臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，航空業發展迅速，致使空域中飛機的密度增加，安全問題逐漸成形。為了解決這個問題，ICAO提出CNS/ATM計畫，目的是希望能改善傳統助導航限制與提升飛航安全與效率。其中一項改善項目，就是數據鏈路的發展與應用。由於航情量日益增加，無線電頻道擁擠的頻率越來越高，隨之伴隨而來的飛安問題與經濟效益問題，使CPDLC成為改善飛航安全的首要發展項目。然而，CPDLC也有介面設計上的問題。過去研究指出，CPDLC不應使用在離場與進場階段，但是本研究認為，若是想有效利用CPDLC所帶來的優勢，就應該要應用在較容易發生事故的起降階段。因此，為了有效的提高飛航安全與經濟效益，本研究希望能針對各種飛行階段，瞭解以下問題：
（1） 探討飛行員在不同飛行階段下，使用不同媒介方式傳送資料，對飛行員的工作負荷是否有影響。
（2） 瞭解飛行員對於CPDLC介面設計的看法。
（3） 瞭解飛行員對於CPDLC使用在整個飛行任務的看法。
研究後發現，若是想要有效提升改善效益，應該要針對離場與進場時的頁面設計與操作流程做改善，並且應該以選擇指令方式呈現指令，減少操作時間與飛行員負荷。另外，若是可以進一步探討飛行員工作負荷與任務類型、任務複雜度的關係，並且找到一個平衡點。使CPDLC與無線電在共同使用的情況下，當任務複雜度超過此平衡點時，可以知道用何種媒介較合適的目前的情況，藉此達到最佳的飛航安全標準與效率。

In recent years, the rapid development of the aviation industry result that the quantity of aircraft in the airspace increased and the problems of aviation safety generated. To solve these problems, FAA built a Controller/Pilot Data Link Communication (CPDLC) system. The goal of the CPDLC is to establish the communication between controllers and pilots by digitalizing the communication channels. It aims at improving the over-crowded communication channels, misunderstanding, and short-term memory, but CPDLC still have some problems on interface design. Some researchers suggest that CPDLC shouldn’t be used in the take-off phase or approach phase because these phases are easy happened accidents. But this study thinks that CPDLC should be applied in these two phases, if we would like to utilize CPDLC more efficiently. Therefore, this study expects to explore the following problems:
（1） To investigate the effect of different media on pilot’s metal workload under different flight phases.
（2） To investigate the opinions of pilots on CPDLC interface design.
（3） To investigate the pilots’ acceptance of using CPDLC while flying on different phases.
This study found that there is a significant different on pilot’s workload under different phase but not different under different media. Therefore, CPDLC seems to be used at any phases when no events.

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VII
表目錄 IX
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 2
1.3 研究目的 3
1.4 研究架構 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
2.1 管制員/飛行員資料鏈路通訊（Controller/ Pilot Data Link Communication, CPDLC）簡介 5
2.2 作業負荷指標法（National aeronautics and space administration task load index, NASA-TLX）簡介 7
2.3 影響飛航安全的因素分析 9
2.4 無線電口語與Data Link傳遞方式的比較 9
2.5 飛行員對於CPDLC的看法 10
2.6 使用CPDLC對於PF與PM的影響 12
2.7 介面顯示設計的影響 13
2.7.1 優使性評估指標 13
2.7.2 座艙顯示設計 13
2.7.3 CPDLC介面設計 15
2.8 小結 18
第三章 研究方法 19
3.1 受測者 19
3.2 實驗設備 19
3.2.1 實驗場景及硬體設備 19
3.2.2 應用軟體 22
3.3 實驗設計 23
3.3.1 實驗內容 23
3.3.2 實驗變數 24
3.4 實驗程序 26
第四章 結果分析 27
4.1 優使性分析（Analysis of Usability） 27
4.2 接受度分析 28
4.2.1 實驗後不同角色對於CPDLC的接受度分析 28
4.2.2 實驗前後飛行員對於CPDLC的接受度分析 31
4.3 工作負荷分析 33
4.3.1 整體工作負荷分析 34
4.3.2 心智負荷分析 36
4.3.3 自我績效分析 37
4.3.4 努力程度分析 40
4.3.5 挫折程度分析 41
4.3.6 時間需求分析 42
4.3.7 體力需求分析 46
第五章 討論 48
5.1 飛行員對於介面優使性的看法與接受程度 48
5.2 使用CPDLC對飛行員工作負荷的影響 49
第六章 結論與建議 51
參考文獻 53
附錄A 實驗問卷 57
A-1 接受度問卷 57
A-2 Usability問卷 57
A-3 NASA-TLX問卷(修改自Hart and Staveland, 1988) 58
附錄B 實驗劇本 60
B-1 TPE-KHH（台北-高雄）口語條件劇本 60
B-2 TPE-KHH（台北-高雄）Data Link條件劇本 63
附錄C MCDU說明 66
附錄D 模擬CPDLC程式說明 67
D-1 顯示ATC目錄 67
D-2 連結ATC與CPDLC 68
D-3 ATC目錄的各子目錄 69
D-4 ATC上鏈訊息 70
D-5 Pilot使用ATC REQUEST請求許可 71
D-6 Pilot使用OTHER REQUEST請求許可 72
D-7 Pilot使用FREE TEXT請求許可 73

圖目錄
圖1.1 研究架構圖 4
圖2.1 在MCDU裡顯示CPDLC的作業頁面 6
圖2.2 飛行員處理ATC許可之流程圖（Alan J. Stolzer, Carl D. Halford, John J. Goglia, 2008） 12
圖2.3 3D顯示方式 14
圖2.4 2D後視顯示方式 14
圖2.5 2D側視顯示方式 14
圖2.6 3D即時視覺化顯示方式（Azuma, Daily and Krozel, 1996） 14
圖2.7 上鏈訊息設計草圖（陳紹煒與張安，2002） 16
圖2.8 請求許可設計草圖（陳紹煒與張安，2002） 16
圖2.9 環境顯示單元設計草圖（陳紹煒與張安，2002） 17
圖2.10 機動指令顯示單元設計草圖（陳紹煒與張安，2002） 17
圖3.1實驗場景 19
圖3.2飛行搖桿（CH Flight Sim Yoke） 20
圖3.3雙引擎油門桿（CH Throttle Quadrant Twin-Engine） 20
圖3.4飛行方向舵控制器（CH ProPedals） 20
圖3.5飛機座艙內之模擬儀表 21
圖3.6 CPDLC模擬畫面 21
圖3.7 ATC使用的CPDLC模擬畫面 22
圖3.8 同步畫面 22
圖3.9 實驗流程 26
圖4.1飛行員對於CPDLC使用在五種飛行階段的接受度分析－ANOM 29
圖4.2 飛行員可以接受CPDLC取代無線電的程度－ANOM 30
圖4.3飛行員對於CPDLC使用在五種飛行階段的接受度分析－ANOM 32
圖4.4 飛行員可以接受CPDLC取代無線電的程度－ANOM 33
圖4.5 針對整體工作負荷裡，不同飛行階段的Main Effects Plot 34
圖4.7 針對心智需求負荷，不同飛行階段的Main Effects Plot 37
圖4.8針對自我績效，不同飛行階段的Main Effects Plot 39
圖4.9針對自我績效，不同媒介的Main Effects Plot 39
圖4.14 針對體力需求，飛行階段的Main Effects Plot 47

表目錄
表2.1 NASA-TLX的六項指標 8
表2.2 ASRS對於各種飛行階段的事件數量記錄 11
表2.3 各種飛行階段的意外事件數量記錄 11
表4.1 優使性的ANOVA表 27
表4.2 有關Usability問卷中，各問項的平均分數（M）、標準差（SD）與中位數（Me）；量測尺度為1（非常不同意）到5（非常同意） 27
表4.3 飛行員對於CPDLC使用在五種飛行階段的接受度分析－ANOVA 28
表4.4 有關接受度問卷中，各問項的平均分數（M）、標準差（SD）與中位數（Me）；量測尺度為1（非常不同意）到5（非常同意） 29
表4.5飛行員可以接受CPDLC取代無線電的程度－ANOVA 30
表4.6實驗前後飛行員對於CPDLC使用在各種飛行階段的接受度分析－ANOVA 32
表4.7 有關接受度問卷中，各問項的平均分數（M）、標準差（SD）與中位數（Me）；量測尺度為1（非常不同意）到5（非常同意） 32
表4.8實驗前後飛行員對於使用CPDLC取代無線電的接受度分析－ANOVA 33
表4.9 整體工作負荷的ANOVA分析 35
表4.10 針對整體工作負荷裡，飛行階段的Tukey Simultaneous Tests 35
表4.11 心智需求的ANOVA表 36
表4.12 針對心智需求裡，飛行階段的Tukey Simultaneous Tests 37
表4.13自我績效的ANOVA表 38
表4.14 針對自我績效，不同飛行階段的Tukey Simultaneous Tests 38
表4.15努力程度的ANOVA表 40
表4.16 針對努力程度，不同飛行階段的Tukey Simultaneous Tests 40
表4.17 挫折程度的ANOVA表 41
表4.18 針對挫折程度，飛行階段的Tukey Simultaneous Tests 42
表4.19 時間需求的ANOVA表 43
表4.20 針對時間需求，飛行階段的Tukey Simultaneous Tests 43
表4.21 針對時間需求，飛行階段與媒介之間交互作用的Tukey Simultaneous Tests 45
表4.22 體力需求的ANOVA表 46
表4.23 針對體力需求，飛行階段的Tukey Simultaneous Tests 46

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