臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

車輛排放廢氣除了一般常見的CO、HC、NOX與CO2外，機動車輛排放尾氣中亦含非法定空氣污染物，如揮發性有機物質 (Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs) 與醛酮類 (Carbonyls)等。本研究進行十五部油氣雙燃料改裝車排污測試，分別使用汽油及液化石油氣 (LPG) 兩種燃料，將測試車輛置於車體動力計上進行尾氣排放VOCs與Carbonyls之測試。本研究主要結果如下：(1) 改裝後使用汽油冷啟動、熱啟動與改裝後使用LPG冷啟動及熱啟動動總VOCs平均排放係數分別為72.8 ± 13.4、53.6 ± 14.2、43.5 ± 11.6、30.1 ± 8.31 mg/km，使用LPG燃料之VOCs排放係數比汽油燃料低，冷啟動與熱啟動分別降低40.3%與43.9%及使用LPG熱啟動相對於使用LPG冷啟動降低30.9%。(2) 改裝後使用LPG冷啟動、熱啟動相對於使用汽油冷啟動、熱啟動與使用LPG熱啟動相對於冷啟動之Alkane、Alkene與Aromatic分別皆有降低之趨勢。整體而言，可發現因LPG燃料以丙烷、丁烷為主，所以導致尾氣排放廢氣中含有較高烷類化合物，因此可得知結果以Aromatic降低成果最多，其次為Alkene及Alkane。(3) Carbonyls測試結果顯示改裝後使用汽油為燃料之冷啟動及熱啟動平均排放係數為2453 ± 839及1694 ± 748 μg/km，而使用LPG為燃料之冷啟動及熱啟動分別為1765 ± 529及1098 ± 367 μg/km，使用LPG替代汽油為燃料於冷啟動、熱啟動與使用LPG為燃料於熱啟動相對於冷啟動削減率分別為28.0%、35.2%與37.8 %。(4) 改裝後使用汽油冷啟動、熱啟動與使用LPG 冷啟動、熱啟動之臭氧生成潛勢 (Ozone Formation Potential, OFP) 分別為269、155、151與90.8 mg O3/km，使用LPG燃料相對於汽油燃料之OFP有明顯之削減，冷啟動與熱啟動分別降低44.0%與41.4%。

Air pollutant emissions from vehicles include CO, HC, NOx, CO2, and non-regulated air pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and carbonyl compounds. It is essential to analyze VOC and carbonyl emissions from gasoline/LPG dual-fuel retrofits to fully comprehend the reduction the air pollution emission from LPG usage. In this study, 15 gasoline-powered automobiles were converted to the gasoline/LPG dual-fuel retrofits which were conducted on a standardized dynamometer system to measure the emissions of VOCs and carbonyls. In addition, the maximum incremental reactivity built by Carter (1994) was implemented to estimate the Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) of VOCs. The results are as follows: (1) The emission factors of VOCs are 72.8 ± 13.4, 53.6 ± 14.2, 43.5 ± 11.6, 30.1 ± 8.31 mg/km, respectively, for gasoline-using cold start, gasoline-using hot start, LPG-using cold start and LPG-using hot start, respectively. The LPG emission factors of VOCs are lower than that of gasoline. The emission factors of VOCs for LPG cold start and LPG hot start are lowered by 40.3% and 43.9%, respectively. On the other hand, VOCs emission for LPG cold start is decreased by 30.9% compared to LPG hot start. (2) The emission factors for alkane, alkene and aromatic for LPG cold start and LPG hot start are all lower than those for gasoline. Overall, with LPG fuel consisting of mostly propane and butane, alkane from LPG cold start and LPG hot start are higher than those of gasoline, followed by alkene and alkane. (3) The emission factors of carbonyls are 2453 ± 839, 1694 ± 748, 1765 ± 529 and 1098 ± 367 μg/km, respectively, for gasoline cold start, gasoline hot start, LPG cold start, and LPG hot start. The emission factors of carbonyls for LPG cold start and LPG hot start are all lower than those for gasoline cold start and gasoline hot start, by 28.0% and 35.2%. On the other hand, for carbonyls, LPG hot start is lower than those of LPG cold start, by 37.8%. (4) The emission factors of OFP are 269, 155, 151, 90.8 mg O3/km, respectively, for gasoline cold start, gasoline hot start, LPG cold start, and LPG hot start. Using LPG are lower than those of gasoline by 44.0% and 41.4%, for cold start and hot start, respectively.

總目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 IV
總目錄 V
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 X
第一章 前言 1
1-1研究動機 1
1-2研究內容與目標 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1 LPG與LPG車 4
2-1-1 LPG 8
2-1-1-1 LPG之優缺點 8
2-1-1-2 LPG燃料系統的差異 8
2-1-1-3 雙燃料改裝車之構造簡介 10
2-1-2 LPG車 13
2-1-2-1 汽油引擎介紹 13
2-1-2-2 LPG套件介紹 15
2-1-3 過去相關LPG污染物排放特性之研究 20
2-1-4國內外推展現況 22
2-2 VOCs 25
2-2-1 VOCs之定義與來源 25
2-2-2 VOCs之形成原因及分佈特性 28
2-2-3 VOCs對人體及環境上的危害 28
2-3 Carbonyls 30
2-3-1 Carbonyls之性質 30
2-3-2 Carbonyls之來源與形成原因 30
2-3-3 Carbonyls的危害 31
2-4 OFP 31
2-4-1臭氧的形成機制與危害 31
2-4-2 臭氧之最大增量反應性 32
2-5 汽車排氣測試 34
2-5-1 各國運轉型態 34
2-5-2 我國測試運轉型態 38
2-5-3 我國標準運轉型態 39
2-6 國際車輛間之法規調和 40
第三章 實驗設備與方法 42
3-1測試汽車 42
3-2測試油品 44
3-3實車動力計及運轉型態 46
3-4汽車廢氣採樣系統 47
3-5汽車廢氣之VOCs採樣與分析方法 48
3-5-1 VOCs採樣方法 48
3-5-2 VOCs分析方法與設備 53
3-6 汽車廢氣之Carbonyls採樣與分析方法 54
3-6-1 Carbonyls採樣 54
3-6-2 Carbonyls分析方法與設備 54
第四章 結果與討論 58
4-1 VOCs之排放特性 58
4-1-1 美國測試程序車之VOCs排放係數 58
4-1-2 歐盟測試程序車之VOCs排放係數 62
4-1-3 15台汽車之VOCs排放特徵 65
4-2 VOCs之BTEX與Propane、Isobutane及n-Butane排放係數 69
4-2-1 美國測試程序車之BTEX與Propane、Isobutane及n-Butane排放係數 69
4-2-2 歐盟測試程序車之BTEX與Propane、Isobutane及n-Butane排放係數 71
4-2-3 15台汽車之BTEX與Propane、Isobutane及n-Butane排放係數 72
4-3 不同Phase之VOCs排放與特性 75
4-3-1 美國測試程序車之不同Phase VOCs排放係數 75
4-3-2 美國測試程序車之不同Phase Propane、Isobutane及n-Butane排放係數 77
4-3-3 美國測試程序車之不同Phase BTEX排放係數 77
4-4 Carbonyls之排放係數 82
4-4-1 美國測試程序車之Carbonyls排放係數 82
4-4-2 歐盟測試程序車之Carbonyls排放係數 83
4-4-3 十五部汽車之Carbonyls排放係數 85
4-5 OFP之推估 87
第五章 結論 89
參考文獻 91
附錄 VOCs與Carbonyls分析之品質保證與品質控制 99

表目錄
表2-1 LPG主要成份與性質 5
表2-1 LPG主要成份與性質 (續) 6
表2-2 LPG與汽油特性比較表 7
表2-3 汽車使用LPG系統之技術發展 17
表2-4 傳統式套件與直接噴射式套件之比較 19
表2-5 多點燃油噴射系統 20
表2-6 VOCs 之排放源分類 27
表2-7 本研究分析VOCs化合物之MIR值 33
表3-1本研究測試車輛 43
表3-2本研究測試美國測試程序車之測試用油燃料特性分析 44
表3-3本研究測試歐盟測試程序車之測試用油燃料特性分析 45
表3-4 本研究測試LPG燃料特性分析 45
表3-5本研究分析之VOCs種類一覽表 50
表3-6本研究分析Carbonyls學名、俗名、中文、分子式與結構式 57
表4-1 11台美國測試程序車之VOCs平均排放係數 61
表4-2美國測試程序車之VOCs排放係數 62
表4-3 歐盟測試程序車之VOCs排放係數 64
表4-4歐盟測試程序車之VOCs排放係數 65
表4-5 15台汽車之VOCs排放係數 68
表4-6 15台汽車之VOCs排放係數 69
表4-7 美國測試程序車之BTEX與Propane、Isobutane及n-Butane 71
排放係數 71
表4-8 歐盟測試程序車之BTEX與Propane、Isobutane及n-Butane 72
排放係數 72
表4-9 15台汽車之BTEX與Propane、Isobutane及n-Butane 74
排放係數 74
表4-10 不同Phase之VOCs排放與特性 80
表4-11 11台美國測試程序車使用LPG與汽油為燃料於不同Phase VOCs排放係數比 81
表4-12 美國測試程序車之Carbonyls排放係數 83
表4-13 歐盟測試程序車之Carbonyls排放係數 85
表4-14 Carbonyls測試排放權重係數 87


圖目錄
圖2-1 LPG單燃料系統流程圖 9
圖2-2 (1) 雙燃料引擎系統圖 9
圖2-2 (2) 雙燃料引擎系統圖 10
圖2-3 LPG雙燃料車之內部整體系統運作流程 13
圖2-4 燃燒系統原理 14
圖2-5 空氣系統原理 15
圖2-6 FTP-75行車型態 35
圖2-7日本10 mode行車型態 36
圖2-8日本11 mode行車型態 36
圖2-9日本10/15 mode行車型態 37
圖2-10 NEDC 行車型態 38
圖2-11 WMTC Test cycle 41
圖3-1 FTP-75測試型態 46
圖3-2 NEDC測試型態 47
圖3-3 動力計採樣設備 48
圖3-4 6 L不�袗�採樣筒 50
圖3-5不�袗�採樣筒清洗系統 51
圖3-6不�袗�採樣筒確認流程圖 52
圖3-7 Carbonyls萃取分析步驟 56
圖4-1 VOCs之OFP 88

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