有別於傳統新聞學研究探討記者與消息來源的互動關係，因礙於研究對象的預設限制，因而相關研究大多僅探討記者如何與消息來源培養、鞏固、強化及修補關係，對於記者如何尋覓至消息來源卻少有著墨。有鑑於此，本研究試圖跳脫以往僅以政治人物或公關人員作為研究對象，乃以低社會能見度之小人物作為消息來源，試以探究記者在尋找小人物消息來源的過程中，如何運用環境周遭的物質工具及人際關係網絡等中介資源以達成任務。

透過深度訪談及參與觀察方式，本研究發現記者尋找小人物消息來源乃是一種富涵新聞機構性的行為，在尋人初始階段，記者乃會對於尋找何種類型的小人物存有特定假設；然而，假設的形成並非全然由表徵系統進行控制，而是一循環建構的過程；另一方面，在新聞常規的作用之下，本研究發現小人物新聞乃需與其他新聞類型進行版面競爭，此時，在突發新聞不可獨漏的情況下，又需兼顧因時事議題所發展的小人物專題，記者乃會利用傳播或資訊科技工具來縮短一般新聞的處理時間，進而延長小人物新聞資訊素材的蒐集時間；再者，新聞常規亦會造成小人物新聞遺漏的現象產生，而記者亦會適時選擇特定傳播或資訊科技工具以彌補小人物新聞遺漏的缺口。

除此之外，人際關係網絡更是記者尋人不可或缺的資源之一。本研究發現記者在選擇資訊中間人時，乃會依據雙方之間的關係特質，以形成各式不同策略來與資訊中間人應對，藉以獲取尋人線索或相關資訊素材，尤其記者乃會利用與自身擁有弱連結關係的資訊中間人，作為新資訊擷取與流通的橋樑，而利用強連結關係作為與這些弱連結關係資源交換的籌碼。

綜言之，記者尋人行為乃是一種「配置型智能」的展現，將原先大腦所需承擔的認知負荷交由環境中各式中介資源分散處理；另一方面，記者尋人行為更加蘊含「行動中思考」之過程，任何中介資源的使用，乃是端視記者當下所處情境，是否賦予記者視見中介資源之功能性用途。由此可知，記者尋人的知識即是展現在記者審時度勢的功夫上，以適時運用環境周遭的中介資源，協助解決任務、尋覓至小人物消息來源。

As previous studies have emphasized on journalist-source relationship for a long time, they provide a jumping-off point for this study to divert from them. In terms of traditional research subjects (politicians and public relations), most of those studies mainly focus on how journalists develop, cement, augment and repair mutual relationship with their sources. However, the question of how journalists seek for their sources has been rarely discussed. Therefore, this study attempts to turn to low-status sources (i.e. ordinary people) and examine how journalists manipulate artifacts and social networks to seek for them.

This study conducted by in-depth interview and participant observation shows that the institutionalization of newspapers makes big impacts on journalists’ people-seeking behavior. At the first phase, journalists will be cultivated to form specific hypotheses for the type of sources they are seeking for. Second, it may cause ordinary people news necessary to compete with other news genres for news pages. Finally, it may also cause some of ordinary people news stories to be omitted. However, even though journalists’ people-seeking behavior is constricted to the social structure, they are still able to exercise their agency in the use of information and communication technology to extend the time of newsgathering and to ensure all potential ordinary people news will be found. Moreover, those hypotheses for the people they are seeking for are not totally controlled by journalists’ representational systems either but constituted recursively.

In addition, social networks are also one of indispensable resources for journalists’ people-seeking behavior. According to research results, the factor that impacts journalists on deciding which intermediary they will ask help for is based on mutual relational characteristics. Journalists will use weak ties to access new information and strong ties as a bargain chip to negotiate with weak ties for resource exchange.

In sum, during the process of people-seeking, journalists’ cognitive functions will be distributed and offloaded to the mediated resources in the situation in a cooperative way to ease the cognitive burden imposed on their brains. In addition, the usage of mediated resources also depends on the situation journalists stay in, which enables them to perceive the function of each mediated resource. All in all, journalists’ knowledge of people-seeking behavior rests on how they consider the situation and manipulate mediated resources properly to solve their tasks.

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機與目的………………………………………………1
第二節 問題意識………………………………………………………5
第三節 小結與章節安排………………………………………………12
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 再論記者與消息來源的互動…………………………………15
第二節 再論「資訊尋求」……………………………………………22
第三節 記者的尋人行為………………………………………………27
第四節 研究問題與架構………………………………………………51
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究設計………………………………………………………56
第二節 研究對象與抽樣方式…………………………………………59
第三節 研究步驟………………………………………………………62
第四章 資料分析
第一節 新聞機構性與小人物新聞產製………………………………65
第二節 記者如何運用物質工具尋人…………………………………78
第三節 記者如何運用人際關係網絡尋人……………………………91
第四節 小結……………………………………………………………112
第五章 結論與建議
第一節 重要發現與討論………………………………………………115
第二節 對傳統資訊尋求理論的補強及新聞教育與實務的建議……120
第三節 研究反思與未來研究方向……………………………………127
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………132
附錄 訪談題綱………………………………………………………142

加藤秀俊（1994）。《讓資訊活起來》。台北：錦繡。
季良玉（1997年9月）。〈【回應與挑戰】不要淪為官方傳聲筒〉，《目擊者》，1。上網日期：2009年5月7日，取自http://www.atj.org.tw/watch/newscon1.asp? number=930
胡幼慧（2008）。〈轉型中的質性研究：演變、批判和女性主義研究觀點〉，胡幼慧（編），《質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》，頁3-19。台北：巨流。
胡守仁譯（2003）。《連結：混沌、複雜之後，最具開創性的「小世界」理論》。台北：天下遠見。（原書Buchanan, M. [2002]. Nexus: Small worlds and the groundbreaking science of networks. New York: W.W. Norton.）
姚美華、胡幼慧（2008）。〈一些質性方法上的思考：信度與效度？如何抽樣？如何收集資料、登錄與分析？〉，胡幼慧（編），《質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》，頁117-132。台北：巨流。
姜雪影譯（1994）。《製作新聞》。台北：遠流。（原書Roshco, B. [1975]. Newsmaking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.）
侯勝宗、蕭瑞麟（2008）。《科技意會：衛星派遣的人性軌跡》。台北：台灣培生教育。
張文強（2005）。〈新聞工作的常規樣貌：平淡與熱情的對峙〉，《新聞學研究》，84: 1-40。
張磊譯（2005）。《社會資本：關於社會結構與行動的理論》。上海：上海人民。（原書Lin, N. [2001]. Social capital: A theory of social structure and action. New York: Cambridge University Press.）
陳向明（2002）。《社會科學質的研究》，台北：五南。
陳百齡（2004）。〈新聞工作者如何蒐集資料？專家知識的初探〉，《圖書與資訊學刊》，51: 35-48。
陳旻萃譯（1997）。《成功的智商》。台北：平安文化。（原書Sternberg, R. [1996]. Successful intelligence: How practical and creative intelligence determine success in life. New York: Plume.）
陳連禎（2002）。〈淺談線民〉，《警光雜誌》，555: 19-22。
章倩萍（1994）。《新聞記者的認知策略之研究》。政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
傅雅秀（1997）。〈資訊尋求理論與實證研究〉，《圖書與資訊學刊》，20: 13-28。
喻靖媛（1994）。《記者與消息來源互動關係與新聞處理方式關聯性之研究》。政治大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
喻靖媛、臧國仁（1995）。〈附錄二：記者與消息來源互動關係與新聞處理方式之關聯〉，臧國仁（編），《新聞「學」與「術」的對話III：新聞工作者與消息來源》，頁201-236。台北：國立政治大學新聞研究所。
黃彥祥（2005）。《搞關係，玩面子：政治記者化解與消息來源衝突的策略》。台灣大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
黃賢楨譯（1995）。《心科技》。台北：時報文化。（原書Norman, D. A. [1993]. Things that make us smart: Defending human attributes in the age of the machine. Reading, Mass.: Perseus Books.）
管中祥（2007）。〈人口販運報導 當事人被消音〉，《目擊者》，60: 46-49。
臧國仁（1999）。《新聞媒體與消息來源：媒介框架與真實建構之論述》。台北：三民。
臧國仁、鍾蔚文、楊怡珊（2001)。〈新聞工作者的社會智能：再論記者與消息來源之互動〉，《新聞學研究》，69: 55-93。
鄭瑞城（1991）。〈從消息來源途徑詮釋近用媒介權：台灣的驗證〉，《新聞學研究》，45: 39-56。
劉駿州（1995）。〈公關人員如何選擇記者：政府公關新聞管理策略之研究〉，臧國仁（編），《新聞「學」與「術」的對話III：新聞工作者與消息來源》，頁157-166。台北：國立政治大學新聞研究所。
賴鼎銘（1992）。〈資訊需求與使用研究的典範變遷〉，《教育資料與圖書館學》，30（1）：36-52。
賴鼎銘、黃慕萱、吳美美、林珊如（編）（2001），《圖書資訊學槪論》。台北：空大。
鍾蔚文（2005）。〈不學何以言術？〉，馮建三（編）《自反縮不縮？新聞系七十年》，頁339-342。
鍾蔚文、陳百齡、陳順孝（2006a）。〈從知識處理典範到體會之知：專家研究典範的變遷〉，《思與言》，44[1]: 101-130。
鍾蔚文、陳百齡、陳順孝（2006b）。〈數位時代的技藝：提出一個分析的架構〉，《中華傳播學刊》，10: 233-264。
鍾蔚文、臧國仁、陳百齡、陳順孝（1997年6月）。〈探討記者工作的知識基礎：建立分析架構〉，「1998中華傳播學會研討會」。 台北縣深坑。
羅文輝（1995）。〈選擇消息來源的偏向〉，臧國仁（編），《新聞「學」與「術」的對話III：新聞工作者與消息來源》，頁15-32。台北：國立政治大學新聞研究所。
羅玉潔（2003）。《人脈與新聞：一個社會資本觀點的研究 ──以傑出財經記者與消息來源的關係為例》。台灣大學新聞研究所碩士論文。
羅玉潔、張錦華（2006）。〈人脈與新聞採集：從社會資本與組織衝突觀點檢視記者如何建立與消息來源之間的關係〉，《中華傳播學刊》，10: 195-231。
嚴祥鸞（2008）。〈參與觀察法〉，胡幼慧（編），《質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究實例》，頁163-184。台北：巨流。
Arlin, P. K. (1990). Wisdom: The art of problem finding. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 230-243). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Attfield, S., & Dowell, J. (2003). Information seeking and use by newspaper journalists. Journal of Documentation, 59(2), 187-204.
Attfield, S., Blandford, A., & Dowell, J. (2003). Information seeking in the context of writing: A design psychology interpretation of the “problem situation”. Journal of Documentation, 59(4), 430-453.
Barley, S. R., & Tolbert, P. S. (1997). Institutionalization and structuration: Studying the links between action and institution. Organization Studies, 18(1), 93-118.
Breed, W. (1955). Social control in the newsroom: A functional analysis. Social Forces, 33(4), 326-335.
Brown, M. E. (1991). A general model of information-seeking behavior. Paper presented at American Society for Information Science, Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting 28 (pp.9-14). Washington, D.C.: ASIS.
Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage and closure: An introduction to social capital. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cantelmo, D. P. (2001). How PR people distribute and the media prefer to receive news releases and other public relations information: The myth vs. the realty. Public Relations Quarterly, 46(3), 15-17.
Campbell, F (1997). Journalistic construction of news: Information gathering. New Library World, 98, 60-64.
Case, D. O. (2002). Looking for information: A Survey of research on information seeking, needs, and behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Charron, J. (1989). Relations between journalists and public relations practitioners: Cooperation, conflict and negotiation. Canadian Journal of Communication, 14(2), 41-54.
Cole, M., & Engeström, Y. (1993). A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition. In G. Salomon (Ed.), Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations (pp. 1-46). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Cross, R., & Borgatti, S. P. (2004). The ties that share relational characteristics that facilitate information seeking. In M. Huysman, & V. Wulf (Eds.), Social capital and information technology (pp. 137-162). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dervin, B. (1997). Given a Context by any Other Name: Methodological Tools for Taming the Unruly Beast. In P. Vakkari et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of an international conference on research in information needs, seeking and use in different contexts (pp.13-38). London: Taylor Graham.
Dillon, J. T. (1982). Problem finding and solving. Journal of Creative Behavior, 16, 97-111.
Dourish, P. (2004). What we talk about when we talk about context. Journal of Personal & Ubiquitous Computing, 8(1), 19-30.
Duff, W. M., & Johnson, C. A. (2003). Where is the list with all the names? Information-seeking behavior of genealogists. The American Archivist, 66, 79-95.
Engeström, Y., & Middleton, D. (1996). Introduction: studying work as mindful practice. In Y. Engeström & D. Middleton (Eds.), Cognition and communication at work (pp. 1-14). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Fishman, M. (1980). Manufacturing the news. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Foa, U. G. (1993). Resource theory: explorations and applications. San Diego: Academic Press.
Gans, H. J. (1979). Deciding what’s news: A study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. New York: Vintage.
Gergen, K. (2002). The challenge of the absent presence. In Katz, J. & M. Aakhus (Eds.), Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public performance (pp.227-241). Cambridge University Press.
Getzels, J. W. (1979). Problem-finding: A theoretical note. Cognitive Science, 3(2), 167-171.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Gieber, W., & Johnson, W. (1961). The city hall beat: A study of reporter and sources roles. Journalism Quarterly, 38, 289-297.
Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380.
Granovetter, M. (1983). The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory, 1, 201-233.
Grossman, M. B., & Rourke, F. E. (1976). The media and the presidency: An exchange analysis. Political Science Quarterly, 91(3), 455-470.
Hjørland, B. (2002). Epistemology and the social-cognitive perspective in information science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 53(4), 257-270.
Holland, G. A. (2006). Associating social constructionism and extended cognition in information studies. Journal of Documentation, 62(1), 91-100.
Hutchby, I. (2001). The communicative affordances of technological artefacts. In Conversation and Technology: from the telephone to the Internet (pp. 14-33). Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Informant (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/informant
Informer (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/informer
Jacobs, R. N. (1996). Producing the news, producing the crisis: Narrativity, television and news work. Media Culture Society, 18(3): 373-397.
Johnson, C. A. (2004). Choosing people: The role of social capital in information seeking behaviour [Electronic version]. Information Research, 10(1), Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://InformationR.net/ir/10-1/paper201.html
Kessler, L., & McDonald, D. (1992). Mass media searchers. In The search: Information gathering for the mass media (pp.1-8). Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
Krikelas, J. (1983). Information-seeking behavior: Patterns and concepts. Drexel Library Quarterly, 19(2), 5-20.
Kuhlthau, C. C. (1991). Inside the search process: Information seeking from the user's perspective. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 42(5), 361-371.
Larsson, L. (2002). Journalists and politicians: A relationship requiring maneuvering space. Journalism Studies, 3(1), 1-33.
Lave, J. (1993). The practice of learning. In S. Chaiklin & Lave, J. (Eds.), Understanding practice: Perspectives on activity and context (pp. 3-32). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mancini, P. (1993). Between trust and suspicion: How political journalists solve the dilemma. European Journal of Communication, 8(1), 33-51.
Manning, P. (2002). News and news sources: A critical introduction. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
Markus, M. L. (1994). Finding a happy medium: Explaining the negative effects of electronic communication on social life at work. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 12(2), 119-149.
Miller, S. H. (1978). Reporters and congressmen: Living in symbiosis. Journalism Monographs, 53, 1-24.
Miwa, M. (2000). Use of human intermediation in information problem solving: A user's perspective. Retrieved May 22, 2009, from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/2b/6d/7a.pdf
Nicholas, D., & Martin, H. (1997). Assessing information needs: A case study of journalists. Aslib Proceedings, 49(2), 43-52.
Pea, R. (1993). Practices of distributed intelligence and designs for education. In G. Salomon (Ed.), Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations (pp. 47-87). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Perkins, D. N. (1993). Person-plus: A distributed view of thinking and learning. In G. Salomon (Ed.), Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations (pp. 88-110). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Pettigrew, K. E., Fidel, R., & Bruce, H. (2001). Conceptual frameworks in information behavior. In M. E. Williams (Ed), Annual Review of Information Science & Technology, Vol. 35 (pp. 43-78). Medford, NJ: ASIST and Information Today.
Rogoff, B. (1984). Introduction: thinking and learning in social context. In B. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.), Everyday cognition: Its development in social context (pp. 1-8). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Rouner, D., Slater, M. D., & Buddenbaum, J. M. (1999). How perceptions of news bias in news sources relate to beliefs about media bias. Newspaper Research Journal, 20(2), 41-51.
Ryan, M., & Martinson, D. L. (1988). Journalists and public relations practitioners: Why the antagonism? Journalism Quarterly, 65(1), 131-140.
Salomon, G. (1993). No distribution without individuals’ cognition: A dynamic interactional view. In G. Salomon (Ed.), Distributed cognitions: Psychological and educational considerations (pp. 111-138). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Scribner, S. (1986). Thinking in action: Some characteristics of practical Intelligence. In R. J. Sternberg & R. K. Wagner (Eds.), Practical intelligence: Nature and origins of competence in the everyday world (pp. 13-30). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schön, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books.
Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
Sigal, L. (1986). Sources makes the news. In M. Schudson, & R. K. Manoff (Eds.), Reading the news: A pantheon guide to popular culture (pp. 9-37), New York: Pantheon Books.
Sigelman, L. (1973). Reporting the news: An organizational analysis. The American Journal of Sociology, 79(1), 132-151.
Soley, L. C. (1992). The news shapers: The sources who explain the news. New York: Praeger.
Soloski, J. (1989). News reporting and professionalism: Some constraints on the reporting of the news. Media, Culture and Society, 11(4), 207-228.
Sternberg, R. J., et al. (2000). Practical intelligence in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stocking, S. H., & Gross, P. H. (1989). How do journalists think? : A proposal for the study of cognitive bias in newsmaking. NJ: Indiana University Press.
Strentz, H. (1989). News reporters and news sources: Accomplices in shaping and misshaping the news. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Strömbäck, J., & Nord, L. W. (2006). Do politicians lead the tango? A study of the relationship between Swedish journalists and their political sources in the context of election campaigns. European Journal of Communication, 21(2), 147-164.
Tanner, A. H. (2004). Agenda building, source selection, and health news at local television stations: A nationwide survey of local television health reporters. Science Communication, 25(4), 350-363.
Taylor, R. (1968). Question-negotiation and information seeking in libraries. College & Research Libraries, 29, 178-194.
Tuchman, G. (1973). Making news by doing work: Routinizing the unexpected. The American Journal of Sociology, 79(1), 110-131.
Tuchman, G. (1979). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: Free Press.
Tunstall, J. (1993). Television producers. London: Routledge.
Wallis, R. (1996). Institutions. In The Social Science Encyclopedia (2nd ed., pp.417-418). New York: Routledge.
Walther, J. B. (1992). Impersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Communication Research, 19(1): 52-90.
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersional, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23(1): 3-43.
Ward, J., & Hansen, K. A. (1987). Communicators as information seekers. In Search strategies in mass communication (pp.1-14). New York: Longman.
Weick, K. E. (1990). Technology as equivoque: Sensemaking in new technologies. In P. S. Goodman, L. S. Sproull, & Associates (Eds.), Technology and Organizations (pp.1-44). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wertsch, J. V. (1991). A sociocultural approach to socially shared cognition. In L. B. Resnick, J. M. Levine, & S. D. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition (pp. 85-100). Washington D.C.: APA.
Wertsch, J. V., Minick, N., & Arns, F. J. (1984). The creation of context in joint problem- solving. In B. Rogoff & J. Lave (Eds.), Everyday cognition: Its development in social context (pp. 151-167). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Westerman, D., Van Der Heide, B., Klein, K., & Walther, J. (2008). How do people really seek information about others?: Information seeking across Internet and traditional communication channels. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 751-767.
Wilson, T. D. (1981). On user studies and information needs. Journal of Documentation, 37(1), 3-15.
Wilson, T. D. (1997). Information behaviour: An inter-diciplinary persepective. In P. Vakkari, R. Savolainen & B. Dervin (Eds.), Information seeking in context. Proceedings of an international conference on research in information needs, seeking and use in different contexts 14-16 August, 1996, Tampere, Finland (pp. 39-50). London: Taylor Graham.
Wilson, T. D. (1999). Models in information behaviour research. The Journal of Documentation, 55(3), 249-270.
Wilson, T. D. (2000). Human information behavior. Informing Science, 3(2), 49-56.
Wolfsfeld, G. (1984). The symbiosis of press and protest: An exchange analysis. Journalism Quarterly, 61, 550-556.
Wolfsfeld, G. (1991). Media, protest, and political violence: Transactional analysis. Journalism Monograph, 127, 1-61.
Yakel, E. (2004). Seeking information, seeking connections, seeking meaning: Genealogists and family historians [Electronic version]. Information Research, 10(1), 205.