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

(18.97.14.85) 您好!臺灣時間:2024/12/07 11:16
字體大小: 字級放大   字級縮小   預設字形  
回查詢結果 :::

詳目顯示

: 
twitterline
研究生:李珮君
研究生(外文):Peichun Lee
論文名稱:主管與部屬負向情感對員工效能的影響:情緒調節與情緒覺察能力的調節效果
論文名稱(外文):Supervisor-subordinate negative affectivities impact on employee effectiveness: The moderating effect of emotion regulation and emotional awareness.
指導教授:姜定宇姜定宇引用關係
指導教授(外文):Richard Jiang
學位類別:碩士
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:心理學所
學門:社會及行為科學學門
學類:心理學類
論文種類:學術論文
論文出版年:2009
畢業學年度:97
語文別:中文
論文頁數:105
中文關鍵詞:主管與部屬的負向情感員工效能情緒覺察情緒調節
外文關鍵詞:supervisor-subordinate negative affectivitiesemployee effectivenessemotional awarenessemotion regulation
相關次數:
  • 被引用被引用:16
  • 點閱點閱:1256
  • 評分評分:
  • 下載下載:456
  • 收藏至我的研究室書目清單書目收藏:2
近幾年,許多研究開始關注負向情感(negative affectivities)對組織造成的影響,尤其是主管的負向情感,會對部屬造成顯著負向影響。然而,目前的研究對於主管的負向情感與員工情感反應的關連性,仍未加以釐情。所以本研究目的是探究主管與部屬間的負向情感,更特別考量主管的生氣與悲傷。另外,我們也推論部屬個人的情緒調節能力與情緒覺察能力,在個人負向情感與員工效能間的調節效果。本研究針對台灣企業組織,共有242對部屬與主管的對偶問卷。結果指出:1.主管的生氣情感對部屬的生氣與悲傷情感有較正向關聯性;而主管的悲傷對部屬的羞愧有較正向關聯性。2.主管與部屬的負向情感會顯著的與員工效能負向相關,尤其是部屬的負向情感也會影響部屬的效能。3. 在主管的生氣對於部屬的負向效能關聯中,部屬的生氣與悲傷扮演重要中介角色。4.而部屬的情緒調節與情緒覺察能力,對於部屬負向情感與個人效能的關係,具有顯著的調節效果。本研究最末亦進一步探討理論上的貢獻與限制,以及所得結果在管理實務上的應用。
In recent years, studies have discussed the negative affectivities in the organizations. And supervisors’ negative affectivities were believed to have negative effects on subordinate. However, the relationship between supervisors’ negative affectivities and subordinate’s affective reaction remained unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the negative affectivities between supervisors and subordinates, especially supervisors’ anger and sadness. Moreover, we proposed that subordinates’ emotion regulation and emotion awareness will moderate the relationship between subordiate’s negative affectivities and effectiveness. We used 242 supervisor-subordinate dyadic data from various Taiwanese organizations, and the results indicated that: 1. Supervisors’ anger was positively associated with subordinate’s anger and sadness and supervisors’ sadness was positively associated with subordinates’ shame feeling; 2.The supervisors’ negative affectivities were negatively associated with suboridnate effectiveness, and subordinates’ negative affectivities were negatively associated with effectinveness as well; 3. Subordinates’ anger and sadness mediated the relationship between supervisors’ anger and subordinate effectiveness; 4. Subordinates’ emotion regulation and emotion awareness moderated the relationship between subordinates’ negative affectivities and effectiveness. Contributions and limitations are discussed, and suggestions are provided for future studies and managerial practices in Chinese organizations.
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 情感 5
第二節 主管的負向情感 8
第三節 部屬的負向情感 12
第四節 部屬負向情感的中介效果 19
第五節 部屬情緒知覺與情緒調節能力的調節效果 24
第六節 研究目的 29
第三章 研究方法 33
第一節 研究程序 33
第二節 研究樣本 34
第三節 研究工具 36
第四節 資料分析 45
第四章 研究結果 49
第一節 各變相間相關 49
第二節 主管與部屬負向情感、效能的區段迴歸分析 54
第三節 調節效果分析 64
第五章 討論 69
第一節 研究結果總結 69
第二節 研究限制與未來研究方向 75
第三節 管理實務上的意涵 77
文獻探討 79
附錄一 部屬問卷 97
附錄二 主管問卷 103
王叢桂、羅國英(2007)。〈華人管理者與情緒智能講師對情緒智能之認知差異〉。《本土心理學研究》,27,231-298。
余德慧(1990)。〈中國社會的人際痛苦與分析〉。見楊中芳、高尚仁(主編): 《中國人中國心-人格與社會篇》。 台北:遠流。
李宜蓁(2005)。《不同威權領導的負面效果:檢視部屬負面情感的中介角色》。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所,碩士論文。
李佳燕(2001)。《直屬主管情緒表現與部屬工作態度:部屬情緒感受與情緒感染性的不同效果》。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所,碩士論文。
吳宗佑、徐瑋伶、鄭伯壎(2000)。〈怒不可遏或忍氣吞聲:華人企業主管威權領導與部屬憤怒反應〉。《本土心理學研究》,18,3-49。
吳宗佑、鄭伯壎(2002)。〈由情緒智力到情緒才能---一個整合性的模式〉。台灣科技大學企管系「2002年管理新思維學術研討會」(台北)宣讀之論文。
吳宗佑、鄭伯壎(2003)。〈組織情緒〉。見鄭伯壎、姜定宇、鄭弘岳 (主編):《組織行為研究在臺灣:三十年回顧與展望》,頁153-186。臺北:桂冠。
李敏龍、楊國樞(1998)。〈中國人的忍:概念分析與實徵研究〉。《本土心理學研究》,10,3-68。
洪福建(1992)。《大學生與異性交往中的自我差距與情緒經驗》。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所,碩士論文。
涂曉梅(2005)。《不同上下關係對情緒行為表現、感受 及因應上的探討》。國立中山大學心理學研究所,碩士論文。
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽(2006)。〈管理研究中的共同方法變異:問題本質、影響、測試和補救〉。《管理學報》,23,77-98。
黃囇莉(1999)。《人際和諧與衝突:本土化的理論與研究》。台北:桂冠。
黃囇莉、鄭琬蓉、黃光國(2008)。〈忍的歷程與自我之轉化〉。《本土心理學刊》,29,3-76。
楊宜憓(1999)。《臺灣大學生的情緒經驗與社會關係》。國立臺灣大學心理學研究所,碩士論文。
楊國樞(1993)。〈中國人的社會取向:社會互動的觀點〉。見楊國樞、余安邦(主編):《中國人的心理與行為-理念及方法篇》,頁82-142。台北:桂冠。
楊國樞(2005)。〈華人社會取向的理論分析〉。見楊國樞、黃光國、楊中芳(主 編):《華人本土心理學》,頁173-213。臺北:遠流。
鄭伯壎(1993)。〈家長權威與領導行為關係之探討〉。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告。台北:行政院國家科學委員會。
鄭伯壎(1995)。〈不同家長威權價值與領導作風的關係〉。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告。台北:行政院國家科學委員會。
鄭伯壎(2004)。〈華人文化與組織領導:由現象描述到理論驗證〉。《本土心理學研究》,22,195-251。
鄭伯壎(2005)。《華人領導-理論與實際》。臺北:桂冠。
鄭伯壎、姜定宇、鄭弘岳(2003)。《組織行為在台灣》。台北:桂冠。
Allen, T., & Rush, M. C. (1998). The effects of organizational citizenship behavior on performance judgments: A field study and a laboratory experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 247–260.
Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1995). Emotion in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relation, 48, 97-125.
Ashkanasy, N. M., & Tse, B. (2000). Transformational leadership as management of emotion: A conceptual review. In N. Ashkanasy, C. Hartel, & W. Zerbe (Eds.), Emotions in the workplace: Developments in the study of the managed heart (pp. 221-234). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Berlin.
Baron, I.L., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Industrial, military, and educational import. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Beal, D. J., Weiss, H. M., Barros, E., & MacDermid, S. M. (2005). An episodic process model of affective influence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1054-1068.
Bies, R., & Tripp, T. (1998). Revenge in organizations: The good, the bad, and the ugly. In R. O. Griffin, A. Leary-Kelly & J. Collins (Eds.), In dysfunctional behavior in organizations: Non-violent dysfunctional behavior (pp. 49-67). JAI Press: Stanford,Connecticut.
Bodenhausen, G. V., Sheppard, L. A., & Kramer, G. P. (1994). Negative affect and social judgment: The differential impact of anger and sadness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 45-62.
Bono, J. E., Foldes, H. J., Vinson, G., & Muros, J. P. (2007). Workplace emotions: The role of supervision and leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(5), 1357-1367.
Boucher, J. D. (1979). Culture and emotion. In A. J. Marsella, R. G. Tharp, & T. V. Ciborowski (Eds.), Perspectives on cross-ciltural psychology (pp. 159-178). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Butterfield, K. D., Trevino, L. K., & Ball, G. A. (1996). Punishment from manager’s perspective: A grounded investigation and inductive model. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1479-1510.
Carlson, J. G., & Hatfield, E. (1992). Psychology of emotion. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
Cherulnik, P. D., Donley, K. A., Wiewel, T. S. R., & Miller, S. R. (2001). Charisma is contagious: The effect of leader’s charisma on observers’ affect. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 2149-2159.
Clark, M. S., Pataki, S. P., Carver, V. (1996). Some thoughts and findings on self-presentation of emotions in relationships. In G. J. O. Fletcher & J. Fitness (Eds.), Knowledge structures in close relationships (pp. 247- 274). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Conger, J. A. & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Connelly, S., Gaddis, B., & Helton-Fauth, W. (2002). A closer look at the role of emotions in transformational and charismatic leadership. In B. J. Avolio & F. J. Yammarino (Eds.), Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead (pp. 253-283). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Cremer, D. (2006). Affective and motivational consequences of leader self-sacrifice: The moderating effect of autocratic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 79-93.
Dasborough, M. T. (2006). Cognitive asymmertry in employee emotional reactions to leadership behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 17, 163-178.
Dasborough, M. T. & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2002). Emotion and attribution of intertionality in leader-member relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 615-634.
de Rivera, J. & Grinkis, C. (1986). Emotions as social relationships. Motivation and Emotion, 10, 36-57.
Deffenbacher, J. L. (1992) . Trait anger: Theory, findings, and implications. In C. D. Spielberger & J. N. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment (pp. 77-201). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Deffenbacher, J. L., Oetting, E. R., Lynch, R. S., & Morris, C. D. (1996). The expression of anger and its consequences. Behavior Research and Therapy, 34, 575-590.
Dollard, J., Doob, L. W., Miller, N. E., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustrations and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (1998). Social understanding and social support in the workplace. CA: the Academy of management.
Eisenberger, R., Lynch, P., Aselage, J., & Rohdieck, S. (2004). Who takes the most revenge? Individual differences negative reciprocity norm endorsement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 787-798.
Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169-200.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1974). Detecting deception from the body or face. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 288-298.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W., & Ancoli, S. (1980). Facial signs of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1125-1134.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W., & Ellsworth, P. (1972). Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for reaerach and integration of findings. New York: Pergamon Press.
Fitness, J. (2000). Anger in the workplace: An emotional script approach to anger episodes between workers and their superiors, co-workers and subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 147-162.
Folger, R., & Baron, R. (1996). Violence and hostility at work: A model of reactions to perceived justice. In G.. R. VandenBos & E. Q. Bulalao (Eds.), Violence on the job (pp. 51-85). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotion. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 291-309.
French, J. R. P., & Raven, B. H. (1960). The basic of social power. In D. Cartwright & A.F. Zander (Eds.), Group dynamics (2nd ed.) (pp. 607-623). Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
Frijda, N. H. (1993). The place of appraisal in emotion. Cogntion and Emotion, 7(3), 357–387.
Gasper, K., & Clore, G. L. (2000). Do you have to pay attention to your feeling to be influenced by them? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(6), 698-711.
George, J. M. (1989). Mood and absence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 317-324.
George, J. M. (2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 53(8), 1027-1055.
George, J. M., & Brief, A. P. (1992). Feeling good-doing good: A conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship. Psychological bulletin, 112, 310-329.
George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (1997). Experiencing work: Values, attitudes, and moods. Human Relations, 50, 393-416.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad mood foster creativity and good ones don‘t: The role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 687-697.
Glaso, L., & Einarsen, S. (2006). Experienced affects in leader-subordinate relationships. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 22, 49-73.
Grandey, A. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95-110.
Grandey, A. A., Tam, A. P., & Brauburger, A. L. (2002). Affective states and traits in the workplace: Diary and survey data from young workers. Motivation and emotion, 26, 31-55.
Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: Anintegrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299.
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1998). Mapping the domain of emotional expressivity: Multi-method evidence for a hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 170-191.
Gross, J. J., & John, J. O. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362.
Gross, J. J., Richard, J. M., & John, O. P. (2006). Emotion regulation in everyday life. In D. K. Snyder, J. A. Simpson, & J. N. Hughes (Eds.), Emotion regulation in families: Pathways to dysfunction and health. (pp. 13-35). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Grossman, R. J. (2000). Emotions at work. Health Forum Journal, 43(5), 18-22.
Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Primitive emotional contagion. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 14, 151-177.
Henry, J. P. (1986). Neuroendocrine patterns of emotional response. In R. Plutchik & H. Kellerman (Eds.), Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience (pp. 37-60). Academic Press: Orlando.
Hershcovis, M. S., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupre, K. E., & Inness, M. (2007). Predicting workplace aggression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology , 92, 228–238.
Hilde, M. D. & William, W. E. (2000). Psychosocial work environment and depression: Epidemiologic assessment of the demand-control model. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 1765-1770.
Humphrey, P. H. (2002). The many faces of emotional leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 493-504.
Hutri, M. & Lindeman, M. (2002).The role of stress and negative emotions in an occupational crisis. Journal of Career Development, 29(1), 19-36.
Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum.
Izard, C. E., & Malatesta, C. Z. (1987). Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In J. D. Osofsky (Ed.), Handbook of infant development (2nd ed.) (pp. 494–554). Wiley: New York.
James, W. (1984). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188-205.
Jehn, K. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 256-282.
Johnson, S. K. (2008). I second that emotion: Effects of emotional contagion and affect at work on leader and follower outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 1-19.
Keashly, L. (1998). Emotional abuse in the workplace: Conceptual and empirical issues. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 1, 85-117.
Knuth, R. (2004). The negative uses of power. Principle Leadership, 5, 44-49.
Kuhl, J. (1983). Emotion, cognition, and motivation. Sprache and Kognition, 4, 228-253.
Labott, S. M., Martin, R. B., Eason, P. S., & Berkey, E. Y. (1991). Social reactions to the expression of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 397-417.
Lawler, E. J., & Thye, S. R. (1999). Bringing emotions into social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 25, 217-244.
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 123-133.
Lewis, K. M. (2000). When leader display emotion: how followers respond to negativeemotional expression of male and female leader. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 221-234.
Mayer, J. D., & Salover, P. (1997). What is eotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence (pp. 3-31). New York: Harper Collins.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In J. R. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 394-420). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
McHugo, G. J., Lanzetta, J. T., & Bush, L. K. (1991). The effect of attitude on emotional reactions to expressive displays of political leaders. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 15, 19-41.
Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1159-1168.
Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1996). The dimension, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21, 986-1010.
Newcombe, M. J., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2002). The role of affect and affective congruence in perceptions of leader: An experimental study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 601-614.
Panksepp, J. (1991). Affective neuroscience: A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of emotions. In K. T. Strongman (Ed.), International Review of Studies on Emotion (pp. 59-100). Chichester: Wiley.
Perrewé, P. L., Zellars, K. L., Ferris, G. R., Rossi, A. M., Kacmar, C. J., & Ralston, D. A. (2004). Neutralizing job stressors: Political skill as an antidote to the dysfunctional consequences of role conflict stressors. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 147-152.
Pfeffer, J. & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. New York: Harper and Row.
Pittam, J., Kashima, Y., & Iwawaki, S. (1990). Dimensionality and national function in Australian and Japanese ethnic stereotypes. Australian Journal of Psychology, 42, 297-308.
Quintana, S. M., & Segura-Herrera, T. (2003). Developmental transformations of self and identity in context of oppression. Journal of Self and Identity, 2, 269-285.
Roseman, I. J., Cynthia, W., & Tamara, S. S. (1994). Phenomenology, behaviors, and goals differentiate discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 206-21.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Saxton, M. J., Philips, J. S., & Blakeney, R. N. (1991). Antecedents and consequences of emotional exhaustion in airline reservations service sector. Human Relations, 44(6), 583-595.
Schaubroeck, J., Ganster, D.C., & Fox, M. L. (1992). Dispositional affect and work-related stress. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 77,322-335.
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). The MBI-General survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson, & M. P. Leiter(Eds.), Maslach burnout inventory(pp. 19-26). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Schmitt, N., & Borman, W. C. (1993). Personnel selection in organizations. New York: Jossey-Bass.
Scott, T. W., & Jennifer, S. B. (2001). Anxiety and depression in attention and retention. The Journal of general psychology, 128, 422-432.
Simon, H. (1976). Administrative behavior. New York: Free.
Smith, C. A., Haynes, K. N., Lazarus, R. S., & Pope, L. K. (1993). In search of the "hot" cognitions: Attributions, appraisals, and their relation to emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 916.
Snodgrass, S. E., & Hecht, M. A. (1998). Interpersonal sensitivity: Expressivity of perceptivity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 238-249.
Spielberger, C. D., Johnson, E. H., Russell, S. F., Crane, R. J., Jacobs, G. A., & Worden, T. J. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. In M. A. Chesney, & R. H. Rosenman (Eds.), Anger and Hostility in Cardiovascular and Behavioral & Disorders (pp.5-30). Washington: Hemisphere.
Staw, B. M., & Barsade, S. G. (1993). Affect and managerial performance: A test of the sadder-but-wiser vs. happier-and-smart hypotheses. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 4-331.
Staw, B. M., Sandelands, L. E., & Dutton, J. E. (1981). Threat- rigidity effects on organizational behavior: A multilevel analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 501-524.
Tangney, J. P. (1994). The mixed legacy of the superego: Adaptive and maladaptive aspects of shame and guilt. In J. M. Masling & R. F. Bornstein (Eds.), Empirical perspetives on object relation theory (pp. 2-28). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Tangency, J. P., Wagner, P., Fletcher, C., & Gramzow, R. (1992). Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 669-675.
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 178-190.
Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., & Shaw, J. D. (2001). Personality moderators of the relationship between abusive supervision and subordinates'' resistance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 974-983.
Tiedens, L. Z. (1998). Feeling low and feeling high: Associations between social status and emotions. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Tiedens, L. Z. (2001). Anger and advancement versus sadness and subjugation: The effect of negative emotion expressions on social status conferral. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 16-52.
Tiedens, L. Z., Ellsworth, P. C., & Mesquita, B. (2000). Stereotypes about sentiments and status: Emotional expectations for high- and low-status group members. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 560-575.
Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, consciousness. New York: Springer.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Tower a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 218-235.
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective event theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1-74
Weiner, A. B. (1985). Inalienable wealth. American Ethnologist, 12(2), 210-227.
Weiss, H. M., Nicholas, J. P., & Daus, C. S. (1999). An examonation of the joint effects of affective experience and job beliefs on job satisfaction and variations in affective experience over time. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78, 1-24.
Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effect of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274.
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 486-493.
Xin, K. R., & Pelled, L. H. (2003). Supervisor-subordinate conflict and perceptions of leadership behavior: A field study. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(1), 25-40.
Zohar , J., Keegstra , H., & Barrelet, L. (2003). Fluvoxamine as effective as clomipramine against symptoms of severe depression: Results from a multicentre, double-blind study. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 8, 113-119.
QRCODE
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top