臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨於調查篇章連接副詞在中文母語者書寫的英語學術文章中之使用情形及其錯誤類型。研究發軔於建構一超過百萬字的學習者語料庫，其中包括規範語料庫格式和儲存規格以利追蹤語料來源、架設網路介面用以蒐集和分析語料、並開發數據統計工具作為推論統計之依據。接著，挑選出由五位大學生、在三年內、一人提供九篇文體各異、一共四十五篇的英語學術文章，進行研究。其方式是利用所開發的標記工具，針對七種篇章關係及六種錯誤類型進行分析。結果顯示，不同的文體及時間點並不會影響藉由篇章連接副詞所表達的篇章關係分布。相反地，篇章連接副詞所表達的篇章關係分布情形是一種固定的分布。這意味著邏輯性思考構思是一種與認知相關的能力，一旦認知發展成熟，其表現不易受其它因素，像是不同文體和時間，所影響。然而，不同時間確實會影響語域的表現。隨著時間，書面性篇章連接副詞會增加，而口語式篇章連接副詞會減少。除此之外，研究結果亦指出，設計的錯誤類型分類系統能藉由錯誤的來源清楚地分辨篇章連接副詞的錯誤類型。本研究的貢獻可分語料庫應用及教學教材設計兩點討論。就語料庫應用而言，所蒐集及分析標記過的語料可作為開發自動化篇章診斷系統的訓練語料，而本研究架設的網路介面亦可應用於不同目的的語言學研究。就教學教材設計而言，本研究建構的學習者語料庫可提供真實語料供學習者參考，而研究結果能作為新的觀點依據，進而設計出不同的寫作教學教材。

The present study aims to investigate the use and misuse patterns of conjunctive adverbials in the English writing by Chinese speakers across different genres and time periods. To this end, an over-one-million-word learner corpus is first compiled, which involves specifying corpus formation for keeping trace of data sources, constructing a web-based interface for data collection and analysis, and developing frequency calculating tools for further statistical analysis. Later, forty-five pieces of articles, written by 5 college students, with each student contributing 9 articles of different genres in three years, were selected and analyzed with a tagger in terms of the seven textual relations and six misuse patterns of conjunctive adverbials. The result shows that, for the textual relations performed by the conjunctive adverbials, neither genre nor time influences the distribution. In other words, there exists a preferred distribution of textual relations signaled by conjunctive adverbials. This might suggest that the ability to think logically for composing an article is in relation to cognition development, and that once the ability reaches its maturation it would not be subject to other factors, such as genre and time. On the other hand, time is proven a factor impacting performance in register. It is found that, over time, the use of conjunctive adverbials in written register increases while that of conjunctive adverbials in spoken register decreases. In addition to the use of conjunctive adverbials, the results also show that the misuse patterns of conjunctive adverbials could be differentiated by the developed classification based on the misuse origin. The contribution of this study lies in both corpus application and teaching material. For corpus application, the data collected and annotated could serve as training data for developing a computerized diagnosis of Chinese students’ English writing while the developed tools are applicable to versatile linguistic research. For teaching material, the compiled corpus can provide authentic data for learners’ reference while the findings regarding the use of conjunctive adverbials could offer a new perspective for teachers to arrange their teaching materials.

ABSTRACT (Chinese) .......................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT (English) ......................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ ix

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1
Motivation and Background ........................................................................................... 1
Purposes and Research Questions ..................................................................................... 5
Significance of the Study............................................................................................ 6
Structure of the Study .............................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................. 8
Stages of Corpus Building ........................................................................................... 8
Definition of Conjunctive Adverbials................................................................................ 14
Textual Relations and Misuse Patterns of Conjunctive Adverbials .................................................... 19

CHAPTER THREE CORPUS BUILDING ..............................................................................................27
Specifications and Design .......................................................................................... 27
Hardware and Software .............................................................................................. 31
Data Capture and Mark-up ........................................................................................... 36
Corpus Processing .................................................................................................. 38

CHAPTER FOUR METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 43
Data Selection .....................................................................................................43
Coding Scheme ...................................................................................................... 45
Textual Relations Performed by Conjunctive Adverbials ...................................................... 45
Misuse Patterns of Conjunctive Adverbials ................................................................. 48
Coding Scheme in Electronic Format ......................................................................... 50
Coding Procedure ................................................................................................... 52
Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................... 56

CHAPTER FIVE RESULTS ...................................................................................................... 58
The Compiled Learner Corpus .........................................................................................58
Distribution of Textual Relations Performed by Conjunctive Adverbials Across Genres .................................59
Distribution of Textual Relations of all Conjunctive Adverbials Across Genres .............................. 60
Distribution of Textual Relations of Written-register Conjunctive Adverbials Across Genres ..................66
Distribution of Textual Relations of Spoken-register Conjunctive Adverbials Across Genres .................. 72
Distribution of Textual Relations Performed by Conjunctive Adverbials Across Time ...................................75
Distribution of Textual Relations of all Conjunctive Adverbials Across Time ................................ 75
Distribution of Textual Relations of Written-register Conjunctive Adverbials Across Time ....................79
Distribution of Textual Relations of Spoken-register Conjunctive Adverbials Across Time .................... 85
Distribution of Misuse Patterns of Conjunctive Adverbials Across Genres and Time ....................................86
Distribution of Misuse Patterns of Conjunctive Adverbials Across Genres .....................................87
Distribution of Misuse Patterns of Conjunctive Adverbials Across Time ...................................... 92

CHAPTER SIX DISCUSSION .................................................................................................... 95
Corpus Growth and Feedback ......................................................................................... 95
Discussion on Conjunctive Adverbials ................................................................................97
Discussion on the Distribution of Textual Relations Performed by Conjunctive Adverbials Across Genres ...... 97
Discussion on the Distribution of Textual Relations Performed by Conjunctive Adverbials Across Time ........101
Discussion on the Distribution of Misuse Patterns of Conjunctive Adverbials Across Genres and Time .........102
General Discussion .........................................................................................105
Implications of the Study ......................................................................................... 106
Limitation and Suggestions for Future Research .................................................................... 107

REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 110

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