臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

所謂以不變應萬變，在競爭及創新的市場中真的能夠以不變取代改變嗎?企業若只在安穩的環境中求生存，那麼勢必會遭到市場機制的淘汰，又所謂適者生存，不適者淘汰，企業該如何做才能在劇變的環境中因應改變呢?當然，若僅有組織在改變顯然是不夠的，組織當中的成員是連繫組織績效的重要關鍵之一，組織一方面須瞭解員工工作上的認知，另一方面則須瞭解員工是否認同組織且瞭解自己工作上的意義，雙管齊下所產生的績效結果則不得不為組織所應當審慎思慮的。本研究以組織的特質及員工的工作特性為基礎探討員工對於工作上的承諾感及認同感為何。
本研究以學習型組織的特質及工作特性為切入點探討以下二項目的：
1.探討學習型組織特質、企業員工之工作特性與工作承諾之關聯程度為何?
2.探討學習型組織特質與企業員工之工作特性關聯程度為何?
本研究以電子業或製造業之從業人員為主進行問卷調查，採便利抽樣，共發放250份問卷，實得有效問卷為168份，回收率67%。爾後利用敘述性統計分析、信度分析、典型相關分析與迴歸分析加以探討。本研究實證結論如下：
一、「學習型組織」與「工作承諾」之間具有相關且呈現顯著正向關聯，其中「延伸學習文化」及「關鍵系統思考」與「職業承諾」及「組織承諾」關聯性較高。
二、「工作特性」與「工作承諾」之間具有相關且呈現顯著正向關聯，其中「自主性」及「回饋性」與「職業承諾」及「工作投入」關聯性較高。
三、「學習型組織」與「工作特性」之間具有相關且呈現顯著正向關聯，其中「鼓勵持續學習」及「提升員工價值」與「回饋性」關聯性較高，但與「任務完整性」較無相關性。

Can any enterprise survive in the competitive and innovative market without changing? If the corporation only wants to survive in the environment steadily, they would eventually land in failure. The old saying of survival for the fittest, what should enterprises do, to adapt to the changes in a drastic changing environment? Of course, if it is just the change of organization, it would not be sufficient. On the one hand, the enterprises need to understand their employees’ cognition of work; on the other hand, they must check if the employees realize the significance of their work, and whether they identify with their organization. This study tries to explore how employees commit and identify with their work on the basis of organization features and work content.
In this study, the features are characterized as a learning organization and its work content, and hopes to explore the following two objectives：
1. To explore that the relativity level of characteristics of learning organization, work contents of business employees’and work commitment.
2. To explore how the characteristics of a learning organization and the job characteristics of business employees’relate.
This study uses questionnaire surveys of electronics industry and manufacturing industry employees’as popular sampling. The total sampling has 250 questionnaires, there are 168 valid questionnaires, and the recovery rate is 67 percent. Afterwards we used descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, validity analysis, canonical analysis and regression analysis to analyze the results.
The major conclusions are summarized as follows：
1. The relationship between of learning organization and work commitment has a positive correlation. Furthermore,the correlation between‘culture of learning’and‘critical systematic thinking’,as well as‘career commitment’and‘organizational commitment’is higher.
2. The relationship between‘work characteristics’ and‘work commitment’is a positive correlation. ‘Autonomy’and‘feedback’, as well as‘career commitment’and‘work involvement’have a high degree of correlation.
3. The relationship between learning organization and job characteristics have positive correlation. ‘Continuous learning’and‘people-centered’have a high degree of correlation towards ‘feedback’, but has a low relativity with‘task identity’.

摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝辭 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VIII
第壹章　 緒論 1
第一節　研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 2
第三節 研究流程 3
第貳章 文獻探討 4
第一節 學習型組織 4
第二節 工作特性 13
第三節 工作承諾 19
第四節 學習型組織、工作特性與工作承諾之相關研究 25
第參章 研究方法 28
第一節 研究架構 28
第二節 研究假設 29
第三節 研究變項之操作性定義與衡量 30
第四節 問卷設計 37
第五節 研究對象與施測方式 42
第六節 資料分析方式 43
第肆章 研究結果分析 44
第一節 敘述性統計分析 44
第二節 信度分析 48
第三節 典型相關分析 49
第四節 迴歸分析 56
第伍章 結論與建議 62
第一節 研究結論 62
節二節 管理與實務意涵 65
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 67
參考文獻 68
附錄一【專家內容效度審查問卷】 78
附錄二【預試問卷】 83
附錄三【正式問卷】 86

表目錄
表2-1-1學習型組織特徴彙整 8
表2-1-1學習型組織特徴彙整(續) 9
表2-1-1學習型組織特徴彙整(續) 10
表2-1-2學習型組織特徴總彙整 11
表2-2-1早期工作特性的理論 14
表2-3-1工作承諾類型 20
表3-3-1學習型組織量表之衡量構面與題項 32
表3-3-2工作特性量表之衡量構面與題項 34
表3-3-3工作承諾量表之衡量構面與題項 36
表3-4-1預試問卷題項分配表 37
表3-4-1預試問卷題項分配表(續) 38
表3-4-2個人背景屬性 38
表3-4-3專家意見諮詢名單 39
表3-4-4預試問卷之專家評鑑結果 40
表3-4-5預試問卷之Cronbach’s α信度係數估算結果 41
表4-0-1問卷回收概況 44
表4-1-1有效問卷樣本結構之分布概況 45
表4-1-2學習型組織之敘述性統計分析 46
表4-1-3工作特性之敘述性統計分析 47
表4-1-4工作承諾之敘述性統計分析 47
表4-2-1正式問卷之信度分析結果 48
表4-3-1學習型組織與工作承諾之典型相關檢定表 50
表4-3-2學習型組織與工作承諾之典型相關分析摘要表 51
表4-3-3工作特性與工作承諾之典型相關檢定表 52
表4-3-4工作特性與工作承諾之典型相關分析摘要表 53
表4-3-5學習型組織與工作特性之典型相關檢定表 54
表4-3-6學習型組織與工作特性之典型相關分析摘要表 55
表4-4-1學習型組織變項與工作承諾變項之迴歸分析 56
表4-4-2工作特性變項與工作承諾變項之迴歸分析 57
表4-4-3學習型組織變項與工作特性變項之迴歸分析 57
表4-4-4學習型組織變項與工作承諾各構面之迴歸分析 59
表4-4-5工作特性變項與工作承諾各構面之迴歸分析 60
表4-4-6學習型組織變項與工作特性各構面之迴歸分析 61
表5-1-1研究假說驗證 62


圖目錄
圖3-1-1研究架構 28
圖4-3-1學習型組織與工作承諾之典型相關分析路徑圖 51
圖4-3-2工作特性與工作承諾之典型相關分析路徑圖 53
圖4-3-3學習型組織與工作特性之典型相關路徑分析圖 55

中文部份
1.王登立 (2002)。學習型組織的建構與阻礙因素之探索性研究。未出版之碩士論文，國立中央大學企業管理研究所，中壢。
2.王薪為 (2007)。領導型態、組織氣候、學習型組織與組織承諾關係之研究—以高科技產業為例 。碩士論文，國立成功大學企業管理學系。台南。
3.李慧鶯、李選（2002）。護理專業承諾與生涯發展之文獻探討。慈濟護理雜誌，1(2)，7-11。
4.李元墩、鐘志明 (2001)。企業文化、員工工作價值觀及組織承諾之關聯性研究-以台灣地區主要集團企業為例。長榮學報，4(2)，1-18。
5.李長貴、諸承明、余坤東、許碧芬、胡秀華(2007)。人力資源管理：增強組織的生產力與競爭優勢。台北：華泰文化事業股份公司。
6.李宛珍 (2006)。探討工作特性以及工作價值觀對工作滿意度以及離職傾向之影響。碩士論文，國立成功大學企業管理學系，台南。
7.宋宜蕙 (2001)。學習型組織與員工工作壓力、工作滿足之關聯性研究－以商業無線電視台業務部為例。碩士論文，銘傳大學傳播管理研究所，台北。
8.余朝權 (1995)。管理人員工作價值與其前項變因之研究-採生涯觀點。東吳經濟商學學報，16，1-30。
9.林婉莉 (2005)。公務部門學習型組織之經營與管理－以行政院人事行政局為例。未出版碩士論文，國立中山大學高階經營碩士班，高雄。
10.林惠蓮 (2006)。在職進修成人職場靈性觀與工作價值觀對組織承諾影響之研究。博士論文，國立中正大學成人及繼續教育所，高雄。
11.沈進成、楊琬琪、郭振生 (2006)。內部行銷、組織承諾、工作滿意與學校效能影響關係之研究--以台南地區國民小學為例。人力資源管理學報，6(1)，47-74
12.吳鐵雄、李坤崇、劉佑星、歐慧敏 (1996)。工作價值觀量表之編製研究。台北：行政院青年輔導委員會。
13.吳明隆 (2007)。SPSS統計應用實務：問卷分析與應用統計。台北：加樺出版。
14.吳清山 (1997)。學習型組織理論其對教育革新的啟示。國教月刊，43(5/6)， 1-7。
15.邱繼智（2007）。建構學習型組織。台北市：華立。
16.周佳慧 (2007)。工作價值觀、工作特性、組織承諾與公民行為之關聯性研究。碩士論文，國立成功大學工業與資訊管理系，台南。
17.許錦文 (2005)。自我超越-學習型組織中的精神修練。中等教育，56(3)，70-85。
18.洪妙宜 (2007)。人格特質、工作特性、組織承諾與工作績效之關連性研究---以企業非正式員工為例。未出版碩士論文，南台科技大學企業管理研究所，台南。
19.洪瑞斌、劉兆明 (2003)。工作價值觀研究之回顧與前瞻。應用心理研究，19，211-250。
20.陳維岳 (2005)。工作特性、工作滿意與組織承諾之關聯性研究。碩士論文，國立中央大學人力資源管理研究，中壢。
21.陳英豪、汪榮才、劉佑星、歐滄、李坤崇 (1987)。工作價值觀量之修訂報告。台南師專學報，20，1 -33。
22.陳孟修、盧淵源 (2000)。團隊特性與工作價值觀對員工的組織承諾及工作投入的影響之研究。商學學報，8，201-241。
23.陳宜蕙 (2002)。學習型組織與員工工作壓力、工作滿足之關聯性研究－以商業無線電視台業務部為例。碩士論文，銘傳大學傳播管理研究所，台北。
24.陳順宇 (2005)。多變量分析。台北：華泰文化。
25.陳正昌、程炳林、陳新豐、劉子鍵 (2007)。多變量分析方法-統計軟體應用。台北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
26.陳志忠 (2005)。職業承諾前因與後果影響因素之探討。未出版博士論文，國立成功大學企業管理系，台南。
27.陳森壬、黃國隆 (1982)。員工為何能安於其位？剖析員工個人屬性、需求層次、工作特性，與工作滿足的關係。管理評論，1( 1)，18-38。
28.陳正沛 (1983)。研究人員之工作投入。未出版碩士論文，國立政治大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，台北。
29.高樹呈 (2006)。人力資源專業人員之工作特性、人格特質對工作滿足之影響。未出版碩士論文。國立台灣師範大學工業科技教育學研究所，台北。
30.曾朝聖 (2002)。員工對學習型組織特徵的知覺與組織承諾關係之研究 。 碩士論文，國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所，高雄。
31.黃同圳 (1993)。青年勞工工作價值觀與組織向心力之研究。青年輔導研究報告之。台北：行政院青年輔導委員會。
32.黃家珍 (2004) 。高科技業暫時性工作者工作承諾及影響因素之研究。未出版碩士論文。東海大學企業管理研究所，台中
33.葉桂珍 (1995)。管理型態對研發人員工作特性認知之影響：LISREL模式。中山管理評論，3(4)，42-63。
34.褚麗絹、劉怡孜、陳淑慧 (2005)。食品產業研發人員工作特性、工作價值觀、工作滿足、工作投入與離職傾向關係之研究。管理科學研究，2 (2)，13¬-28。
35.曹國雄 (1994)。工作價值對員工工作態度的影響。人力資源學報，4，1-20。
36.張淳堅 (2007)。工作承諾、組織承諾與預算行為關係之研究。未出版博士論文，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所，台北。
37.張莞珍 (1999)。建立以學習型組織為運作基礎的學習型社區種籽人才培訓模式。台灣師大學習型社區與終身教育研討會，台北。
38.張蘭芳、莊淑惠、廖厚翔、張庭彰 (2007)。工作特性與組織承諾對組織公民行為之影響。勤益學報，25，29-48。
39.張嘉真 (2005)。內部行銷與企業文化對工作績效之結構化模式分析－以組織承諾與工作滿足為中介變數。碩士論文，南台科技大學行銷與流通管理系，台南。
40.楊國德 (1999)。學習型組織的理論與應用：成人教育領域的實踐經驗。台北：師大書苑。
41.鄭伯壎、姜定宇、鄭弘岳(2007)。組織行為研究在台灣：回顧與展望。台北：華泰文化。
42.鄭韻玟 (2001)。工作價值之形成與轉變。 社教雙月刊，104，15-21。
43.管長青、蔡維奇 (2003)。影響學習型組織形成之相關因素研究：以工程顧問業為例。管理研究學報，3(1)，71-95。
44.劉秋燕 (1994)。國小特殊才能資優學生班工作承諾及其相關因素之研究。特殊教育研究學刊，11，151-166。
45.韓翼、廖建橋 (2005)。組織承諾研究的綜述。人類工效學，11(3)，58-60。
46.Senge, P. M. (2007) 。第五項修練 ： 學習型組織的藝術與實務(譯者：郭進隆)。台北：天下文化。(原著發行於 1994)
47.Naisbitt, J. & Aburdene, P. (1990)。Megatrends 2000 (譯者：尹萍)。台北：天下文化。(原著發行於 1990)。
48.Mondy, R. W. & Robert, M. (2005) 。人力資源管理(莊立民、陳永承譯)。台北：新陸書局股份有限公司。(原著發行於 2002 )
49.Angelo S.D. & Rick W.G. (2005) 。人力資源管理(莊立民、梁鐿微、李曄淳、陳莞如譯)。台北：普林斯頓國際有限公司。(原著發行於2001 )

英文文獻
1.Aryee, S. & Chay, Y. W. (1994). An examination of the impact of career-oriented mentoring on work commitment attitudes and career satisfaction among professional and managerial employees. British Journal of Management, 5 (4), 241-249.
2.Aksu, A.A. & Özdemir, B. (2005). Individual learning and organisation culture in learning organization：Five-Star hotels in Antalya region of turkey. Managerial Auditing Journal, 20 (4), 422–441.
3.Arthur, M.B., Hall, D.T. & Lawrence, B. S. (1989). Handbooks of Career Theory. Cambridge, England：Cambridge University Press.
4.Allport, G. W. (1945). The psychology of participation. Psychological Review, 52 (3), 117-132
5.Byeong, Y. K. (2006). Managing workforce diversity：Developing a learning organization. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 5 (2), 69-90.
6.Brown, S.P. (1996). A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 120 (2), 235-255.
7.Blau G., Paul A., John, N. S. (1993). On developing a general index of work commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 42 (3), 298-314.
8.Blau, G. J. (1985). The measurement and prediction of career commitment, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58 (4), 277-288.
9.Blau, G. J. (1987). Using a person-environment fit model to predict job involvement and organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30 (3), 240-297.
10.Blau, G. (1989). Testing the generalizability of a career commitment measure and its impact on employee turnover. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 35 (1), 88-103
11.Bennett, J. K. & O’Brine, M. J. (1994). The building blocks of the learning organization. Training, 31(6), 41-49.
12.Boyle, E. (2002). A critical appraisal of the performance of Royal Dutch Shell as a learning organization in the 1990s. The Learning Organization, 9 (1), 6-18
13.Brown, S. P. (1996). A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement, Psychological Bulletin, 120 (2), 235-255.
14.Blau, G. Tatum, D.S, & Ward-Cook, K. (2003).Correlates of professional versus organizational withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63 (1), 72-85.
15.Bogler, R., & Somech, A. (2004). Influence of teacher empowerment on teachers’ organizational commitment, professional commitment and organizational citizenship behavior in schools. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20 (3), 277-289.
16.Chen, Y. S. & Chong, P. P. & Justis, R. T. (2000). An Intranet-based knowledge repository：A structure for learning organizations in franchising. Human Systems Management, 19 (4), 277-285.
17.Calvert, G., Mobley, S. & Marshall, L. (1994). Grasp the learning organization. Training and Development, 48 (4), 38-43.
18.Chang, S. L., & Lee, M. S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learningo rganisation and employee, job satisfaction. The Learning Organisation, 14 (2), 155–185.
19.Carmeli, A. & Gefen, D. (2005). The relationship between work commitment models and employee withdrawal intentions. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20 (2), 63-86.
20.Carmeli, A. & Freund, A. (2004).Work commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance：An empirical investigation. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 7 (3), 289-390.
21.Cohen, A. & Freund, A. (2005). A longitudinal analysis of the relationship between multiple commitments and withdrawal cognitions. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 21 (3), 329-351.
22.Dubin, R. (1956). Industrial works’ world：A study of the “central life interest” of industrial works. Social Problem, 3 (3), 131-142.
23.Dimovski, V. & Škerlavaj, M. (2005). Management in firms and organizations： Performance effects of organizational learning in a transitional economy. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 4, 56-67.
24.Elizur, D. (1984). Facets of work values：A structural analysis of work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69 (3), 379-389.
25.Furnham A. (1990) .Content correlational and factor analytic study of seven questionnaire measures of the protestant work ethic. Human Relation, 43(4), 383-399.
26.Galbraith, J. R., Lawler, E.E. (1993).Organization for the future：The new logic for managing complex organizations, S. F：Jossey-Bass.
27.Gephart, M. A., Marsick, V. J., Buren, M. E., Spiro, M. S. & Senge, P.M. (1996). Learning organizations come alive. Training and Development, 50 (12), 35-46.
28.Gardiner, P. & Whiting, P. (1997). Success factors in learning organizations：An empirical study. Industrial and Commercial Training, 29 (2), 41-48.
29.Gallagher, D.G. & Parks, J.M. (2001). I pledge thee my troth…continently commitment and the contingent work relationship. Human Resource Management Review, 11 (3), 181-208.
30.Glisson, C. & Durick, M. (1988). Predictors of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in human resource organizations, Administrative Quarterly, 33, 61-81.
31.Garvin, D. A. (1993). Building a learning organization, Harvard Business Review, 71 (4), 78-91.
32.Greenhaus, J. H. (1987). Career management. Chicago：Dryden.
33.Goulert L.R. & Singh P. (2002). Career Commitment：A reexamination and an extension, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61 (1), 73-91.
34.Gareh, R.J. & Jennifer, M.G. (2004). Understanding and managing organizational behavior. Pearson Education, Inc.
35.Ginzberg, E., Ginsburg, S.W., Axelrad, S. & Herman, J. L. (1951). Occupational choice：An approach to general theory. N.Y.：Columbia University
36.Hazer, J.T. & Alvares, K.M. (1981). Police work values during Organizational entry and assimilation. Journal of Applied Psychology. 66 (1), 12-18.
37.Hrebiniak, L. (1974). Effects of job level and participation on employee attitudes and perceptions of influence. The Academy of Management Journal, 17 (4), 649-662.
38.Hall, B. P. (2001). Values development and learning organizations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 5 (1).19-32.
39.Hitt, W. D. (1995). The learning organization：Some reflections on organizational renewal. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 16 (8).17-25.
40.Hong, J.C. (2001). Knowledge Innovation and Organization Learning, Wu-Nan Publication Company, Taipei.
41.Hackman, J.R. & Oldham, G.R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work：Test of a theory. Organizational behavior & Human Performance, 16 (2), 250-279.
42.Hackman, J.R. & Lawler, E.E. (1971). Employee reaction to job characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55, 165-83.
43.Hackman, J.R. & Oldham, G.R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60 (2), 159-170.
44.Hughes, C. & Tight, M. (1995). The myth of the learning society. British Journal of Educational Studies, 43 (3), 209-304.
45.Henson, R.K. (2001). Understanding inernal consistency reliability estimates：A conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 177-189.
46.Jashapara, A. (1993).The competitive learning organization：A quest for the Holy Grail. Management Decision, 31 (8), 5-15.
47.King, W. R. (2001). Strategies for creating a learning organization. Information Systems Management, 18 (1), 1-9.
48.Kinnane. J. F. & Gaubinger. J. R. (1963). Life values and work values. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 10 (4), 362-367.
49.Kovach, J.W. (1997). Invest in Learning. Executive Excellence, 14 (2), 11.
50.Kepczyk, R. H. (2001). Training and learning organization concepts. Information Technology, 10 (1), 1.
51.Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67 (3), 341-349.
52.Kibeom, L., Carswell, J. J. & Allen, N.J. (2000). A Meta-Analytic review of occupational commitment：Relations with Person- and Work-Related Variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5)：799-811.
53.Lodahl, T. M. & Kejner, M. (1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement, Journal of Applied Psychology, 49, 24-33.
54.Luthans, F., Rubach, M.J. & Marsnik, P. (1995). Going beyond total quality：The characteristics, techniques, and measures of learning organization, The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 3 (1), 24-44.
55.Miller, M. J., Woehr D. J. & Hudspeth, N. (2001). The meaning and measurement of work ethic：Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional inventory. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 1-39.
56.Mowday R. T., Steers, R. M. & Porter, L. W. (1982). Employee-organization linkage：Psychology of commitment absenteeism and turnover. N.Y：Academic Press.
57.Marquardt, M. J. (1996). Building the learning organization：A systems approach to quantum improvement and global success. N.Y：McGraw-Hill.
58.Mathieu, J.E. & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108 (2), 171-194.
59.Meyer, J. P, Allen, N. J. & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organization and occupations：Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538-551
60.Morrow, P.C. (1993).The theory and measurement of work commitment, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
61.Mohr, N. & Dichter, A. (2001). Building a learning organization. Phi Delta Kappan, 82 (10), 744-747.
62.Mills, D.Q. & Friesen, B. (1992). The learning organization. European Management Journal, 10 (2), 146-156.
63.Meyers, D.L. & Hook, J. (1994). Harmonizing control and accountability with empowerment and innovation. International Journal of Government Auditing, 21(1), 10-12.
64.Morrow P. C. (1983). Concept redundancy in organizational research：The case of work commitment. The Academy of Management Review, 8, 486-500.
65.Örtenblad, A. (2001). On differences between organizational learning and learning organization. The Learning Organization, 8(3).125-133.
66.Örtenblad, A. (2004). The learning organization：Towards an integrated model. The Learning Organization, 11 (2), 129–144.
67.O’Brien, M.J. (1994). Learning organization practice profile. S.D.：Pfeiffer & Company.
68.Oldham, G. R. & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity：Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39 (3), 607-634.
69.Paullay, I. M., Alliger, G. M. & Stone-Romero, E. F. (1994) Construct validation of two instruments designed to measure job involvement and work centrality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79 (2), 224-228.
70.Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J. & Boydell, T. (1991). The learning company：A strategy for sustainable development. London：McGraw-Hill.
71.Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational behavior：Concepts, controversies and applications (9th Ed.). N.J.：Prentice Hall.
72.Reitz, H. J. & Jewell, L. N. (1979). Sex, locus of control, and job involvement：A six-country investigation. Academy of Management Journal, 22 (1), 72-80
73.Rowden, R.W. (2001). The learning organization and strategic change. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 66 (3), 11-17.
74.Randall, D. M. & Cote, J. A. (1911). Interrelationships of work commitment construct. Work and Occupations, 18 (2), 194-211.
75.Robbins, S. P. (1983). Organizational Behavior. N.J：Prentice-Hall Inc.
76.Sims, H.P., Szilagyi, A.D. & Keller, R.T. (1976). The measurement of job characteristics. Academy of Management Journal, 19 (2), 195-212.
77.Super, D. E. (1957). The psychologe of career： An introduction to vocational development. N.Y.：Harper & Row.
78.Staw B. M. (1977) .Two side of commitment, Paper presented at the National Academy of Management, Orlando, Florida.
79.Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline：The art and practice of the learning organization. N.Y：Currency Doubleday.
80.Safilios-Rothschild, C. (1971). Towards the conceptualization and measurement of work commitment. Human Relations, 24 (6), 489-493.
81.Seashore, S.E. & Taber, T.D. (1975). Job satisfaction and their correlation. American Behavior & Scientist, 18：346-68.
82.Saleh, S. D. & Hosek, J. (1976). Job involvement：Concepts & measurements, The Academy of Management Journal, 19(2), 213-224.
83.Steers, R. M. & Mowday, R. T. (1977). The motivation properties of takes. Academy of Management Review, 2 (4), 645-658.
84.Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organization commitment. Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, 22 (1), 46-56.
85.Tolbert, A. S., McLean, G. N. & Myers, R.C. (2002). Creating the Global Learning Organization (GLO). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26 (4), 463-472.
86.Tobin, D. R. (1993). Re-educating the corporation：Foundations for the learning organization, V.T.：Oliver Wight.
87.Turner, A.N. & Lawrence, R.P. (1965).Industrial jobs and the worker：An investigation of response to task attributes, Boston：Harvard University.
88.Tam, Y-M.M., Korcynski, M. & Frenkel, S. (2002). Organizational and occupational commitment：Knowledge workers in large corporations, Jourmal of management studies, 39, 775-801.
89.Watkins, K. E. & Marsick, V. J. (1993). Sculpting the learning organization： Lessons in the Art and Science of Systemic Change. S. F：Jossey Bass.
90.Marsick, V.J. & Watkins, K. E. (1996). Adult educators and the challenge of the learning organization, Adult Learning, 17(4), 18-20.
91.Wollack, S., Goodale, J.G. Wijting, J. P. & Smith, P. C. (1971). Development of the survey of work values. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55(4), 331-338.
92.Whyte, W.H. (1965). From control to commitment in the workplace. Harvard Bsiness Review, 77-84.
93.Taylor, F.W. (1911). The principles of scientific management. N. Y.：Harper & Row.