臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文包含兩個主題的研究，一個是貿易自由化與環境管制，另一個是環境管制與廠商生產力之研究。在第一個主題部分，採用1991年至2003年期間台灣製造業二欄位產業別的panel data，分別以固定效果和隨機效果模型進行實證，藉以探討環境管制對於貿易型態與對外投資活動的影響，並透過「污染庇護所假說」之檢定，探討台灣在貿易自由化過程中是否將污染性產業移轉至較為落後國家生產，實證顯示，當環境管制越嚴格，較高污染性產業的進口和淨進口比率均越高，顯示過去十多年來我國的產業結構已朝向較為乾淨與污染性較低的型態，此外，貿易自由化的污染庇護效果在不同的貿易對象也產生不同的結果，而在對外投資件數方面，台灣高污染密集度產業顯著地增加對非OECD國家的投資，顯然地，非OECD國家已成為台灣高污染性產品的庇護所。在第二個主題方面，先探討正式和非正式環境管制對廠商防治污染支出的影響，再進一步透過「Porter假說」之檢定，檢視環境管制對廠商生產力的影響。分別採用兩套資料進行實證，一套是1998年至2003年經濟部「工廠校正暨營運調查」個別廠商資料，另一套則是2000年至2005年環保署「環保支出統計調查」個別廠商和台灣經濟新報「企業財務調查」上市(櫃)公司的合併資料。將這兩套資料分別合併縣市統計指標，並以兩階段最小平方法進行實證。在第一階段的估計，採用縣市別環保稽查次數、民眾陳情件數、所得水準等正式和非正式管制指標作為工具變數，以估計廠商的防治污染支出，再利用第一階段的預測防治污染支出作為環境管制代理變數，進一步檢視環境管制對廠商生產力的影響。實證顯示，環境管制對廠商的勞動生產力和總要素生產力均有顯著的正向影響效果，傾向支持「Porter假說」，換言之，廠商在面對環境管制而改善其污染的同時，生產力也提升了。

This dissertation is composed of two topics. One is to examine the relationship between trade liberalization and environmental regulations. And the other is to analyze the impact of environmental regulations on productivity. In the first topic, the 2-digit industry-level panel data of Taiwan’s manufacturing from 1991 through 2003 is used to study the effects of environmental regulation on trade patterns by regressing panel fixed and random models. The evidence demonstrates that the stricter environmental control the industries are under, the higher import portion they have. It shows that Taiwan’s industrial structure has already moved toward the cleaner and lower polluting pattern in the last ten years. With the trade liberalized and the import tariff reduced, Taiwan increases the net import of the higher polluting products from the Non-OECD countries, while decreasing that from OECD countries. Obviously, the Non-OECD countries have become the haven of Taiwan’s high polluting industries. Two data sets are used in the second topic. One is the surveys of Taiwan manufacturers from 1998 through 2003 collected by Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA). And the other one is composed of the environmental protection expenditure surveys collected by Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) and the surveys for corporate finance collected by the Taiwan Economic Journal (TEJ) from 2000 to 2005. These two data sets are also combined with the county-level indicators. A two-stage analysis is used for clarifying the impacts of regulation controls on plant’s productivity. The formal and informal regulations are used to model the plants’ pollution abatement spending in the first stage regressions, and the county-level indicators such as inspections, complaints, income, and population density, are used as instrument variables. Using the predicted values of abatement spending generated from the first-stage regressions as a proxy for environmental control faced by the plants to clarify the impacts of regulations on plants’ productivity. It shows that firms with higher abatement spending tend to have higher productivity. It supports the Porter hypothesis, in other words, firms in the face of the stricter environmental regulations improve their productivity at the same time.

謝辭
摘要
英文摘要
目錄
表目錄
圖目錄
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機
第二節 研究目的
第二章 文獻回顧
第一節 正式、非正式環境管制與防治污染
第二節 貿易自由化、對外投資與環境管制
第三節 環境管制與生產力
第三章 計量迴歸模型
第一節 貿易自由化、對外投資與環境管制
第二節 環境管制與生產力
第四章 實證資料
第一節 行業別資料
第二節 廠商別資料
第五章 實證結果
第一節 貿易自由化、對外投資與與環境管制之實證結果
第二節 環境管制與生產力之實證結果
第六章 結論
第一節 實證結果
第二節 研究貢獻與研究限制
參考文獻
附錄一 附表1~附表8

參考文獻
一、中文部分：
王光賢 (1998), 《環境管制與生產力—台灣地區上市廠商之實證 研究》, 國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文。
朱珊瑩 (1998), 《防治污染與技術效率—台灣地區鋼鐵工業之研究》, 國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文。
吳慧瑛和趙順生 (1994), “環境因素對製造業出口比較利益型態之影響”, 《中國經濟學會年會論文集》, 1-38.
林樹龍 (2000), 《體制內外之管制與廠商污染行為之關係》, 國立中央大學產業經濟研究所碩士論文。
陳奭奇 (1996), 《環境管制因素對台灣製造業競爭力之影響》, 國立台灣大學經濟研究所碩士論文。
莊奕琦和李鈞元 (2003), “如何衡量人力資本：理論與台灣實證”, 經濟論文叢刊, 31(1), 51-85.
劉錦添和邱秋瑩 (1992), “防治污染與廠商生產效率：台灣四個產業的實證”,研究彙刊：人文及社會科學, 2(3), 45-58.
劉錦龍, 鄒孟文和劉錦添 (2002), “環境管制與空污排放量：台灣製造業廠商之實證”, 經濟論文叢刊, 30(3), 361-382.
二、英文部份：
Antweiler, W., Copeland, B. R. and M. S. Taylor (2001), “Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?” American Economic Review, 91, 877-908.
Barbera, A. J. and V. D. McConnell (1986), “Effects of Pollution Control on Industry Productivity: A Factor Demand Approach,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(2), 161-172.
Battese, G. E. and T. J. Coelli (1995), “A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data,” Empirical Economics, 20(2), 325-332.
Berman, E. and L. T. M. Bui (2001), “Environmental Regulations and Productivity: Evidence from Oil Refineries,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 83(3), 498-510.
Blackman, A. and G. J. Bannister (1998), “Community Pressure and Clean Technology in the Informal Sector: An Econometric Analysis of the Adoption of Propane by Traditional Mexican Brickmakers,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 35(1), 1-28.
Birdsall, N. and D. Wheeler (1993), “Trade Policy and Industrial Pollution in Latin America: Where are the Pollution Havens?” Journal of Environment and Development, 2(1), 137-149.
Boyd, G. A. and J. D. McClelland (1999), “The Impact of Environmental Constraints on Productivity Improvement in Integrated Paper Plants,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 38, 121-142.
Brunnermeier, S. B. and A. Levinson (2004), “Examining the Evidence on Environmental Regulations and Industry Location,” Journal of Environmental and Development, 13(1), 6-41.
Christainsen, G. B. and R. H. Haveman (1981), “Public Regulations and the Slowdown in Productivity Growth,” American Economic Review, 71, 320-325.
Clark, D., S. Marchese and S. Zarrilli (2001), “Do Dirty Industries Conduct Offshore Assembly in Developing Countries?” International Economics Journal, 14(3), 75-86.
Cole, M. A. and R. J. R. Elliot (2003), “Do Environmental Regulations Influence Trade Patterns? Testing Old and New Trade Theories?” World Economy, 26, 1163-1186.
Copeland, B. R. and M. S. Taylor (1994), “North-South Trade and the Environment?” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(3), 755-787.
Copeland, B. R. and M. S. Taylor (2001), “International Trade and the Environment: A Framework for Analysis?” NBER Working Paper No.8540.
Crandall, R. W. (1981), “Pollution Controls and Productivity Growth in Basic Industries,” in T. G. Cowing and R. E. Stevenson (Ed.), Productivity Measurement in Regulated Industries, New York: Academic Press.
Dasgupta, S. and D. Wheeler (1996), “Citizen Complaints as Environmental Indicators: Evidence from China,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.1704, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Dasgupta, S., M. Huq and D. Wheeler (1997), “Bending the Rules: Discretionary Pollution Control in China,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.1761, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Dasgupta, S., D. Wheeler and H. Hettige (1997), “What Improve Environmental Performance? Evidence from Mexican Industry,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.1877, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Dasgupta, S., B. Laplante, N. Mamingi and H. Wang (2001), “Inspections, Pollution Prices and Environmental Performance: Evidence from China,” Ecological Economics, 36, 487-498.
Dean, J. (2002), “Does Trade Liberalization Harm the Environment? A New Test,” Canadian Journal of Economics, 35(4), 819-842.
Deily, M. E. and W. B. Gray (1991), “Enforcement of Pollution Regulations in a Declining Industry,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 21, 260-274.
Denison, E. P. (1979), Accounting for Slower Economics Growth: The United States in the 1970s, Washington, The Brookings Institution.
Dion, C., P. Lanoie and B. Laplante (1998), “Monitoring of Pollution Regulation: Do Local Conditions Matter?” Journal of Regulatory Economics, 13, 15-18.
Ederington, J. and J. Minier, (2003), “Is Environmental Policy a Secondary Trade Barrier? An Empirical Analysis,” Canadian Journal of Economics, 36(1), 137-154.
Ederington, J., A. Levinson and J. Minier (2004), “Trade Liberalization and Pollution Heavens,” Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy, 4(2), 1330-1330.
Eskeland, G. S. and A. E. Harrison (2003), “Moving to Greener Pastures? Multinationals and the Pollution Haven Hypothesis?” Journal of Development Economics, 70, 1-23.
Frankel, J. A. and A. K. Rose (2005), “Is Trade Good or Bad for the Environment? Sorting Out the Causality?” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(1), 85-91.
Goldar, B. and N. Banerjee (2004), “Impact of Informal Regulation of Pollution on Water Quality in Rivers in India,” Journal of Environmental Management, 73(2), 117-130.
Gollop, F. M. and M. J. Roberts (1983), “Environmental Regulations and Productivity Growth: The Case of Fossil-Fueled Electric Power Generation,” Journal of Political Economy, 91, 654-674.
Gray, W. B. (1987), “The Cost of Regulation: OSHA, EPA and the Productivity Slowdown,” American Economic Review, 77, 998-1006.
Gray, W. B. and R. J. Shadbegian (1993), “Environmental Regulation and Manufacturing Productivity at the Plant Level,” NBER Working Paper No.4321.
Gray, W. B. and M. E. Deliy (1996), “Compliance and Enforcement: Air Pollution Regulation in the U.S. Steel Industry,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 31, 96-111.
Gray, W. B. and R. J. Shadbegian (2000), “When is Enforcement Effective or Necessary?” NBER Environmental Economics Summer Workshop.
Gray, W. B. and R. J. Shadbegian (2002), “Pollution Abatement Costs, Regulation, and PlantLevel Productivity,” in W. Gray, (Ed.), The Economics Costs and Consequences of Environmental Regulation, Ashgate Publications, Aldershot, UK.
Gray, W. B. and R. J. Shadbegian (2003), “Plant Vintage, Technology, and Environmental Regulations,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 46, 384-402.
Grether, J. M. and J. de Melo (2003), “Globalization and Dirty Industries: Do Pollution Havens Matter?” CEPR Discussion Paper No.3932.
Grossman, G. M. and A. B. Krueger (1993), “Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement”, in P. Garber (Ed.), The U.S.-Mexico Free Trade Agreement (pp.13-56), Cambridge MA: MIT Press,.
Grossman, G. M. and A. B. Krueger (1995), “Economic Growth and the Environment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.
Harbaugh, W., A. Levinson and D. Wilson (2002), “Reexamining the Empirical Evidence for an Environmental Kuzents Curve,” The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(3), 541-555.
Jaffe, A. B., S. R. Peterson, P. R. Portney and R. N. Stavins (1995), “Environmental Regulations and the Competitiveness of U.S. Manufacturing: What Does the Evidence Tell US?” Journal of Economic Literature, 33, 132-141.
Kalt, J. P. (1988), “The Impact of Domestic Environmental Regulatory Policies on U.S. International Competitiveness,” in M. Spence and H. Hazard (Eds.), International Competitiveness, (pp.221-262), Cambridge, MA: Harper and Raw, Ballinger.
Keller, W. and A. Levinson (2002), “Environmental Regulations and FDI to U.S. States,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(4), 691-703.
Kathuria, V. (2007), “Informal Regulation of Pollution in a Developing Country: Evidence from India,” Ecological Economics, 63, 403-417.
Leamer, E. (1984), Sources of International Comparative Advantage, Cambridge: MIT Press.
Levinson, A. and M. S. Taylor (2008), “Unmasking the Pollution Haven Effect,” International Economic Review, 49(1), 223-254.
Laplante, B. and P. Rilstone (1996), “Environmental Inspections and Emissions of the Pulp and Paper Industry in Quebec,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 31, 19-36.
Low, P. and A. Yeats (1992) “Do Dirty Industries Migrate?” In P. Low (Ed.), International Trade and the Environment, (World Bank Discussion Paper No.159) (pp.89-104). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Lucas, R. E., D. Wheeler and H. Hettige (1992), “Economic Development, Environmental Regulation and the International Migration of Toxic Industrial Pollution: 1960-1988?” in P. Low (ed.), International Trade and the Environment, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Maddison, A. (1987), “Growth and Slowdown in Advanced Capitalist Economics: Techniques of Quantitative Assessment,” Journal of Economics Literature, 25, 649-698.
Magat, W. A. and W. K. Viscusi (1990), “Effectiveness of the EPA’s Reulatory Enforcement: the Case of Industrial Effluent Standards,” Journal of Law and Economics, 33, 331-360.
Managi, S. (2004), “Trade Liberalization and the Environment: Carbon Dioxide for 1960-1999,” Economics Bulletin, 17(1), 1-5.
Mani, M. and D. Wheeler (1998), “In Search of Pollution Heavens? Dirty Industries in the World Economy, 1960 to 1995,” Journal of Environment and Development, 7(3), 215-247.
Mukhopadhyay, K. (2006), “Impact on the Environment of Thailand’s Trade with OECD Countries,” Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Review, 2(1), 25-46.
Nadeau, L. W. (1997), “EPA Effectiveness at Reducing the Duration of Plant-Level Non-compliance,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 34, 54-78.
Norsworthy, J. R., M. J. Harper and K. Kunzet (1979), “The Slowdown in Productivity Growth: Analysis of Some Contributing Factors,” Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, 2, 387-421.
Osang, T. and A. Nandy (2000), “Impacts of U.S. Environmental Regulation on the Competitiveness of Manufacturing Industries,” Southern Methodist University, Department of Economics Working Paper.
Pargal, S. and D. Wheeler (1996), “Informal Regulation of Industrial Pollution in Developing Countries: Evidence from Indonesia,” Journal of Political Economy, 104(6), 1314-1327.
Pargal, S., H. Hettige, M. Singh and D. Wheeler (1997), “Formal and Informal Regulation of Industrial Pollution: Comparative Evidence from Indonesia and the US,” World Bank Economic Review, 11(5), 433-450.
Pargal, S., M. Mani and M. Huq (1997), “Inspections and Emissions in India: Puzzling Survey Evidence on Industrial Water Pollution,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.1810, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Pencavel, J. (1991), “Higher Education, Productivity, and Earnings: a Review,” Journal of Economics Education, 22, 331-359.
Porter, M. E. (1990), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York: The Free Press.
Porter, M. E. (1991), “America’s Green Strategy,” Scientific American, 264, 168.
Portney, P. R. (1981), “The Macroeconomic Impacts of Federal Environmental Regulation,” in H. M. Peskin, P. R. Portney and A. V. Kneese (Ed.) Environmental Regulation and the U.S. Economy, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Robinson, H. D. (1988), “International Pollution Abatement: the Impact on the Balance of Trade?” Canadian Journal of Economics, 21, 187-199.
Shadbegian, R. J. and W. B. Gray (2005), “Pollution Abatement Expenditures and Plant-Level Productivity: A Production Function Approach,” Ecological Economics, 54, 196-208.
Siegel, R. (1979), “Why Has Productivity Slowed Down?” Data Resources Review, 1, 159-165.
Smarzynska, B. K. and S. J. Wei (2001), “Pollution Havens and Foreign Direct Investment: Dirty Secret or Popular Myth?” World Bank Working Paper No.614, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Tallman, E. W. and P. Wang (1994), “Human Capital and Endogenous Growth: Evidence from Taiwan,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 34, 101-124.
Telle, K. and J. Larsson (2007), “Do Environmental Regulations Hamper Productivity Growth? How Accounting for Improvements of Plants’ Environmental Performance Can Change the Conclusion?” Ecological Economics, 61, 438-445.”
Tobey, J. (1990), “The Effects of Domestic Environmental Policies on Patterns of World Trade: An Empirical Test?” Kyklos, 43, 191-209.
Van Beers, C. and J. C. J. M. Van den Bergh, (1997), “An Empirical Multicountry Analysis of the Impact of Environmental Regulations on Foreign Trade Flows?” Kykols, 50, 29-46.
Walter, I. (1973), “The Pollution Content of American Trade?” Western Economic Journal, 11, 61-70.
Walter, I. (1982),” Environmentally Induced Industrial Relocation to Developing Countries?” in S. Rubin (Ed.), Environment and Trade, New Jersey: Allanheld, Osmun and Co.
Wang, H. and D. Wheeler (2000), “Endogenous Enforcement and Effectiveness of China’s Pollution Levy System,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.2336, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Wang, H. (2000), “Pollution Charge, Community Pressure, and Abatement Cost of Industrial Pollution in China,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.2337, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Wang, H., N. Mamingi, B. Laplante and S. Dasgupta (2002), “Incomplete Enforcement of Pollution Regulation,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.2756, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Xing, Y. and C. D. Kolstad (2002), “Do Lax Environmental Regulations Attract Foreign Investment?” Environmental and Resource Economics, 21(1), 1-22