研究指出軟珊瑚屬中的多氧取代固醇類化合物對各類癌細胞具有生物毒殺活性。我們分析屏東海洋生物博物館所養殖的指型軟珊瑚NO.9(Sinularia sp.)及NO.20( Sinularia flexibilis)所具有的化學成分，NO.9分離得到20個化合物，NO.20得到29個化合物，其中以固醇類化合物為主要成分。
生物活性研究中，將粗抽物及所分離到的主成分化合物進行藥理試驗後，發現NO.9、NO.20珊瑚的乙酸乙酯可溶層皆對人類肺癌細胞A549有毒殺效果；且NO.20珊瑚的主成分化合物chabrolosteroid I對人類腸癌HT-29( human colon carcinoma cells)、人類肺癌A549( human lung carcinoma cells)、人類肝癌Hep 3B ( human hepatocellular carcinoma cells) 細胞具有生物毒殺活性，將對此化合物進一步進行完整的生物毒殺活性試驗。而其他化合物對癌細胞則不具有毒殺活性。

Previous investigations on the polyhydroxygenated steroids of the soft coral species, some compounds have been showed to exhibit cytotoxic activity against the growth of the various cancer cell lines.
We have studied the chemical constituents of two cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis (NO.20) and Sinularia sp. (NO.9), collected from the National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Taiwan. The Sinularia sp. (NO.9) had led to the isolation of twenty compounds and twenty-nine compounds were isolated from the crude extract of Sinularia flexibilis (NO.20). Among them, the structures of twenty-three compounds were determined by spectral analysis. They included eleven steroids, which are major components of Sinularia spp.
In the cytotoxicity experiments, EtOAc-soluble portion of metholic extract of the soft coral showed significant cytotoxicity in cell culture of A549(human lung carcinoma) cell line. The major compound( chabrolosteroid I ) of NO.20 soft coral was found to exhibit cytotoxicity against the growth of the cancer HT-29 ( human colon carcinoma ), A549 ( human lung carcinoma ) and Hep 3B ( human hepatocellular carcinoma ) cell lines.

目 錄
指導教授推薦書…………………………………………………………………
口試委員審定書…………………………………………………………………
授權書 ……………………………………………………………………………
致謝 ………………………………………………………………………………iv
目錄 ………………………………………………………………………………v
縮寫表……………………………………………………………………………vii
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………viii
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………ix
第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………1
第一節 前言 ………………………………………………………………… 1
第二節 研究動機………………………………………………………………2
第二章 化學成分及藥理文獻回顧……………………………………………5
第三章 生物材料與抽取分離 ………………………………………………50
第一節 生物材料 ……………………………………………………………50
第二節 生物樣品分類 ………………………………………………………50
第三節 萃取與分離 …………………………………………………………50
第四章 化合物之結構解析 …………………………………………………59
第一節 (Z)-N-[2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-methyldodec-2-enamide( 1 )之構造研究……………………………………………………59
第二節 Chabrolosteroid I( 2 )之構造研究 …………………………63
第三節 24-Methylenecholesterol ( 3 ) 之構造研究………………70
第四節 11α-Acetoxy-24-methylenecholesta-3β,5α,6β-triol( 4 )之構造研究 ……………………………………………………………………74
第五節 Pregnenolone( 6 )之構造研究…………………………………81
第六節 3β-Hydroxy-24-methylene-5-cholesten-7-one ( 16 )之構造研究 …………………………………………………………………………88
第七節 Gorgostane-1α,3β,5α,6β,11α-pentaol ( 17 )之構造研究 ……………………………………………………………………………………95
第八節 (Z)-3-[3-[3-[(Z)-3-Amino-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]-6-hydroxy-2- methoxyphenyl]-4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl]prop-2-enamide( 9 )之構造研究……………………………………………………102
第五章 生物活性試驗…………………………………………………………108
第一節 粗抽物毒殺人類肺癌細胞株A549測定 ……………………………108
第二節 純化合物毒殺人類癌細胞株HT-29、A549、Hep 3B測定 ………109
第六章 實驗部份 ……………………………………………………………110
第一節 儀器及藥品……………………………………………………………110
第二節 指型軟珊瑚成分之分離與純化 …………………………………… 112
第三節 生物活性試驗方法……………………………………………………115
第七章 結論……………………………………………………………………116
光譜數據整理 …………………………………………………………………118
參考文獻 ………………………………………………………………………132

1. 探索海洋奧秘開發海洋資源編委會編,探索海洋奧秘與開發海洋資源,北京,地質出版社,1998,p.57-65.
2. Mayer, A. M., Gustafson, K. R., Marine pharmacology in 2001-2002: antitumour and cytotoxic compounds., European Journal of Cancer, 2004, 40, 2676-2704.
3. Mayer, A. M., Gustafson, K. R., Marine pharmacology in 2003-2004: antitumour and cytotoxic compounds., European Journal of Cancer,
2006, 42, 2241-2270.
4. Mayer, A. M., Gustafson, K. R., Marine pharmacology in 2005-2006: antitumour and cytotoxic compounds., European Journal of Cancer, 2008, 44, 2357-2387.
5.林全信、江坤達,豐富的海洋資源,台北,中山文庫,1997, p.117-126.
6. Ruggienri, G. D., Drugs from the sea., Science, 1976, 194, 491-497.
7. Cohen, S. S., The mechanisms of lethal action of arabinosyl cytosine (ara C) and arabinosyl adenine (ara A)., Cancer, 1977, 40, 509-518.
8. Wender, P. A., Hinkle, K. W., The rational design of potential chemotherapeutic agents: the synthesis of byrostatin analogues., Medicinal Research Reviews, 1999, 19, 388-407.
9. Look, S. A, Fenical, W., Matsumoto, G. K., Clardy, J., The pseudopterosins: a new class of antiinflammatory and analgesic diterpene pentosides from the marine sea whip Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae (Octocorallia)., Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1986, 51, 5140-5145.
10. Flam, F., Chemical prospectors scour the seas for promising drugs., Science, 1994, 266, 1324-1325.
11. Lindel, T., Jensen, P. R., Fenical, W., Byron, H. L., Casazza, A. M., Carboni, J., Fairchild, C. R., Eleutherobin, a new cytotoxin that mimics paclitaxel (Taxol) by stabilizing microtubules., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1997, 119, 8744-8745.
12. Fenical, W., Drugs from the deep., Nature, 2006, 443, 904-905.
13. Schwartsmann, G., Berlinck, R. G., Jimeno, J., Marine organisms as a source of new anticancer agents., The Lancet, Oncology, 2001, 2, 221-225.
14. Garcia, P. P., De, R. S, De, G. A., Modulation of acute and chronic inflammatory processes by cacospongionolide B, a novel inhibitor of human synovial phospholipase A2., British Journal of Pharmacology, 1999, 126, 301-311.
15. Zeng, Y., Liu, W., New Developments of marine antineoplastie drugs studies., Chemical Industry Times, 2006, 20, 68-74.
16. 方力行,珊瑚學-兼論台灣的珊瑚資源, 教育部大學聯合出版委員會,1989, p.34-37.
17. Coll, J. C., Barre, S. L., Sammarco, P. W., Williams, W. T., Bakus, G., Chemical defences in soft corals (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the great barrier reef: A study of comparative toxicities., Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1982, 8, 271-278.
18. Maria, V. D., Auria, L. M., Raffaele, R., Polyoxygenated steroids of marine origin., Chemical Reviews., 1993, 93, 1839-1895.
19. Su, J., Yang, R., Kuang, Y., Zeng, L., A new cembranolide from the soft coral Sinularia capillosa., Journal of Natural Products, 2000, 63, 1543-1545.
20. Radwan, M. M., Manly, S. P., Sayed, K. E. A., Wali, V. B., Sylvester, P. W., Awate, B., Shah, G., Ross, S. A., Sinulodurins A and B, antiproliferative and anti-invasive diterpenes from the soft coral Sinularia dura., Journal of Natural Products, 2008, 71, 1468-1471.
21. Reddy, M., Venkata, R., Lakshman, S., Rao, A. V. R., Venkateswarlu, Y., Rao, J. V., A new diterpene from a soft coral, Sinularia dissecta., Journal of Natural Products, 1993, 56, 970-972.
22. Srinivasa, R. N., Venkateshwar, G. T., Venkateswarlu, Y., Seco- sethukarailin, a novel diterpenoid from the soft coral Sinularia dissecta., Journal of Natural Products, 2002, 65, 1059-1060.
23. Venkateswarlu, Y., Farooq, B. M. A., Venkata, R. R. M., Prabhakar, R. T., Kunwar, A. C., Faulkner, D. J., Mandapamate, a diterpenoid from the soft coral Sinularia dissecta., Tetrahedron Letters, 1994, 35, 2249-2252.
24. Kobayashi, M., Rao, K. M. C. A., Krishna, M. M., Anjaneyulu, V., Marine terpenes and terpenoids. Part 19. Structure of a tetracyclic norcembranolide derivative isolated from the soft coral Sinularia dissecta., Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses, 1995, 188-189.
25. Ramesh, P., Venkateswarlu, Y. J., Unusual terpenoid constituents of the soft coral Sinularia dissecta., Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses, 2000, 48-50.
26. Kobayashi, M., Rao, K. M. C. A., Krishna, M. M., Anjaneyulu, V., Marine sterols. Part 30. Isolation of 24-methylenecholestane-1α, 3β, 5α, 6β, 11α-pentol and its 11-monoacetate from the Andaman sea soft coral Sinularia dissecta., Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses, 1994, 180-181.
27. Venkateswarlu, Y., Ramesh, P., Srinivasa, R. N., Prabhakara, R. T., A novel polyhydroxylated epoxy steroid from the soft coral Sinularia dissecta., Natural Product Letters, 1999, 13, 229-232.
28. Jin, P., Deng, Z., Pei, Y., Polyhydroxylated steroids from the soft coral
Sinularia dissecta., Steroids, 2005, 70, 487-493.
29. Jagodzinska, B. M., Trimmer, J. S., Fenical, W., Djerassi, C., Sterols in marine invertebrates. 49. Isolation and structure elucidation of eight new polyhydroxylated sterols from the soft coral Sinularia dissecta., Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1985, 50, 1435-1439.
30. Rudi, A., Dayan, T. L. A., Aknin, M., Gaydou, E. M., Kashman, Y., Several new isoprenoids from the soft coral Sinularia erecta., Journal of Natural Products, 1998, 61, 872-875.
31. Rudi, A., Shmul, G., Benayahu, Y., Kashman, Y., Sinularectin, a new diterpenoid from the soft coral Sinularia erecta., Tetrahedron Letters, 2006, 47, 2937-2939.
32. Kumar, R., Lakshmi, V., Two new glycosides from the soft coral Sinularia firma., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2006, 54, 1650-1652 .
33. Mori, K., Suzuki, S., Iguchi, K., Yamada, Y., Studies on marine natural products. XI. 8, 11-epoxy bridged cembranolide diterpene from the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Chemistry Letters, 1983, 1515-1516.
34. Kusumi, T., Uchida, H., Ishitsuka, M. O., Yamamoto, H., Kakisawa, H., Alcyonin, a new cladiellane diterpene from the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Chemistry Letters, 1988, 1077-1078.
35. Hamada, T., Kusumi, T., Ishitsuka, M. O., Kakisawa, H., Structures and absolute configurations of new lobane diterpenoids from the Okinawan soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Chemistry Letters, 1992, 33-36.
36. Guerrero, P. P., Read, R. W., Batley, M., Janairo, G. C., The structure of a novel cembranoid diterpene from a Philippine collection of the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Journal of Natural Products, 1995, 58, 1185-1191.
37.Anjaneyulu, A. S. R., Sagar, K. S., Flexibilolide and dihydroflexibilolide, the first trihydroxycembranolide lactones from the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis of the Indian Ocean., Natural Product Letters, 1996, 9, 127-135.
38. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R., Sagar, K. S., Rao, G. V., New cembranoid lactones from the Indian Ocean soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Journal of Natural Products, 1997, 60, 9-12.
39. Duh, C. Y., Wang, S. K., Tseng, H. K., Sheu, J. H., Chiang, M. Y., Novel cytotoxic cembranoids from the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Journal of Natural Products, 1998, 61, 844-847.
40. Duh, C. Y., Wang, S. K., Tseng, H. K., Sheu, J. H., A novel cytotoxic biscembranoid from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Tetrahedron Letters, 1998, 39, 7121-7122.
41. Hsieh, P. W., Chang, F. R., Mcphail, A. T., Lee, K. H., Wu, Y. C., New cembranolide analogues from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia flexibilis and their cytotoxicity., Natural Product Research, 2003, 17, 409-418.
42. Yu, S., Deng, Z., Ofwegen, L. V., Proksch, P., Lin, W., 5,8-Epidioxysterols and related derivatives from a Chinese soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Steroids, 2006, 71, 955-959.
43. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R., Sagar, K. S., Rao, N. S. K, A novel cinnamide dimer from the Indian Ocean soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Natural Product Letters, 1997, 11, 5-11.
44. Ahmed, A. F., Kuo, Y. H., Dai, C. F., Sheu, J. H., Oxygenated terpenoids from a Formosan soft coral Sinularia gibberosa., Journal of Natural Products, 2005, 68, 1208-1212.
45. Hou, R. S., Duh, C. Y., Chiang, M. Y., Lin, C. N., Sinugibberol, a new cytotoxic cembranoid diterpene from the soft coral Sinularia gibberosa., Journal of Natural Products, 1995, 58, 1126-1130.
46. Li, G., Zhang, Y., Deng, Z., Cytotoxic cembranoid diterpenes from a soft coral Sinularia gibberosa., Journal of Natural Products, 2005, 68, 649-652.
47. Chen, S. P., Ahmed, A. F., Dai, C. F., Lu, C. K., Hu, W. P., Wang, J. J., Sheu, J. H., Sinugibberosides A-E, new terpenoids with cyclic peroxyhemiketal from the soft coral Sinularia gibberosa., Tetrahedron, 2006, 62, 6802-6807.
48. Chen, S. P., Su, J. H., Ahmed, A. F., Dai, C. F., Wu, Y. C., Sheu, J. H., Xeniaphyllane-derived terpenoids from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia gibberosa., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2007, 55, 1471-1475.
49. Chen, S. P., Su, J. H., Ahmed, A. F., Dai, C. F., Wu, Y. C., Sheu, J. H., Novel norhumulene and xeniaphyllane-derived terpenoids from a Formosan soft coral Sinularia gibberosa., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2009, 57, 162-166.
50. Ahmed, A. F., Wen, Z. H., Su, J. H., Hsieh, Y. T., Wu, Y. C., Hu, W. P., Sheu, J. H., Oxygenated cembranoids from a Formosan soft coral Sinularia gibberosa., Journal of Natural Products, 2008, 71, 179-185.
51. Duh, C. Y., Hou, R. S., Cytotoxic cembranoids from the soft corals Sinularia gibberosa and Sarcophyton trocheliophorum., Journal of Natural Products, 1996, 59, 595-598.
52. Kobayashi, M., Rao, K. M. C. A., Anjaneyulu, V., Marine sterols. Part 29. Isolation of new polyhydroxysterol and steroidal glycosides from the soft coral Sinularia gibberosa., Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses, 1994, 140-141.
53. Atallah F. A., Dai, C. F., Kuo, Y. H., Sheu, J. H., 1α,3β,5β-Trihydroxy-24-methylenecholestan-6-one: a novel steroid from a soft coral Sinularia gibberosa., Steroids, 2003, 68, 377-381.
54. Jin, P., Deng, Z., Pei, Y., Polyhydroxylated steroids from the soft carol Sinularia gibberosa., Steroids, 2005, 70, 487-493.
55. Ahmed, A. F., Tai, S. H., Wu, Y. C., Sheu, J. H., Sinugrandisterols A-D, trihydroxysteroids from the soft coral Sinularia grandilobata., Steroids, 2007, 72, 368-374.
56. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R., Venugopal, M. J. R. V., Sarada, P., Clardy, J., Lobkovsky, E., Havellockate, a novel seco and spiro lactone diterpenoid from the Indian Ocean soft coral Sinularia granosa., Tetrahedron Letters, 1998, 39, 139-142.
57. Lakshmi, V., Schmitz, F. J., Metabolites from two soft corals from guam: Sinularia leptoclados and Sinularia gyrosa., Journal of Natural Products, 1986, 49, 728-730.
58. Chai, M. C., Wang, S. K., Dai, C. F., Duh, C. Y., A cytotoxic lobane diterpene from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia inelegans., Journal of Natural Products, 2000, 63, 843-844.
59. Sato, A., Zheng, Q. T., Norcembrene diterpenoids from Pacific soft corals of the genus Sinularia., Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 4303-4308.
60. Xu, S., Zeng, L., Su, J., Study on chemical constituents of the soft coral Sinularia inexplicita., Jinan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexue Yu Yixueban, 1997, 18, 63-67.
61. Tseng, Y. J., Ahmed, A. F., Dai, C. F., Chiang, M. Y., Sheu, J. H., Sinulochmodins A-C, three novel terpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia lochmodes., Organic Letters, 2005, 7, 3813-3816.
62. Su, J. H., Tseng, Y. J., Huang, H. H., Ahmed, A. F., Lu, C. K., Wu, Y. C., Sheu, J. H., 9,11-Secosterols from the soft corals Sinularia lochmodes and Sinularia leptoclados., Journal of Natural Products, 2006, 69, 850-852.
63. Uchio, Y., Eguchi, S., Nakayama, M., Hase, T., The isolation of two simple γ-lactonic cembranolides from the soft coral Sinularia mayi., Chemistry Letters, 1982, 277-278.
64. Aoki, M., Kato, T., Uchio, Y., Nakayama, M., Kodama, M., Characterization of 13-hydroxyneocembrene from soft corals., Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 1985, 58, 779-780.
65. Kobayashi, M., Ishizaka, T., Miura, N., Mitsuhashi, H., Marine terpenes and terpenoids. III. Isolation and structures of two cembrane diols from the soft coral Sinularia mayi., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1987, 35, 2314-2318.
66. Kusumi, T., Ohtani, I., Inouye, Y., Absolute configurations of cytotoxic marine cembranolides, consideration of Mosher's method., Tetrahedron Letters, 1988, 29, 4731-4734.
67. Kusumi, T., Yamada, K., Ishitsuka, M. O., Fujita, Y., Kakisawa, H., New cembranoids from the Okinawan soft coral Sinularia mayi., Chemistry Letters, 1990, 1315-1318.
68. Kobayashi, M., Hamaguchi, T., Marine terpenes and terpenoids. VI. Isolation of several plausible precursors of marine cembranolides, from the soft coral, Sinularia mayi., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1988, 36, 3780-3786.
69. Kobayashi, M., Marine terpenes and terpenoids. IV. Isolation of new cembranoid and secocembranoid lactones from the soft coral Sinularia mayi., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1988, 36, 488-494.
70. Kobayashi, M., Marine terpenes and terpenoids. Part 18. First natural α-tocopherol and α-tocopheryl quinone derivatives with an oxygenated side chain, isolated from the soft coral Sinularia mayi., Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses, 1994, 494-495.
71. Kobayashi, M., Marine sterols. Part 28. New (17E)-polyhydroxy-
23,24-dimethylcholesta-5,17(20)-dienes from the soft coral Sinularia mayi., Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses, 1994, 44-45.
72. Su, J. H., Ahmed, A. F., Sung, P. J., Chao, C. H., Kuo, Y. H., Sheu, J. H., Manaarenolides A-I, diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia manaarensis., Journal of Natural Products, 2006, 69, 1134-1139.
73. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R., Sagar, K. S., Two new 5α,8α-epidioxy sterols from the Indian Ocean soft coral Sinularia maxima., Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses, 1995, 142-143.
74. Zhang, C. X., Yan, S. J., Zhang, G. W., Lu, W. G., Su, J. Y., Zeng, L. M., Gu, L. Q., Yang, X. P., Lian,Y. J., Cytotoxic diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia microclavata., Journal of Natural Products, 2005, 68, 1087-1089.
75. Li, R., Huang, Z., Long, K., Two polyhydroxylated steroids from the Chinese soft coral Sinularia microclavata., Steroids, 1992, 57, 3-6.
76. Ahmed, A. F., Su, J. H., Shiue, R. T., Pan, X. J., Dai, C. F., Kuo, Y. H., Sheu, J. H., New β-caryophyllene-derived terpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia nanolobata., Journal of Natural Products, 2004, 67, 592-597.
77. Yamada, K., Ujiie, T., Yoshida, K., Miyamoto, T., Higuchi, R., Sinulobatins A-D, new amphilectane-type diterpenoids from the Japanese soft coral Sinularia nanolobata., Tetrahedron, 1997, 53, 4569-4578.
78. Su, J., Yu, X., Zeng, L., Novel polyhydroxylated sterols from the soft coral Sinularia numerosa., Journal of Natural Products, 1989, 52, 934-940.
79. Zheng, Q. T., Clardy, J., Norcembrene diterpenoids from Pacific soft corals of the genus Sinularia., Tetrahedron, 1985, 41, 4303-4308.
80. Rao, C. B., Satyanarayana, C., Rao, D. S., Rao, D. V., Fahy, E., Faulkner, D. J., Metabolites of the soft coral Sinularia ovispiculata from the Indian Ocean., Journal of Natural Products, 1993, 56, 2003-2007.
81. Zhang, C. X., Lu, W. G., Yan, S. J., Su, J. Y., Zeng, L. M., Studied on secondary metabolites of Sinularia papillosa., Zhongshan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 2005, 44, 134-136.
82. Bowden, B. F., Coll, J. C., Wright, A. D., Studies of Australian soft corals. XLIV. New diterpenes from Sinularia polydactyla (Coelenterata, Anthozoa, Octocorallia)., Australian Journal of Chemistry, 1989, 42, 757-763.
83. Grote, D., Soliman, H. S. M., Shaker, K. H., Hamza, M., Seifert, K., Cembranoid diterpenes and a briarane diterpene from corals., Natural Product Research, 2006, 20, 285-291.
84. Anjaneyulu, A. S. R., Rao, G. V., Sagar, K. S., Kumar, K. R., Mohan, K. C., Sandensolide: a new dihydroxycembranolide from the soft coral, Sinularia sandensis verseveldt of the Indian Ocean., Natural Product Letters, 1995, 7, 183-190.
85. Sheu, J. H., Ahmed, A. F., Shiue, R. T., Dai, C. F., Kuo, Y. H., Scabrolides A-D, four new norditerpenoids isolated from the soft coral Sinularia scabra., Journal of Natural Products, 2002, 65, 1904-1908.
86. Ahmed, A. F., Su, J. H., Kuo, Y. H., Sheu, J. H., Scabrolides E-G, three new norditerpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia scabra., Journal of Natural Products, 2004, 67, 2079-2082.
87. Chao, C. H., Hsieh, C. H., Chen, S. P., Lu, C. K., Dai, C. F., Sheu, J. H., Sinularianins A and B, novel sesquiterpenoids from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia sp., Tetrahedron Letters, 2006, 47, 5889-5891.
88. Zhang, G. W., Ma, X. Q., Su, J. Y., Zhang, K., Kurihara, H., Yao, X. S., Zeng, L. M., Two new bioactive sesquiterpenes from the soft coral Sinularia sp., Natural Product Research, 2006, 20, 659-664.
89. Iguchi, K., Shimura, H., Yamada, Y., New cembrane-type diterpenoids from the Okinawan soft coral Sinularia sp., Journal of Natural Products, 1992, 55, 1779-1782.
90. Kobayashi, M., Ishizaka, T., Marine terpenes and terpenoids. Part 15. Dimethylamine adducts of α-methylene-γ-lactonic marine cembranoids., Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses, 1992, 340-341.
91. Shoji, N., Umeyama, A., Arihara, S., A novel norditerpenoid from the Okinawan soft coral Sinularia sp., Journal of Natural Products, 1993, 56, 1651-1653.
92. Guchi, K., Kajiyama, K., Yamada, Y., Yonarolide: a new marine norditerpenoid possessing a novel tricyclic skeleton, from the Okinawan soft coral of the genus, Sinularia., Tetrahedron Letters, 1995, 36, 8807-8808.
93. Iguchi, K., Kajiyama, K., Miyaoka, H., Yamada, Y., Sinulariadiolide, a novel marine norditerpenoid from Okinawan soft coral of the genus, Sinularia., Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1996, 61, 5998-6000.
94. Ammanamanchi, A. S. R., Sarada, P., Bishomoisomandapamate, a new tetracyclic diterpenoid from a new species of the Sinularia genus of the Indian Ocean., Journal of Chemical Research, Synopses, 1999, 600-601.
95. Radhika, P., Rao, P. V. S., Anjaneyulu, V., Asolkar, R. N., Laatsch, H., Horiolide, a novel norditerpenoid from Indian Ocean soft coral of the genus Sinularia., Journal of Natural Products, 2002, 65, 737-739.
96. Watanabe, K., Makino, R., Takahashi, H., Iguchi, K., Ohrui, H., Akasaka, K., Structure of an unsaturated fatty acid with unique vicinal dimethyl branches isolated from the Okinawan soft coral of the genus Sinularia., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2008, 56, 861-863.
97. Kazlauskas, R., Murphy, P. T., Ravi, B. N., Sanders, R. L., Wells, R., J., Spermidine derivatives and 9,11-secosteroids from a soft coral (Sinularia sp.)., Australian Journal of Chemistry, 1982, 35, 69-75.
98. Bonini, C., Cooper, C. B., Kazlauskas, R., Wells, R. J., Minor and trace sterols in marine invertebrates. 41. Structure and stereochemistry of naturally occurring 9,11-secosterols., Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1983, 48, 2108-2111.
99. Kobayashi, M., Krishna, M. M., Anjaneyulu, V., Marine sterols. XXIV. Isolation of 24-methylenecholestane-1α,3β,5α,6β,16β -pentol from Sinularia sp. of soft coral., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1992, 40, 2845-2846.
100. Ciminiello, P., Fenical, W., Paul, V. J., Structure assignments of two new C-18-oxygenated steroidal ketals isolated from a Pacific soft coral of the genus Sinularia., Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 1990, 980-984.
101. Venkateswarlu, Y., Ramesh, P., Reddy, N. S., Rao, T. P., A novel polyhydroxylated epoxy steroid from the soft coral Sinularia sp., Natural Product Letters, 1999, 13, 11-14.
102. Jia, R., Guo, Y. W., Mollo, E., Cimino, G., Two new 19-oxygenated polyhydroxy steroids from the Hainan soft coral Sinularia sp., Natural Product Research, 2005, 19, 789-794.
103. Jia, R., Guo, Y. W., Mollo, E., Gavagnin, M., Cimino, G., Two new polyhydroxylated steroids from the Hainan soft coral Sinularia sp., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2006, 89, 1330-1336.
104. Sheu, J. H., Chang, K. C., Duh, C. Y., A cytotoxic 5α, 8α-epidioxysterol from a soft coral Sinularia species., Journal of Natural Products, 2000, 63, 149-151.
105. Kobayasi, M., Krishna, M. M., Haribabu, B., Anjaneyulu, V., Marine sterol. XXV. Isolation of 23-demethylgorgost-7-ene-3β,5α, 6β-triol and (24S)-ergostane-3β,5α,6β,7β,15β-pentol from soft corals of the Andaman and Nicobar Coasts., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1993, 41, 87-89.
106. Chao, C. H., Hsieh, C. H., Chen, S. P., Lu, C. K., Dai, C. F., Wu, Y. C., Sheu, J. H., Novel cyclic sesquiterpene peroxides from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia sp., Tetrahedron Letters, 2006, 47, 2175-2178.
107. Kamel, H. N., Fronczek, F. R., Fischer, N. H., Slattery, M., A novel metabolite from the hybrid soft coral Sinularia maxima × Sinularia polydactyla: a biosynthetically mixed skeleton linking cembrane and africanane terpenoids., Tetrahedron Letters, 2004, 45, 1995-1997.
108. Kamel, H. N., Ferreira, D., Garcia, F. L. F., Slattery, M., Cytotoxic diterpenoids from the hybrid soft coral Sinularia maxima × Sinularia polydactyla., Journal of Natural Products, 2007, 70, 1223-1227.
109. 戴昌鳳,台灣的珊瑚,台灣省政府教育廳, 1989.
110. Kazlauskas, R., Marwood, J. F., Wells, R. J., 2-Phenylethylamides of a novel lipid acid, atrial stimulants from the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis., Australian Journal of Chemistry, 1980, 33, 1799-1803.
111. Su, J. H., Lin, F. Y., Huang, H. C., Dai, C. F., Wu, Y. C., Hu, W. P., Hsu, C. H., Sheu, J. H., Novel steroids from the soft coral Nephthea chabrolii., Tetrahedron, 2007, 63, 703-707.
112. Sheu, J. H., Chang, K. C., Sung, P. J., Duh, C. Y., Shen, Y. C., Chemical constituents of a Formosan soft coral Sinularia sp., Journal of the Chinese Society, 1999, 46, 253-257.
113. Lu, Q., Faulkner, D. J., Two 11α-acetoxysterol from the Palauan soft coral Lobophytum cf. pauciflorum., Natural Product Letters, 1997, 10, 231-237.
114. Su, J., Yu, X., Zeng, L., Mak, T. C. W., Novel polyhydroxylated sterols from the soft coral Sinularia numerose., Journal of Natural Products, 1989, 52, 934-940.
115. Szendia, Z., Forgób, P., Sweet, F., Complete 1H and 13C NMR spectra of pregnenolone., Steroids, 1995, 60, 442-446.
116. Ballantine, J. A., Williams, K., Marine sterols IV. C21 sterols from marine sources. Identification of pregnane derivatives in extracts of the sponge., Tetrahedron Letters, 1977, 18, 1547-1550.
117. Findlay, J. A., Patil, A. D., Novel sterols from the finger sponge Haliclona oculata., Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 1985, 63, 2406-2410.
118. Zhang, W., Huang, H., Ding, Y., Gavagnin, M., Mollo, E., Cimino, G., Guo, Y. W., Three new polyoxygenated steroids from two species of the South China Sea gorgonian Muricella flexuosa and Menella verrucosa Brundin., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2006, 89, 813-820.
119. Umeyama, A., Shoji, N., Ozeki, M., Arihara, S. Sarcoaldesterols A and B, two new polyhydroxylated sterols from the soft coral Sarcophyton sp., Journal of Natural Products, 1996, 59, 894-895.
120. Bheemasankara, R. C., Ramana, K. V., Rao, V. D., Metabolites of the gorgonian Isis hippuris from India., Journal of Natural Products, 1988, 51, 954-958.
121. Chelli, S., Majdoub, M., Jouini, M., Aeiyach, S., Maurel, F., Host-guest complexes of phenol derivatives with β-cyclodextrin: an experimental and theoretical investigation., Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, 2007, 20, 30-43.
122. Wu, T. S., Chang, P. L., Wu, P. L., Kuoh, C. S., Chen, I. S., Constituents of leaves of Tetradium glabrifium., Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 1995, 42, 929-934
123. Chang, Y. C., Chang, F. R., Wu, Y. C., The constituents of Lindera glauca., Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, 2000, 47, 373-378.
124. Gerothanassis, I. P., Exarchou, V., Lagouri, V., Troganis, A., Tsimidou, M., Boskou, D., Methodology for identification of phenolic acids in complex phenolic mixtures by high-resolution two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, application to methanolic extracts of two oregano species., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 1998, 46, 4185-4192.
125. Shalom, Y., Harvey, R. G., Blum, J., Adducts of phenanthrene 9,10-imine and of benz[a]anthracene 5,6-imine to some nitrogen heterocycles., Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 1996, 33, 681-686.
126. Follmann, H., Pfeil, R., Witzel, H., Pyrimidine nucleosides in solution. A study of intramolecular forces by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy., European Journal of Biochemistry, 1977, 77, 451-461.
127. Torrence, P. F., Kinjo, J., Khamnei, S., Synthesis and pharmacokinetics of a dihydropyridine chemical delivery system for the antiimmunodeficiency virus agent, dideoxycytidine., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 1993, 36, 529-537.
128. Susumu, K., Toshiro, I., Ken, Y., Sakae, Y., (+)-α-viniferin, an anti-inflammatory compound from Caragana chamlagu root., Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 1990, 38,432-435.
129. Mosmann, T., Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays., Journal of Immunological Method, 1983, 65, 55-63.