臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

介面設計是重要的議題，好的介面減低使用者與介面互動所需的時間及認知資源，進而樂於使用該功能。近年來互動式數位電視的使用漸增，卻未有既定的使用介面。本研究試圖探討應如何呈現該功能選單，較能有效與介面互動。
本研究共三個實驗。實驗一採單因子參與者間實驗設計，獨變項為「提示項目類型」，含「圖示」、「文字」、「圖示加文字」三種；以強迫選擇再認作業，比較以不同方式呈現初次接觸的提示項目，是否造成學習上的差異；達相同學習程度後，不同呈現類型是否導致各組間行為反應有所差異。
實驗二排除了使用者接收文字或圖示刺激時，各組別的參與者形成不同程度的雙重編碼；操弄目標項目類型，即「文字」或「圖示」。以強迫選擇再認作業觀察同時呈現「文字」、「圖示」兩提示項目，使用者初次接觸時較傾向以何種訊息作判斷。除紀錄反應時間及正確率外，亦計算眼動反應指標。
實驗三欲探討「經驗效果」，依呈現項目類型分為三組，觀察各組參與者與不同熟悉程度之介面互動時，表現是否會有所差異。採三因子混合設計，「呈現項目類型」為參與者間變項，可分為「圖示」、「文字」及「圖示加文字」三種；「時間變項」及「區段變項」則是參與者內變項，前者指本實驗中的不同日期；後者則為各次實驗中的不同區段。依變項則為參與者完成作業的反應時間、反應正確率及眼動資料。
研究結果顯示在實驗一中，學習新的功能項目時，具文字敘述之組別表現會較佳；達相同學習程度後，具圖示訊息的組別之反應較只有文字的組別佳。實驗二中，參與者與陌生功能項目互動初期，同時呈現圖示及文字兩種形式的提示項目時，使用者會較傾向以文字訊息判斷。實驗三則顯示在互動時普遍依賴圖示訊息，呈現圖示項目的組別整體而言皆表現得較好；但在互動前期同時呈現「圖示加文字」組的表現與「文字」組較相似，互動後期則與「圖片」組較相似。以上研究結果，可供未來電視功能選單呈現方式設計之參考。

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧 5
第三節 研究推論 21
第四節 研究目的及假設 26
第二章 研究方法 29
第一節 實驗刺激 29
第二節 實驗儀器 32
第三節 實驗一A 38
第四節 實驗一B 45
第五節 實驗二 48
第六節 實驗三 59
第三章 綜合討論與建議 78
第一節 研究結果討論 78
第二節 提示項目及介面設計之建議 85
第三節 研究限制 86
第四節 後續研究建議 89
第五節 研究貢獻 90
第六節 結論 92
參考文獻 93
附 錄 98
附錄一：練習階段之實驗材料 99
附錄二：前測材料功能項目 101
附錄三：前測問卷─功能圖示與功能配對問卷 103
附錄四：各實驗訓練階段及測試階段之實驗材料 105
附錄五：實驗一詳細流程說明 107
附錄六：實驗一A及實驗一B參照資料 110
附錄七：實驗二詳細流程說明 111
附錄八：實驗二參照資料 114
附錄九：實驗三詳細流程說明 115
附錄十：實驗三參照資料 118
附錄十一：實驗二問卷 122

中文部分
李長龍（1999）。迎接數位電視的來臨。數位時代。1999年4月，取自http://dss.ccivs.cyc.edu.tw/science/
認知心理學（李玉琇、蔣文祁合譯）（2005）。台北：雙葉。（原著出版年：2003）
楊秋南（2004）。數位電視的現況與未來。資訊尖兵雜誌。2003年1月18日，取自http://www.iii.org.tw/itpilotmz/unit3/6_1.htm。
賴雅芹（2002）。台灣地區互動電視產業發展現況之研究。國立台灣師範大學圖文傳播研究所碩士論文。
魏澤群（2007）。優使性2.0(Usability 2.0)網站經驗設計與使用者研究。台北：網奕資訊。



英文部分
Anderson, J. (1990). Cognitive Psychology and its Implications. New York: W. H. Freeman Publishers.
Andrew, T. D.(2007). Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice.(2nd ed.). London: Springer.
Banks, W. P., & Flora, J. (1977) Semantic and perceptual processes in symbolic comparisons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3, 278-290
Blankenberger. S, Hahnt, K. (1991). Effects of icon design on human-computer interaction. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 35(3), 363–377
Bruneau, D., Sasse, M. A., & McCarthy, J. D. (2002). The eyes never lie: The use of eye tracking data in HCI research. In Proceedings of the CHI’02 Workshop on Physiological Computing. NY: ACM Press.
Byrne, D. M. (1993, April). Using Icons to Find Documents: Simplicity Is Critical. In the Proceedings of INTERCHI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 446–453
Calvo, M. G., Nummenmaa, L., & Hyönä, J. (2008) Emotional scenes in peripheral vision: selective orienting and gist processing, but not content identification, Emotion, 8(1), pp. 68–80.
Egido, C. & Patterson, J. (1988). Pictures and category labels as navigational aids for catalog browsing. Proceedings of ACM CHI -88 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 127-132. Washington, D.C.
Ferreira, J., Noble, J., & Biddle, R. (2006). A case for iconic icons. Proceedings of the 7th Australian User Interface Conference, Hobart, Australia.
Galitz,W. O. (1996). The Essential Guide to User Interface Design: An Introduction to GUI Design Principles and Techniques. New York: John Wiley.
Gittens, D. (1986). Icon based human-computer interaction. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 24, 519-543.
Goldberg, H. J., & Kotval, X. P. (1999). Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: Methods and constructs. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 24, 631-645.
Goonetilleke, R. S., Shih, H. M., On, H. K. & Fritsch, J. (2001). Effects of training and representational characteristics in icon design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 55 (5), 741–760
Green, A.J.K. & Barnard, P.J. (1990). Iconic interfacing: The role of icon distinctiveness and fixed or variable screen locations. In D. Diaper et al. (Eds.), Human-Computer Interaction – Interact ‘90. North-Holland: Elsevier.
Haramundanis, K., (1996). Why icons cannot stand alone. Journal of Computer Documentation, 20(2) 1–8.
Hemenway, K. (1982, March 15-17). Psychological issues in the use of icons in command menus, Proceedings of the 1982 conference on Human factors in computing systems, p.20-23, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States
Hirose, Y., & Hancock, P. J. B. (2007). Equally attending but still not seeing: An eye-tracking study of change detection in own- and other-race faces. Visual Cognition, 15(6), pp. 647-660.
Horton, W. (1994). The Icon Book: Visual Symbols for Computing Systems and Documentation. New York: Wiley.
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1976). Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 441-480.
Mack, A., Pappas, Z., Silverman, M. & Gay, R. (2002). What we see: Inattention and the capture of attention by meaning. Consciousness & Cognition, 11, 488-506.
McDougall, S., de Bruijn, O., & Curry, M. (2000). Exploring the effects of icon characteristics on user performance: The role of icon concreteness, complexity and distinctiveness. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 6, 291-306.
McDougall, S. & Curry, M. (2004, September). More than just a picture: Icon interpretation in context. Coping with Complexity Workshop, University of Bath, pp. 16-17.
http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~complex/cwc2004/Published/L04McDougall.pdf
McFadden, E., & Tepas, D.I. (1997). Effects of time of day and task demand on simulated sign recognition. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting, 1392-1396. Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors Society.
Moyes, J. (1994). When users do and don't rely on icon shape. Proceedings of the CHI ‘94 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1994, pp. 283–284.
Moyes, J., & Jordan, P.W. (1993). Icon design and its effect on guessability, learnability and experience user performance. In J.D. Alty, D. Diaper & S. Guest (Eds.), People and Computers VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Society.
Navon, D. (1984). Resources: a theorectical soup stone? Psychological Review, 91, 216- 234.
Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering. San Diego: Academic Press.
Nielsen, J. (2000). Designing web usability. Indianapolis, IN: New Riders Publishing.
Niemelä, M., & Saarinen, J. (2000). Visual search for grouped versus ungrouped icons in a computer interface. Human Factors, 42, 630-635.
Paivio, A. (1971). Imagery and verbal processes. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Paivio, A. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding. Cognit. Psychol. 45, 176–206.
Paivio, A. & Csapo, K. (1969). Concrete image and verbal memory codes. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 80, 279-285.
Peirce, C.S. (1932). In C. Hartshorne & P. Weiss (Eds.) The collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, Volume 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pomplun, M., & Sunkara, S. (2003). Pupil dilation as an indicator of cognitive workload in Human-Computer Interaction. In Proceedings of HCI International 2003: Vol 3 (pp. 542-546). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Poole, A., & Ball, L.J. (2005). Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research: Current Status and Future Prospects. Retrieved 14 December 2006
http://www.alexpoole.info/academic/Poole&Ball% 20EyeTracking.pdf
Potter, M.C., & Faulconer, B.A. (1975). Time to Understand Pictures and Words. Nature, 253, 437-438.
Raskin. J, (2000) The humane interface: new directions for designing interactive systems. ACM Press
Rayner, K.(1998). Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 Years of Research, Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1989). The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Richards, D., & McDougall, S. (1999). Road traffic signs: How implicit category knowledge improves learning. In D. Harris (Ed.) Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics, Vol. 3 Transportation Systems, Medical Ergonomics & Training, pp. 329-336.
Rogers, Y. (1989). Icons at the interface: their usefulness. Interacting With Computers, 1, 105-117.
Robert, J. K. J & Keith, S. K. (2003). Eye Tracking in Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Research: Ready to Deliver the Promises (Section Commentary). In R. Radach, J. Hyona, and H. Deubel (Ed.), The Mind's Eye: Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research (pp. 573-605). Amsterdam, Elsevier Science
取自http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~jacob/papers/ecem.pdf
Sadoski, M., & Paivio, A. (2001). Imagery and text: A dual coding theory of reading and writing. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Scott, D. (1993). Visual search in modern human-computer interfaces. Behaviour & Information Technology, 12(3), 174–189.
Shepard, R. (1967). Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6(1), 156-163
Somberg, B. (1987). A comparison of rule-based and positionally constant arrangements of computer menu items. In J. M. CARROLL&P. P. TANNER, Eds. Human Factors in Computing Systems─IV and Graphics Interface. Amsterdam: North-Holland, (pp. 255-260).
Susan, W. (1999) The use of icons and labels in an end user application program: an empirical study of learning and retention. Behaviour & Information Technology 18, 68–82
Wandmacher, J., & Müller, U. (1987). On the usability of verbal and iconic command representations. Zeitschrift für Psychologie. Suppl. 9, 35-45
Whiteside, J., Jones, S, Levy, P.S. & Wixon, D. (1985). User performance with command, menu and iconic interfaces. CHI '85: Human Factors in Computing, 185-191.