臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文探討無線通訊系統中射頻功率放大器(RF Power Amplifier)之設計，在這放大器的通訊系統中，位於發射端的放大器是低雜訊放大器(LNA, Low Noise Amplifier)，而在通訊系統的接收端是E類功率放大器(Class-E Power Amplifier)，兩者都稱做放大器，不過在這篇論文中，都是探討E類功率放大器為主，說明訊號在經過接收之後，電路的線性度、電路增益、功率增加與增加效率的問題。

Class E Power Amplifier
在本文之使用功率放大器之設計，從6GHz到12GHz的E類放大器，S(2,1)定在20dB以上，為此阻抗匹配必須作好以致S(1,1)與S(2,2)要夠低，所以在頻率一直提高的同時，也顧到良好的隔離度與效率。吾人考慮輸入功率對輸出功率所考量的線性度與雜訊因子，所設計的不同中心工作頻率的功率放大器，彼此作一比較，在一般的射頻電路中，E類放大器常在於發射機的最後一端，此論文的電路模擬是使用安捷倫(AGILENT)的電路模擬軟體Advanced Design Software(ADS)做電路設計，所使用的主動元件則由台積0.18m製程所作成的RF-NMOS。

關 鍵 詞：功率放大器、E類放大器、阻抗匹配、線性度

Oscillator
在設計振盪器中，頻率是在模擬時振盪出來的，本電路的頻率是4.981GHz，所使用1.8V電壓下模擬，相位雜訊在100KHz與1MHz中，分別為-100.3 dBc/Hz與-128.1 dBc/Hz，輸出功率是-5.698 dB，本電路所模擬出的輸出功率-5.698 dB，還是在容許的範圍內，而震盪幅度也因需求有不一樣的振幅，本實驗的振幅是143.9mV~494.7mV，振幅大約有350mV，在理想的振幅中是越大越好。

關 鍵 詞：震盪器、相位雜訊

Abstract
Class E Power Amplifier
In order to increase the power of the signals before transmitting, class-E power amplifiers are considered. Their power added efficiencies are high and the center working frequencies are easy to choose. The set of an inductor and a capacitor are separated from each other by an NMOS device and their product can determine the working frequency. One thus use Advanced Design System (ADS) provided by Agilent to do the impedance matching and verify the availability. Device models are provided through TSMC 0.18贡m process. In this thesis, class-E amplifiers individually working on 6.0 ~ 12.0 GHz are studied and designed. Gain values achieving above 20 dB are shown. Good isolations and good linearity were found. And surprisingly enough, the noise figures are found to be low, too.

Keywords：Power Amplifier、Class-E Amplifier、Impedance matching、linear

Oscillator
In the design of oscillator, the frequency can be simulated when the oscillator is oscillating. The oscillation frequency is 4.981GHz and the power supply is 1.8V, phase noise is -100.3dBc/Hz and -128.1dBc/Hz, respectively. The simulation of output power is -5.698dB, this result can be applied in a RF-Communication circuit. The requirement of different circuit, the amplitude of oscillator is also different; the amplitude in this work is 350mV.

Keywords：oscillator、phase noise

目 錄

中文摘要 .……………………………..………………………………… i
英文摘要 .…………………………………….…………………………… ii
誌謝 .…………………………………………….…………………………iii
目錄.………………………………...……………………………………iv
表目錄 .…………………………………………………….…... vi
圖目錄 ..……………………………………………………………………vii
第一章 概論 .……………………………………………………….….…1
1.1 序論 .……………………………………...…….………………1
1.2 研究背景………………………...…….………………...1
1.3 論文概要 .………………………………………...……….…1
第二章 功率放大器 ……………………………….….……….……. …3
2.1 功率放大器的種類 ………………………………………………3
2.1.1 A類功率放大器 (class A) ………………..….………4
2.1.2 B類功率放大器 (class B) ……………………...………6
2.1.3 AB類功率放大器 (class AB) ………………………..……9
2.1.4 C類功率放大器 (class C) ……………………….….……10
2.1.5 D類功率放大器 (class D) ………………………....12
2.1.6 E類功率放大器 (class E) ……………………………13
2.2 所有的功率放大器比較 ……………………………………16
2.3 功率增益……………………………………………………17
2.4 功率放大器的動態範圍……………………….……………17
2.5 功率放大器的交互調變失真……………………….………18
2.5.1 第三階交互調變點……………………………………20
第三章 阻抗匹配…………………………………………………………...…22
3.1 基本概念 ………………………………………………………...…22
3.2 L-型阻抗匹配………………………………………………….……22
3.3 史密斯圖……………………………………………………….……25
3.3.1 阻抗的反射係數………………………………………………26
3.4 LC諧振(LC-tank) ……………………………………………………28
第四章 線性度 .…………………………………………….……….……. …30
4.1 1-dB壓縮點 …………………………………………………..……30
4.2 IIP3 , Third-Order Input Intercep Point(第三階輸入截斷點) ..……31
4.3 非線性效應(Effect of Nonlinearity) …………………………..……33
4.4 雜訊指數(Noise Figure) ………………………………………….…34
4.5 品質因素(Quality Factor) …………………………………………..35
第五章 S-參數………………………………………………………………...37
5.1 S-參數之理論 ……………………………………………………...37
5.2 S-參數之雙埠網路 ………………………………………...………37
第六章 E類射頻放大器………………………………………………………41
6.1 class E 功率放大器(Power Amplifier) ……………………………41
6.1.1 class E功率放大器之設計 ……………………………...……42
6.1.2 class E功率放大器之電路 ……………………………….…..42
6.1.3 class E功率放大器之模擬電路…………………………….…43
6.1.4 class E功率放大器之模擬數據……………………………….43
6.1.5 class E功率放大器之模擬圖…………………………….……44
第七章 振盪器之原理……………………………………………………..…48
7.1 振盪器之原理………………………………………………..…….49
7.1.1 回授型震盪器…………………………………………………49
7.1.2 巴克豪森準則……………………………………………..…..49
7.2 振盪器之相位雜訊…………………………………………..……50
第八章 振盪器之設計……………………………………………………..…51
8.1 振盪器之設計架構………………………………………….……..52
8.2 振盪器之電路…………………………………………….………..52
8.3 振盪器之模擬數據與比較…………………………………..…….52
8.4 振盪器之模擬波形……………………………………………..….54
結論…………………………………………………………………………..….56
參考文獻 …………………………………………………………………….…57

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