臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

地球上的水資源日益匱乏，許多國家已用法規嚴格規範水回收的比率，以期將廢水做處理而進一步回收。在我國隨著工業產能的擴大、也面臨水資源不足的議題，如何將這些製程廢水回收，也是目前的當務之急，這個應用也是綠色科技與環保的主軸之一。
本實驗的重點在針對不易處理的高鹽度廢水，研發適當的分離回收單元操作，研究擬採用超高濃度氯化鈉(1%-5%)溶液作為電解質溶液的代表。本研究利用電透析(Electrodialysis)作為前處理搭配逆滲透(Reverse osmosis)進行分離回收，並將實驗數據與模擬之預測值比較，尋找最適化條件。結果發現電透析在5% NaCl溶液進料，操作電壓20V下，在3小時內可達到99.3%的排拒率，並有70%的水回收率；而逆滲透處理1% NaCl進料溶液，在20 kg/cm2的操作壓力下，每小時皆可達到96.6%的排拒率，約3.5%的水回收率。以處理鹽濃度約5%之廢水所需的能量而言，電透析約56.60 kWh/m3需遠高於逆滲透的2.2 kWh/m3，但若以獲得等量之回收水所需的能量來進行比較，由於電透析的回收率遠高於逆滲透，經過作圖比較後可發現，5% NaCl進料溶液前100分鐘經由電透析處理濃度降至1%後轉以逆滲透處理，實為相當可行且經濟之辦法。

Water resources have become limited in the developing and developed countries. As the capacities of industries are expanding, the wastewater treatment and recycle are important issues to save the valuable water resource. Obviously this topic is one of the top priorities of green technology and sustainability in our society.
The objective of this study is to establish protocol for treatment of wastewater containing NaCl concentration from 1% to 5%. These are commonly found in chemical plants and biotechnology industry. This project aims at the development of core separation and recovery technologies, and economic analyses. The core recovery process units are electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. The experimental results will be compared with modeling results and the process optimization will be performed according to various feed water compositions.
In the electrodialysis of 5% NaCl solution, the rejection could achieve 99.3% at 20 V and the recovery was about 70%. The energy consumption was 56.60 kWh/m3 during this operation for 3 hours. The reverse osmosis was used to treat 1% NaCl solution and a rejection of 96.6% was obtained in 1 hour at a pressure of 20 kg/cm2. The recovery was 3.5% and the energy requirement was 2.2 kWh/m3. The combination of the electrodialysis and reverse osmosis processes provides an efficient and economic technology to recover water from high salinity wastewater.

目錄
國家圖書館 博碩士論文電子檔案上網授權書 iii
長庚大學博碩士論文著作授權書 iv
誌謝 v
中文摘要 vi
Abstract vii
目錄 viii
圖目錄 xii
表目錄 xv
第一章 前言 1
1.1研究動機 1
1.2 研究背景 2
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 薄膜分離程序簡介 5
2.2電透析法(Electrodialysis, ED) 9
2.2.1操作電壓與鹽濃度的影響 18
2.2.2電透析能量的耗費與比較 18
2.2.3電透析的分離模擬 19
2.2.4電透析的改良應用 19
2.3逆滲透法(Reverse osmosis, RO) 20
2.3.1操作條件之影響 23
2.3.2薄膜淤塞之研究 23
2.3.3逆滲透的效果模擬 24
2.3.4逆滲透的純化改良 24
2.4研究目的 25
第三章 研究方法 26
3.1實驗藥品 26
3.2儀器與設備 28
3.3實驗方法 31
3.3.1離子濃度的分析 31
3.3.1.1陽離子流洗液的製備 31
3.3.1.2陰離子流洗液的製備 31
3.3.1.3陰離子抑制器去除液的製備 32
3.3.2溶液電導度的校正與量測 35
3.3.2.1 檢量線的製作 35
3.3.3電透析薄膜分離 37
3.3.3.1極限電流密度的量測 37
3.3.4 逆滲透薄膜分離 40
3.4實驗流程 42
第四章 結果與討論 44
4.1電透析分離實驗 44
4.1.1 極限電流密度實驗 44
4.1.2 進料濃度的影響 48
4.1.3 操作電壓的影響 52
4.1.3.1 水滲透與電能滲透 54
4.1.4 液體流速的影響 58
4.1.5 能量之消耗 60
4.1.6除鹽的預測模擬 62
4.1.7電透析成果與相關文獻探討 68
4.2 逆滲透分離實驗 70
4.2.1 進料濃度的影響 70
4.2.2 操作壓力的影響 73
4.2.3 液體溫度的影響 78
4.2.4 能量的消耗 80
4.2.5 逆滲透成果與相關文獻探討 81
4.3 電透析/逆滲透混合系統之最適化條件 83
第五章 結論與未來建議 86
第六章 符號說明 87
第七章 參考文獻 91
圖目錄
圖 1：光氣介面縮聚法流程圖1 4
圖 2：薄膜過濾圖譜 8
圖 3：電透析示意圖 10
圖 4：操作電流-電壓圖2 12
圖 5：電透析內之濃度極化圖 15
圖 6：操作電阻示意圖 17
圖 7：逆滲透法示意圖 21
圖 8：電透析薄膜分離系統 29
圖 9：逆滲透薄膜分離系統 30
圖 10：過濾裝置圖 33
圖 11：NaCl溶液之導電度對濃度檢量線(25oC) 36
圖 12：電透析操作示意圖 38
圖 13：E/i對i-1圖2 39
圖 14：逆滲透操作示意圖 41
圖 15：實驗流程圖 43
圖 16：流速1 L/min , 3 % NaCl 溶液V/A對A-1圖 45
圖 17：流速1 L/min , 4 % NaCl 溶液V/A對A-1圖 46
圖 18：極限電流密度與濃度之關係(25 C)30 47
圖 19：不同進料濃度下，導電度對時間之關係圖(12V) 50
圖 20：不同進料濃度下，導電度對時間之關係圖(20V) 51
圖 21：不同操作電壓下，導電度對時間之關係圖(NaCl 4%) 53
圖 22：電流密度對時間之關係圖(4% NaCl, 12V) 55
圖 23：電透析中水回收率與進料濃度之關係 56
圖 24：電流密度對時間之關係圖(4% NaCl, 20V) 57
圖 25：不同濃度下除鹽，預測與實驗之比較(20V) 65
圖 26：不同濃度下除鹽，預測與實驗之比較(12V) 66
圖 27：不同電壓下除鹽，預測與實驗之比較(4% NaCl溶液) 67
圖 28：不同進料濃度下排拒率對時間之關係(ΔP=20 kg/cm2, Temp=25oC) 71
圖 29：不同進料濃度下流通量對時間之關係(ΔP=20 kg/cm2, Temp=25oC) 72
圖 30：不同操作壓力下流通量對時間之關係(NaCl =1%, Temp=25oC) 74
圖 31：不同進料濃度下，流通量與壓力之關係 75
圖 32：不同進料濃度下，流通量與 (ΔP -Δπ)之關係圖 76
圖 33：不同操作壓力下排拒率對時間之關係(NaCl=1%, Temp=25oC) 77
圖 34：不同進料濃度下，流通量對溫度之關係圖 79
圖 35：等量回收水之能量對時間關係圖 84
圖 36：等量回收水之能量對濃度關係圖 85

表目錄
表 1：各種薄膜技術之比較 7
表 2：IA濃度分析範圍 34
表 3：流速對極限電流密度影響與文獻30比較 59
表 4：操作條件與結果整理 61
表 5：各進料濃度之p、q常數結果 64
表 6：電透析成果與文獻之比較 69
表 7：逆滲透成果與文獻之比較 82

曾繁銘，我國聚碳酸酯(PC)產業前景和技術展望，工業技術研究院 產業經濟與趨勢研究中心，台灣，2008。
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