臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

The case of the “Temple of 18 Deities” (十八王公廟) is an example which shows that the process of changes in religious culture can be both gradual and sudden. From the first glance it seems that the boom of “Temple of 18 Deities” cult suddenly appeared from nowhere. But the analysis of the temple origin mythology and it symbols shows that the opportunities for such sudden changes were created gradually during the long period of religious culture development when fazes of change and conservation were taking turns endlessly in Taiwan societies. Those opportunities traces into more remote times of gradual development of numerous religious cultures which were brought in Taiwan by multitude of migration waves. The “Temple of 18 Deities” cult conserved many stable religious elements which were created in the period of Eurasian cultural unity and bring us to the Neolith and even Paleolithic epoch.
One of the most stable elements in the “Temple of 18 Deities cult is the symbol of a dog. The geographical area of the former dog’s worshiping cults distribution is spread all over Eurasia with the most western point in the British Isles and the most eastern point in Taiwan. The dog symbol in mythologies of many various peoples all over Eurasia is connected to another stable religious element – an idea of the life after death and underworld. The underworld conception origin also should be dated by Paleolithic epoch, because it stability occurring everywhere spreading. Paleolithic hunting religious ideas should be common all over the world, because all the societies passed this faze of evolution in their history.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i
ABSTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
PHOTOS, TABLES, AND MAPS vi
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER I:
TEMPLE OF 18 DEITIES AND TAIWAN POPULAR RELIGION 4
1.01. Analyses of the Temple Origin Mythology 4
1.02. Fieldwork and Further Symbols Analyses 10
1.03. Robert Weller and His Study of “Eighteen Lords” Cult 21
1.04. The Chinese Origin of Taiwan Religion 23
1.05. Spread of Cults and Trade / Migration / Patterns 24
1.06. Dominance of Locative Religions in Taiwan 26
1.07. Main Factors in Taiwan Religion Changes 27
1.08. Popular Tradition and Chinese Religion Changes 32
1.09. Popular Cults in Taiwan 34
1.10. Spirits of the Dead and Ghosts 39
CHAPTER II:
EVIDENCE OF PARTICULAR SYMBOLS STABILITY
IN EURASIAN PEOPLES’ MYTHOLOGIES 41
2.01. The Set of Common Symbols in Celtic Mythology 44
2.01-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 45
2.01-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 47
2.01-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 52
2.01-D. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Boar (a Pig) 53
2.02. The Set of Common Symbols in Germanic Mythology 55
2.02-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 55
2.02-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 58
2.02-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 59
2.03-D. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Boar (a Pig) 61
2.03. The Set of Common Symbols in Slavic Mythology 61
2.03-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 62
2.03-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 64
2.03-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 68
2.04. The Set of Common Symbols in Uralic Mythology 70
2.04-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 70
2.04-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 72
2.04-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 72
2.05. The Set of Common Symbols in Chinese Mythology 72
2.05-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 73
2.05-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 78
2.05-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 79
2.06. The Set of Eurasian Symbols in Taiwanese 18 Deities Cult 79
2.06-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 79
2.06-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 80
2.06-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 82
2.07. The Set of Eurasian Mythological Symbols in Taiwan Indigenous Societies: with other Austronesian Parallels 89
2.07-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 89
2.07-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 92
2.07-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 95
2.07-D. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Boar (a Pig) 98
2.08. The Set of Eurasian Symbols
in Trobrianders Shipwreck Mythology 101
2.08-A. Group of Symbols Directly Connected with Idea of Otherworld 102
2.08-B. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Dog 104
2.08-C. Group of Symbols Connected with the Crossing the Waters 109
2.08-D. Group of Symbols Connected with the Symbol of a Boar (a Pig) 111
2.09. Significance of Trade Routs 112
DISCUSSION 117
REFERENCES 121
English Language References 121
Russian Language References 127
Personal Interviews 128
Internet Resources 128

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Russian Language References
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Personal Interviews
Blundell, D., (2008) “Temple of 18 Deities” legend of origin: Version 4.
Temple keeper of the “Temple of 18 Deities” in Gaoxiung. Interview by Jensen, A.; student of International Master’s Program in Taiwan Studies, National Chengchi University (Taipei, Taiwan). Gaoxiung, 2008.
Mr. Lian (練), temple keeper of the “Temple of 18 Deities” in Shi Men (石門). Interview by Tso, M.; student of International Master’s Program in Taiwan Studies, National Chengchi University (Taipei, Taiwan). Shi Men, 2008.

Internet Resources
Callimachus. Hymn to Artemis.
http://www.katinkahesselink.net/other/artemis.html
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2498669.stm. Retrieved on 2006-11-29
Wikipedia: Mazu.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazu_(goddess)

Wikipedia: Urnfield culture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnfield#Cult
Wikipedia: Skíðblaðnir.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skidbladnir
Wikipedia: Freyr.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr
傳說十八王公廟.
http://www.wingnet.com.tw/easytravel/18nurse/before.htm