臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究是利用常態模式疊加運算式( normal mode summation；Capdeville, 2005)方法分析雷利波( Rayleigh wave )相速度的頻散資料，在不同週期下得到相對應深度的剪力波速度構造，並應用Debayle & Sambridge (2004)所發展反演剪力波速度構造及非均向性研究，反演菲律賓海板塊的地殼及上部地函的速度構造，且得到非均向性的側向變化。
本研究結果得出，在菲律賓海板塊淺層構造，由於地表的複雜地質構造，因此有明顯的速度側向變異；而在Amami Plate、Oki Daito Ridge、Daito Ridge存在過去岩漿活動殘留下來的地函熱柱物質，所以有較低速度的分佈。在深度到達上部地函時，菲律賓海板塊北端位於太平洋板塊、菲律賓海板塊與歐亞大陸板塊交接的地方，產生明顯的速度低區的現象；在Daito Ridge兩側有一對稱高速帶，可能是早期構造作用殘留下來的堆積物；在深度到達111公里和150公里時，菲律賓海板塊應為軟流圈範圍。
非均向性結果得出，西菲律賓盆地南部的快波方向大多為東西向，與大地應力大致平行；琉球海溝、南開海槽非均向性方向約為西北-東南向，這與地殼裂隙的排列有關；西菲律賓盆地非均向性方向明顯，為東北-西南向，與海盆擴張方向一致；四國盆地和帕力士維拉盆地的非均向性方向，為東北-西南向，與海盆張裂的方向有關。

This research is uses the normal mode summation method ( Capdeville, 2005) analysis the phase velocity dispersion data of Rayleigh wave, obtains under the different periods correspond the depth the shear wave velocity structure, and using Debayle and Sambridge (2004) develops the inversion shear velocity structure and the anisotropic research, the shear velocity of the crust and upper mantle beneath of the Philippine Sea Plate, and obtains the anisotropic lateral variation.
This findings obtain, the shallow structure of Philippine Sea Plate, as a result of surface complex geologic structure, therefore has the obvious velocity lateral variation. But place has thermal column material which in Amami Plate, Oki Daito Ridge, Daito the Ridge existence the magmatic activity remained in the past, therefore had compares the low velocity the distribution. When the depth arrives at upper mantle, north part of the Philippine Sea Plate connected the Pacific Ocean Plate, the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate , has the obvious low velocity area. Both sides have a symmetrical high velocity belt in Daito the Ridge, possibly is the deposit which the early time tectonism remains. When the depth arrives at 111 kilometers and 150 kilometers, the Philippine Sea Plate should for the asthenosphere scope.
The anisotropic result obtains, west-south the Philippine basin''s quick wave direction mostly approaches east-west direction, with the earth stress approximately parallel. The Ryukyu Trench、the Nankai Trough anisotropic direction approximately for northwest - southeast approaches, related crust crack arrangement. West Philippine Basin anisotropic direction is obvious, for northeast - southwest, is consistent with the basin expansion direction. Anisotropic direction of Shikoku Basin and the Parece Vela Basin, for northeast-southwest, concerns with the basin tension crack''s direction.

誌謝................I
中文摘要............II
英文摘要............III
目錄................IV
圖目錄..............V
表目錄..............VII
目錄
第一章 緒論............................1
1.1 研究動機與目的........................1
1.2 文獻回顧..............................2
1.3 菲律賓海板塊地質特徵描述..............3
第二章?研究方法與原理...................9
2.1 常態模式疊加運算式...................9
2.2 速度構造及非均向性反演..............15
第三章 資料處理與分析..................21
3.1 地震資料選取......................21
3.2 資料分析..........................22
第四章?痕G分析與討論...................28
4.1 剪力波速度構造....................28
4.2 非均向性的側向變化................31
第五章 結論..............................42
參考文獻.................................44
圖目錄
圖1.1 菲律賓海盆之地質構造，細灰線代表板塊邊界...........6
圖1.2 Seno和Maruyama (1984)建立第三紀時期的古菲律賓海盆之 演化......................................................7
圖1.3 Hall et al. (1995)重建菲律賓海盆，並提出海溝後縮模型，示意圖分別為10、24及45百萬年前........................8
圖2.1 利用常態模式疊加運算式(Normal mode summation)計算所得的合成地震波和觀測地震波...............................14
圖2.2.1 為求得 值，需先計算出每波線 上任一點 和球面上任一點 之間 的關係，即求得每波線所影響的區域。...............19
圖2.2.2 為定義每條波線有其影響區域之示意圖。.............19
圖2.2.3 為求得 值，需先計算波線 上任一點 和波線 上任一點 之間 的關係，即求得兩條波線間的相關性。....................20
圖3.1 地震與測站分佈圖..................................23
圖3.2 900條雷利波波徑分佈圖.............................24
圖3.3 相速分析結果，GUMO測站............................25
圖3.4 相速分析結果，MAJO測站............................26
圖3.5 相速分析結果，TATO測站............................27
圖4.1 雷利波相速週期(a)10秒、(b)40秒、(c)50秒的檢驗盤測試；左圖為原始模型，右圖為逆推結果，各區塊間以±10％速度擾動相互間隔，黑色表-10％，白色表+10％。.....................33
圖4.2 雷利波相速週期(d)80秒、(e)100秒的檢驗盤測試；左圖為原始模型，右圖為逆推結果，各區塊間以±10％速度擾動相互間隔，黑色表-10％，白色表+10％。...............................34
圖4.3 (a) 9公里、(b) 51公里、(c) 80公里、(d) 111公里、(f) 150公里為剪力波速度構造逆推結果。........................35
圖4.4 (a)A-A’ 剖面, (b)B-B’ 剖面, (c)C-C’ 剖面。.....36
圖4.5 (a) 9公里、(b) 51公里、(c) 80公里、(d) 111公里、(f) 150公里為菲律賓海板塊的速度非均向性，線段長度表示非均向性大小，線段方向表示快波方向，紅線為菲律賓海板塊邊界與海溝、海脊。.....................................................37
圖4.6 菲律賓海板塊應力場(Kim et al.,1999)。.............38
圖4.7 馬里安納海溝隱沒的形式。( Scholz, 2002)。.........39
圖4.8 Parece-Vela Basin之海底地形(Okino et al.,1998)。..40
圖4.9 (A) 菲律賓海板塊過去與現在的擴張方向(Okino et al.,1999)................................................41
圖4.9 (B) Shikoku Basin的海底地形構造(Okino et al.,1999) ...............................................41
表目錄
表3.1 選用地震測站基本資料。............................22

Aki and Richards, 2002 K. Aki and P.G. Richards, Quantitative Seismology (second ed.), University Science Books, Sausalito, CA (2002).
Chang W. Y., Yu G. K., Hwang R. D., and Chiu J. K., 2007. Lateral Variations of Rayleigh Wave Dispersions in the Philippine Sea Region, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 5, 859-878.
Capdeville, Y., 2005. An efficient Born normal mode method to compute sensitivity kernels and synthetic seismograms in the Earth, Geophys. J. Int., 163, 639-646.
Christopher H. Scholz, 2002. The mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting, 136.
E. Debayle and M. Sambridge, 2004. Inversion of massive surface wave data sets: model construction and resolution assessment, Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, B2.
Edmonds, A. R., 1960. Angular Momentum and Quantum Mechanics. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
Forsyth, D. A., 1975. The early structural evolution and anisotropy of the oceanic upper mantle. Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 43, 103-162.
Hall, R., J. R. Ali, C. D. Anderson, and S. J. Baker, 1995. Origin and motion history of the Philippine Sea plate, Tectonophysics, 251, 229-250.
Kanamori and Abe K, 1968. Deep structure of island arcs as revealed by surface waves, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Univ. Tokyo, 46 , 1001–1025.
Karig, D. E., 1971. Origin and development of marginal basins in the Western pacific. J. Geophy. Res., 76, 2542-2561.
Kim M. Pacanovsky, and Dan M. Davis, and Randall M. Richardson, and David D. Coblentz, 1999. Intraplate stresses and plate-driving forces in the Philippine Sea Plate, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 1095-1110.
Okino, K., S. Kasuga, and Y. Ohara, 1998. A new scenario of the Parece Vela Basin genesis. Mar, Geophys. Res., 20, 21-40.
Okino, K., Y. Ohara, S. Kasuga, and Y. Kato. 1999. The Philippine Sea: new survey results reveal the structure and the history of the marginal basins. Geophys. Res. Lett.26, 2287-2290.
Lebedev, S., Guust Nolet and R. D. van der Hilst, 1997. The upper mantle beneath the Philippine Sea region from waveform inversions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1851-1854.
Montagner, J., and H. Nataf, 1986. A simple method for inverting the azimuthal anisotropy of surface waves, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 511-520.
Moberly, R., 1972. Origin of lithosphere behind island arcs with reference to the western Pacific. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 132, 35-56.
Nakamura, Y., and T. Shibutani, 1998. Three-dimensional shear wave velocity structure in the upper mantle beneath the Philippine Sea Region. Earth Planets. Space, 50, 939-952.
Oda, H., and N. Senna, 1994. Regional variation in surface wave group velocities in the Philippine Sea, Tectonophysics, 233, 265-277.
Seeking, L. C., and T. L. Teng, 1977. Lateral variations in the structure of the Philippine Sea plate, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 317-324.
Seno, T., and S. Maruyama, 1984: Paleogeographic reconstruction and origion of the Philippine Sea. Tectonophysics, 102, 53-84.
Santo, T. A., 1961. Division of the southern Pacific area into seven regions in each of which Rayleigh waves have the same dispersion characters. Bull Earthquake Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ., 39, 603.
Shiono, K., Sacks, I.S. & Line, A. T., 1980. Preliminary velocity structure of Japanese Islands and Philippine Sea from surface wave dispersion, Carnegie Inst., Washington Year Book, 79, 498-505.
Smith, M., and F. Dahlen, 1973. The azimuthal dependence of Love and Rayleigh wave propagation in a slightly anisotropic medium, J. Geophys. Res, 78, 3321-3333.
Takehi Isse et al., 2009. Seismic structure of the upper mantle beneath the Philippine Sea from seafloor and land observation: Implications for mantle convection and magma genesis in the Izu–Bonin–Mariana subduction zone. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 278, 107-119.
Tarantola, A., and B. Valette, 1982. Generalised nonlinear inverse problems solved using the least square criterion, Rev. Geophys., 20, 219-232.
Takeuchi, H. and Saito, M., 1972. Seismic surface waves, in Methods in Computational Physics, 11, 217-295, Academic Press, London.
Uyeda and Ben Avraham, 1972. Philippine Sea-Origin and development. Nature Physical Science, 240, 176.
Woodhouse, J., 1974. Surface waves in a laterally varying layered structure, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 37, 461-490.
Yu, G. K., and Mitchell, B. J., 1979. Regionalized shear velocity models of the Pacific upper mantle from observed Love and Rayleigh wave dispersion. Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 57, 311-341.
Yu G. K., Tsai Moon-Tsu, and Hwang R. D., 2000. Velocity Dispersion and Amplitude Attenuation of Rayleigh waves across the Philippine Sea, TAO, 11, 515-524.
Zhang, Y. S. and T. Tanimoto, 1989. Three-dimensional modeling of upper mantle structure under the Pacific ocean and surrounding area, Geophys. J. Int., 98, 255-269.
陳朝輝，龔源成、郭本垣,1992. 利用表面波高斯波束法探討菲律賓海板塊的震波速度特性，第四屆台灣地區地球物理研討會論文集，445-454。
張文彥, 2006. 菲律賓海板塊高解析剪力波速度影像和非均向性研究，國立中央大學地球物理研究所博士論文。