本論文提出一個以三個正型差分差動電流傳輸器(DDCCs)、兩個接地電容器和兩個電阻器所組成的一輸入五輸出高輸入阻抗電壓模式萬用二階濾波器。本電路有以下特點：只使用接地電容器、高輸入阻抗，以及可實現所有標準濾波器功能，例如，高通、帶通、低通、帶拒和全通濾波器，並且不受到阻抗匹配的限制。

A new single input and five output voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter with high-input impedance using three plus-type differential difference current conveyors (DDCCs), two grounded capacitors and two resistors is presented. The proposed circuit offers the following features: realization of all the standard filter functions, that is, high-pass, band-pass, low-pass, notch, and all-pass filters simultaneously without component matching conditions, the use of only grounded capacitors and high-input impedance.

目 錄
摘要．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．I
Abstract．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．II
誌謝．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．III
目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．IV
圖表目錄．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．V
第一章 緒論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１
1-1 研究動機．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１
1-2 論文編排．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３
第二章 電流式主動元件及DDCC簡介．．．．．．．．．．４
2-1 Nullor 等效模型．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．４
2-2 差分差動電流傳輸器．．．．．．．．．．．．．．９
2-3 DDCC之基本電路應用．．．．．．．．．．．．１２
2-4 結論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１６
第三章 使用DDCCs的一輸入五輸出高輸入阻抗電壓模式萬用二階濾波器．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１７
3-1 簡介．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．１７
3-2一輸入五輸出高輸入阻抗電壓模式萬用二階濾波器．１８
3-3 敏感度（Sensitivity； ）．．．．．．．．．．２１
3-4 DDCC之非理想特性分析．．．．．．．．．．．．２２
3-5模擬結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．２４
第四章 結論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３２
參考文獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３３


圖表目錄
圖2-1 (a) Nullator 模型(b)Norator 模型……………………………5
圖2-2（a）正型之Norator（b）負型之Norator…………………….....6
圖2-3 Nullor 模型……………………………………………………6
圖2-4 DDCC 元件符號………………………………………………9
圖2-5 DDCC 之內部 CMOS 電路…………………………………10
圖2-6 DDCC 之 Nullor 模型………………………………………11
圖2-7 電壓放大器 …………………………………………………….12
圖2-8 電流放大器 …………………………………………………….13
圖2-9 電壓－電流轉換器 …………………………………………….13
圖2-10 電流－電壓轉換器 …………………………………………...13
圖2-11 電壓積分器 …………………………………………………...14
圖2-12 電流積分器 …………………………………………………...14
圖2-13 電壓微分器 …………………………………………………...14
圖2-14 電流微分器 …………………………………………………...15
圖3-1 高輸入阻抗電壓模式萬用二階濾波器…………………..…...18
圖3-2 正型DDCC元件內部結構 ……………....……..……………...24
表3-1 圖3-2中MOS的長寬比…..………….………………….…...24
圖3-3(a)模擬結果 low-pass (b)模擬結果 band-pass……………...25
圖3-3(c)模擬結果 notch (d)模擬結果 high-pass…………… . …...27
圖3-3(d)模擬結果 all-pass……………………………………….…...28
圖3-4(a)模擬結果 low-pass (b)模擬結果 band-pass……………...29
圖3-4(c)模擬結果 notch (d)模擬結果 high-pass…………… . …...30
圖3-4(d)模擬結果 all-pass……………………………………….…...31
圖3-5 band-pass的時域頻率響應……………………….. …………...31

參考文獻

[1]B. Wilson, “Recent developments in current conveyor and current-mode circuits”, IEE Proceedings-Circuits Devices and Systems, vol. 137, no.2, pp. 63–77, April 1990.
[2]J. A. Svoboda, L. McGory, and S. Webb, “Applications of a commercially available current conveyor”, Internat. J. Electron., vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 159–164, Jan.1991.
[3]J. W. Horng, “High-input impedance voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter using three plus-type CCIIs”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst .II, vol. 48, no.10, pp. 996–997, Oct. 2001.
[4]J. W. Horng, “High input impedance voltage-mode universal biquadratic filters with three inputs using plus-type CCIIs”, Internat. J. Electron., vol. 91, no. 8, pp. 465–475, Aug. 2004.
[5]S. F. H. Naqshbendi and R. S. Sharma, “High input impedance current conveyor filters”, Internat. J. Electron., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 499–500, Sep. 1983.
[6]C. M. Chang, “Multifunction biquadratic filters using current conveyors”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, vol. 44, no. 11, pp. 956–958, Nov. 1997.
[7]C. M. Chang, C. S. Hwang, and S. H. Tu, “Voltage-mode notch, lowpass and bandpass filter using current-feedback amplifiers”, Electron. Lett., vol. 30, no. 24, pp. 2022–2023, Nov. 1994.
[8]C. M. Chang and M. J. Lee, “Voltage-mode multifunction filter with single input and three outputs using two compound current conveyors”, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems Part I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1364–1365,Nov. 1999.
[9]A. Fabre, “Insensitive voltage-mode and current-mode filters from commercially available transimpedance opamps”, IEE Proceedings- Circuits, Devices and Systems, vol. 140, no. 5, pp. 319–321, Oct. 1993.
[10]M. Higashimura and Y. Fukui, “Universal filter using plus-type CCIIs”, Electron. Lett., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 810–811, April 1996.
[11]J. W. Horng, W. Y. Chiu, and H. Y. Wei, “Voltage-mode highpass, bandpass and lowpass filters using two DDCCs”, Internat. J. Electron., 91, no. 8, pp. 461–464, Aug. 2004.
[12]J. W. Horng, J. R. Lay, C. W. Chang, and M. H. Lee, “High input impedance voltage-mode multifunction filters using plus-type CCIIs”, Electron. Lett., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 472–473, March 1997.
[13]J. W. Horng and M. H. Lee, “High input impedance voltage-mode lowpass, bandpass and highpass filter using current-feedback amplifiers”, Electron. Lett., vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 947–948, March 1997.
[14]J. W. Horng, H. W. Tang, and Y. H. Wen, “Voltage-mode high input impedance inverting and/or non-inverting highpass, bandpass and lowpass filters using three CCIIs”, J. Active and Passive Electronic Devices, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 145–158, 2005.
[15]R. Senani, “Realization of a class of analog signal processing/ signal generation circuits: Novel configurations using current feedback op-amps”, Frequenz, vol. 52, no. 9/10, pp. 196–206, Sep. 1998.
[16]A. K. Singh and R. Senani, “A new four-CC-based configuration for realizing a voltage-mode biquad filter”, J. Circuits, Systems, and Computers, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 213–218, June 2002.
[17]A. M. Soliman, “Kerwin-Huelsman-Newcomb circuit using current conveyors”, Electron. Lett., vol. 30, no. 24, pp. 2019-2020, Nov. 1994.
[18]A. M. Soliman, “Current conveyors steer universal filter”, IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 45–46, 1995.
[19]A. M. Soliman, “Applications of the current feedback amplifiers”, Analog Integrated Circuits Signal Process., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 265–302, 1996.
[20]M. T. Abuelma’atti and H. A. Al-Zaher, “New universal filter with one input and five outputs using current-feedback amplifiers”, Analog Integrated Circuits Signal Process., vol. 16, no.3, pp. 239–244, 1998.
[21]J. W. Horng, C. L. Hou, C. M. Chang, W. Y. Chung, and H. Y. Wei, “Voltage-mode universal biquadratic filters with one input and five outputs using MOCCIIs”, Computers and Electrical Engineering, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 190–202, May 2005.
[22]J. W. Horng, C. L. Hou, C. M. Chang and W. Y. Chung, “Voltage-mode universal biquadratic filters with one input and five outputs”, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, vol. 47, no.1, pp. 73–83, April 2006.


[23]J. W. Horng, C. L. Hou, C. M. Chang, H. P. Chou and C. T. Lin, “High input impedance voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter with one input and five outputs using current conveyors”, Circuits Systems Signal Processing, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 767–777, Dec. 2006.
[24]L. T. Bruton, RC active circuits : theory and design, Englewood Cliffs, N.j. : Prentice-Hall,1980.
[25]P. Chandrakasan, S. Sheng, and R. W. Brodersen, “Low-power CMOS digital design,” IEEE Journal of Solid-state Circuits, Vol. 27,No. 4, pp. 473-484, 1992.
[26]H. O. Elwan and A. M.Soliman, “Novel CMOS differential voltage
current conveyor and its applications,” IEE Proc.-Circuit Devices Syst., vol. 144, No. 3, pp. 195-200, 1997.
[27]W. Chiu, S. I. Liu, H. W. Tsao and J. J. Chen, “COMS differential difference current conveyors and their applications”, IEE Proceedings-Circuits Devices and Systems, vol. 143, pp. 91-96, 1996.
[28]Omar Saaid and Herve Barthelemy, “On the Frequency Limitations of the Circuits Based on Second Generation Current Conveyors,” Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 7, 113-129 (1995).
[29]M. Bhusan and R. W. Newcomb, “Grounding of capacitors in integrated circuits,” Electronics Letters, vol. 3, no.4, pp. 148–149, 1967.
[30]K. Pal and R. Singh, “Inductorless current conveyor all-pass filter using ground capacitors”, Electronics Letters, vol. 18, pp. 47, 1982.
[31]H. O. Elwan and A.M. Soliman, “Novel CMOS differential voltage current conveyor and its applications”, IEE Proceedings, Part G, vol. 144, no. 3, pp. 195-200, June 1997.