臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

在台灣，代間同住為普遍居住型態之一，但近代許多研究顯示，代間同住比例有下降趨勢。已婚兒子通常負擔老年父母的照顧責任，但卻為妻子來實踐對父母的照顧，而且以往研究較少針對已婚婦女為研究對象，探討與公婆同住問題，因此本文的目的是瞭解已婚婦女與公婆同住的趨勢與瞭解已婚婦女與公婆同住的影響因素。
本研究使用資料為1973年與1998年家庭與生育力調查20-40歲已婚婦女樣本，分別為5,475及1,391人，計算她們與公婆同住的比率，並使用邏輯斯迴歸分析影響他們與公婆同住的因素。
研究結果發現，已婚婦女與公婆同住比例呈現下降趨勢，從原始資料計算的機率來看，由1973年的0.4268下降到1998年的0.3573，下降幅度為0.0696；但排除公婆存活機率限制後，同住機率雖有小幅增加，下降幅度卻擴大為0.1081，顯示更大的下降幅度。根據邏斯迴歸分析結果顯示，在間隔25年的調查間，兩次分析結果有顯著的不同，在1973年的結果中，婦女有工作與公婆同住機率為正相關，婦女的教育程度與公婆同住機率為負相關，在1998年的結果中，婦女的工作與教育程度與公婆同住機率皆為正相關；若公婆為依賴的角色，預測與婦女的工作及教育程度應為負相關，顯示公婆在家中的角色不完全如同Becker理論中的子女的依賴角色，且不同世代結果不一致，顯示Becker家戶分工理論不完全適用於台灣婦女與公婆同住的分析。本研究還發現子女也為一顯著影響因素，對早期世代婦女，4個以上子女與公婆同住才呈正相關；對晚期世代婦女，有子女即呈正相關。另外，配偶有存活兄弟對早期世代婦女與公婆同住為正相關，對晚期世代婦女為負相關。
一般認為作家務事、照顧子女與公婆為社會賦與已婚婦女的責任，但随著婦女教育普及，就業率提高，許多婦女可能不願放棄退出勞動市場的機會成本而尋求家庭以外的自我理想。建議後續研究加入已婚婦女的心理因素及公婆的健康狀況探討，使得代間同住變遷呈現更完整的圖畫。

Intergenerational coresidence is one of general resident types in Taiwan. According to recent researches, there is a descended trend among intergenerational coresidence. In Taiwan, married men usually carry out the responsibility to take care of their parents. However, their wives usually fulfill the responsibility for their husband. Furthermore, few studies tend to investigate the issue from married women’s point of view. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to examine the trend of Intergenerational coresidence for married women and to analyze factors influencing the decision of married women living with parents-in-law.
Data collected from years 1973 and 1998 in the “Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Contraception in Taiwan” which surveyed married women who were 20-40 years old. The sample sizes for our research are 4,728 and 1,287, respectively. Two methods are used to analyze the probability of married women living with parents-in-law. The factors influencing the decision of living with parents-in-law are analyzed with logistic regressions.
The study finds that probability of living with parents-in-law among married women has a descending trend which declined from 0.4268 in 1973 to 0.3573 in 1998, a 6.96% decrease. However, when taking into account the survival rate of parents-in-law, we gains a larger decrease of 10.81%. According to the results of logistic regressions, for married women in 1973, working is positively related to the probablility of living with parents-in-law, and education is negatively related to the probablility of living with parents-in-law. For married women in 1998, working and education are both positively related to the probablility of living with parents-in law. If parents-in-law are of dependent roles as those of children in Becker’s theory, we expect that women’s working status and education might be negatively related to live with parents-in-law. According to our results, parents-in-law’s roles are quite different from those of children’s. Furthermore, there are different influencing factors across different generations. We can say that Becker’s household labor division theory do not fully apply to the analysis of married women living with parents-in-law in Taiwan. Another finding is that children are also one of factors affect the probablility of living with parents-in-law. For early generation married women, having more than 4 children is positively related to living with parents-in-law; but to later generation married women, having children is positively related to living with parents-in-law. Finally, spouses with living brothers is one of influencing factors, too. For early generation married women, spouses with living brothers is positively related to living with parents-in-law, but negative for later generation married women.
Generally, household chores, taking care of children and parents-in-law are considered women’s responsibility. However, more and more married women began to have higher education with higher pay. Therefore, most married women may not give up the opportunity of working. Instead, they will seek other self-fulfillment beyond families. Further research which involves the married women’s psychological factors and parents-in-law’s health condition might help to shed some light on the issue of intergenerational coresidence.

目錄
指導教授推薦書中文摘要 i
口試委員審定書 ii
授權書中文摘要 iii
誌謝 v
中文摘要 vii
英文摘要 viii
目錄 xi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 5
第三節 小結 6
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 子代與親代同住的趨勢 7
第二節 子代與親代同住的可能影響因素 12
第三節 已婚婦女勞力與時間分配對家庭的影響 16
第四節 文獻小結 23
第三章 研究設計與方法 25
第一節 研究假說 25
第二節 研究材料 27
第三節 研究變項 30
第四節 分析方法 34
第五節 小節 36
第四章 研究結果與討論 38
第一節 研究樣本特性 38
第二節 與公婆同住的趨勢探討 40
第三節 與公婆同住的邏輯斯迴歸分析 45
第四節 小結 51
第五章 結論與建議 55
第一節 結論與建議 55
第二節 研究限制 59
參考文獻 60


圖 目 錄
圖1 台灣地區婦女歷年受教育程度 3
圖2 台灣地區歷年婦女勞動力參與率 3


表 目 錄
表一 子代與親代同住趨勢及可能影響因素之文獻整理 24
表二 家庭與生育力調查(KAP)歷年調查資料 27
表三 研究樣本選擇 37
表四 研究變項定義 37
表五 研究樣本特性 52
表六 與公婆同住之條件機率─以不同調查年代表示 53
表七 影響與公婆同住之邏輯斯迴歸分析 54

中文部分
內政部統計處(2003)，中華民國九十二年老人狀況調查報告。
行政院主計處(2002)，台灣地區社會發展趨勢調查分析報告。
行政院主計處(2006，2007)，人力資源統計年報。
行政院主計處(2005)，台灣地區社會發展趨勢調查分析報告。
林子瑜(2006)，老年人的家庭歸宿。桃園：長庚大學醫務管理研究所碩士論文。
孔祥明(1999)，婆媳過招為哪樁？：婆婆、媳婦與兒子(丈夫)三角關係的探討，應用心理研究，4，57-96。
李大正，楊靜利(2004)，台灣婦女勞動參與類型與歷程之變遷，人口學刊，28， 109-134。
利翠珊(2002)，婆媳與母女：不同世代女性家庭經驗的觀點差異，女學雜誌：婦女與性別研究，13，179-218。
陳建良(2005)，親子居住安排在家庭內與跨家戶成員間的權力互動，住宅學報，14：2，51-82。
楊靜利(1999)，老年人的居住安排─子女數量與同居傾向因素之探討，人口學刊，20，167-183。
齊力(1990)，近二十年來台灣地區家戶核心化趨勢之研究，臺灣大學社會學刊，20， 41-83。
簡文吟(2004)，台灣已婚婦勞動再參與行為的變遷，人口學刊，28，1-47。

英文部分
Becker G. S. (1985). Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor. Journal of Labor Economics (Part 2: Trends in Women's Work, Education, and Family Building), 3(1), 33-58.
Cameron, L. (2000). The Residency Decision of Elderly Indonesians: A Nested Logit Analysis. Demography, 37(1), 17-27.
Choi N. G. (2003). Coresidence Between Unmarried Aging Parents and Their Adult Children-Who Moved in With Whom and Why? Research on Aging, 25 (4), 384-404.
Freedman R., Chang M. C., & Sun T. H. (1982). Household Composition, Extended Kinship and Reproduction in Taiwan: 1973-1980. Population Studies, 36(3), 395-411.
Freedman R., Moots B. Sun T. H., & Weinberger M. B. (1978). Household Composition and Extended Kinship in Taiwan. Population Studies, 32(1), 65-80.
Grundy E. (2000). Co-residence of Mid-life Children with Their Elderly Parents in England and Wales: Changes between 1981 and 1991. Population Studies, 54, 193-206.
Jejeebhoy S. J. (1981). Cohort Consistency in Family Size Preferences: Taiwan, 1965-73. Studies in Family Planning, 12(5), 229-32.
Lee, Y. J., W. L. Parish & R. J. Willis (1994). “Son, Daughter, and Intergenerational Support in Taiwan.” The American Journal of Sociology, 99(4), 1010-41.
Liang J., Brown J. W., Krause N. M., Ofstedal M. B. & Bennett J. (2005). Health and Living arrangements of Older Americans- Does Marriage Matter? Journal of Aging and Health, 17(3), 305-335.
Lin I. F., Goldman N., Weinstein M. Lin Y. H., Gorrindo T, and Seeman T. (2003). Gender Differences in Adult Children’s Support of Their Parents in Taiwan. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 184–20.
Mizuno, T., & Takashaki, K. (2005). Caring for a Yobiyose-rojin: a comparison of burden on daughters and daughters-in-law. J Gerontol Nurs, 31(6), 15-21.
Ogawa N., J. F. E. (1997). Family Structurem, Home Time Demands, and the Employment Patterns of Japanese Married Women. Journal of Labor Economics, 14(4), 677-702.
Ohta, M., & Kai, I. (2004). Factors affecting attitudes toward care of elderly mothers. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi, 51(11), 951-957.
Peters-Davis, N. D., Moss, M. S., & Pruchno, R. A. (1999). Children-in-law in caregiving families. Gerontologist, 39(1), 66-75.
Russell A. Ward and Glenna Spitze (1998). Sandwiched Marriages: The Implications of Child and Parent Relations for Marital Quality in Midlife. Social Forces, 77(2), 647-66.
Sasaki M. (2001). The Causal Effect of Family Structure on Labor Force Participation among Japanese Married Women. The Journal of Human Resources, 37(2), pp.429-440.
Sorensen A. and McLanahan S. (1987). Married Women's Economic Dependency, 1940-1980. The American Journal of Sociology, 93(3), 659-87.
Weisskoff, F. B. (1972). "Women's Place" in the Labor Market. The American Economic Review, 62(1/2), 161-166.
Willson A. E., Shuey K. M., and Elder G. H. (2003). Ambivalence in the Relationship of Adult Children to Aging Parents and In-Laws. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 1055–107.
Wilmoth J. M. (1998). Living Arrangement Transitions Among America’s Older Adults. The Gerontologist, 38(4), 434-444.
Wolf D. A., Soldo B. J. (1994). Married women’s allocation of time to employment and care of elderly parents. The Journal of Human Resource, 29,1259-1276.
Wuest, J., Hodgins, M. J., Malcolm, J., Merritt-Gray, M., & Seaman, P. (2007). The effects of past relationship and obligation on health and health promotion in women caregivers of adult family members. ANS Adv Nurs Sci, 30(3), 206-220.